Inoveli kaMikhail Sholokhov ethi "Quiet Don" ingenye yemisebenzi emikhulu yaseRussia hhayi kuphela, kodwa kuzo zonke izincwadi zomhlaba. Kubhalwe uhlobo lweqiniso, inoveli ephathelene nokuphila kukaCossack phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kanye neMpi Yombango yenza uSholokhov waba ngumbhali odumile emhlabeni.
USholokhov ukwazile ukuguqula indaba yokuphila kwesigcawu esincane sabantu saba ngendwangu yamaqhawe ekhombisa ushintsho olukhulu emiphefumulweni yabo bonke abantu ebangelwe iziyaluyalu zezempi nezepolitiki. Abalingiswa beThe Quiet Don babhalwe ngendlela emangalisayo ngokumangazayo, azikho izinhlamvu “ezimnyama” nezimhlophe “kule noveli. Umbhali ukwazile, ngangokunokwenzeka eSoviet Union ngesikhathi kubhalwa iThe Quiet Don, ukugwema ukuhlolwa “komnyama nomhlophe” kwemicimbi yomlando.
Indikimba enkulu yale noveli, empeleni, yimpi, eyakhula yaba yinguquko, yona eyakhula yaba yimpi entsha. Kepha ku- "Quiet Don" umbhali ukwazile ukunaka zombili izinkinga zokusesha kokuziphatha kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kobaba nezingane, futhi bekukhona indawo kule noveli yezingoma zothando. Futhi inkinga enkulu yinkinga yokuzikhethela, ephindaphindeka ebhekana nabalingiswa kule noveli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imvamisa kufanele bakhethe kokubi okubili, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ukhetho luhlelekile ngokuphelele, luphoqelelwa yizimo zangaphandle.
1. USholokhov uqobo, kwinhlolokhono nakumanothi ngokuphila kwakhe, wabalula ukuthi uqale umsebenzi wenoveli ethi "Quiet Don" ngo-Okthoba 1925. Kodwa-ke, ukutadisha ngokucophelela imibhalo yesandla yombhali kulungisile lolu suku. Ngempela, ekwindla ka-1925, Sholokhov waqala ukubhala umsebenzi mayelana isiphetho Cossacks eminyakeni wamavukelambuso. Kepha, ngokususelwa kumidwebo, lo msebenzi ungaba yindaba enkulu kakhulu - ivolumu yayo yonke ngeke ize idlule amakhasi ayi-100. Ngokubona ukuthi isihloko singadalulwa kuphela emsebenzini omkhulu kakhulu, umbhali wayeka umsebenzi ngombhalo ayewuqalile. USholokhov wagxila ekuqoqeni izinto eziyiqiniso. Umsebenzi ku "Quiet Don" enguqulweni yayo ekhona uqale eVyoshenskaya ngoNovemba 6, 1926. Futhi yile ndlela ishidi elingenalutho libhalwe ngayo. Ngezizathu ezisobala, uSholokhov waphuthelwa uNovemba 7. Imigqa yokuqala yenoveli yavela ngoNovemba 8. Umsebenzi engxenyeni yokuqala yenoveli yaphela ngoJuni 12, 1927.
2. Ngokwezibalo zesazi-mlando esidumile, umbhali kanye nomcwaningi wemisebenzi kaM. Sholokhov Sergei Semanov, izinhlamvu ezingama-883 zibalulwe kule noveli ethi "Quiet Don". Ezingu-251 zazo ziyizibalo zomlando zangempela. Ngasikhathi sinye, abacwaningi bohlaka "Quiet Don" baqaphela ukuthi uSholokhov uhlele ukuchaza abantu abambalwa, kepha nokho akazange ababandakanye kule noveli. Ngokuphambene nalokho, isiphetho sabalingiswa bangempela siphindaphindeke sawela noSholokhov empilweni. Ngakho-ke, umholi wokuvukela umbuso eVyoshenskaya, uPavel Kudinov, wehliswa kule noveli ngaphansi kwegama lakhe, wabalekela eBulgaria ngemuva kokwehlulwa kovuko. Ngo-1944, ngemuva kokufika kwamasosha aseSoviet kuleli, uKudinov waboshwa wagwetshwa iminyaka eyishumi emakamu. Ngemuva kokudonsa isigwebo sakhe, wabuyiselwa ngenkani eBulgaria, kodwa wakwazi ukuxhumana no-MA Sholokhov ukusuka lapho wafika eVyoshenskaya. Umbhali wayengazethula kule noveli - njengomuntu oneminyaka engu-14 ubudala, wayehlala eVyoshenskaya kuyo kanye indlu lapho umfelokazi wesikhulu saseCossack esabulawa uDrozdov asebenzelana khona ngesihluku nekhomanisi u-Ivan Serdinov.
3. Inkulumo yokuthi uSholokhov wayengeyena umbhali wangempela we- "Quiet Don" yaqala ngo-1928, lapho i-inki yayingakomi kumakhophi omagazini i- "October", lapho kwanyatheliswa khona imiqulu emibili yokuqala. U-Aleksandr Serafimovich, ngaleso sikhathi owayehlela u-Oktyabr, wachaza amahemuhemu ngomona, futhi wabheka umkhankaso wokuwasabalalisa ukuthi uhleleke. Ngempela, le noveli yashicilelwa izinyanga eziyisithupha, futhi abagxeki babengenaso isikhathi sokuhlaziya ngokuphelele umbhalo noma isakhiwo somsebenzi. Ukuhlelwa ngamabomu komkhankaso nakho kungenzeka kakhulu. Ababhali baseSoviet ngaleyo minyaka babengakahlanganiswa kwi-Writers 'Union (lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1934), kodwa babezinyunyana nezinhlangano ezahlukahlukene. Umsebenzi omkhulu weningi lalezi zinhlangano kwakuwukuzingela izimbangi. Labo ababefuna ukubhubhisa uzakwabo emsebenzini wezobuciko phakathi kwezihlakaniphi zokudala babanele ngaso sonke isikhathi.
4. Okubizwa, ngaphandle kwesibhakabhaka, uSholokhov wasolwa ngokukopela ngenxa yobusha bakhe nemvelaphi yakhe - ngesikhathi kushicilelwa le noveli wayengekho ngisho neminyaka engama-23 ubudala, iningi lalo wayehlala ekujuleni, ngokubona komphakathi wasenhlokodolobha, isifundazwe. Ngokombono wezibalo, ama-23 empeleni akuyona iminyaka. Kodwa-ke, noma eminyakeni yokuthula eMbusweni waseRussia, izingane kwakudingeka zikhule ngokushesha okukhulu, ingasaphathwa eyeminyaka yokuvukela kanye neMpi Yombango. Oontanga bakaSholokhov - labo abakwazile ukuphila kuze kube yile minyaka - banolwazi olukhulu empilweni. Bayala amayunithi amakhulu ezempi, baphatha amabhizinisi ezimboni kanye neziphathimandla zendawo. Kepha kwabamele umphakathi "omsulwa", izingane zabo ezineminyaka engama-25 ngemuva kokuphothula iziqu zaseyunivesithi beziqala ukuthola ukuthi benzeni, uSholokhov eneminyaka engama-23 wayengumuntu osemusha ongenalwazi. Kulabo abasebhizinisini, lokhu kwakuyiminyaka yokuvuthwa.
5. Amandla womsebenzi kaSholokhov ku "Quiet Don" angabonakala ngokusobala ekubhaleni kombhali, owayesebenza ezweni lakubo, esigodini saseBukanovskaya, nabahleli baseMoscow. Ekuqaleni, uMikhail Alexandrovich wayehlele ukubhala inoveli ezingxenyeni eziyi-9, amashidi aphrintiwe angama-40 - 45. Waba umsebenzi ofanayo ezingxenyeni eziyi-8, kodwa ngamashidi angu-90 aphrintiwe. Inkokhelo nayo inyuke kakhulu. Izinga lokuqala kwakungu-ruble ayi-100 kushidi ngalinye eliphrintiwe, ngenxa yalokho uSholokhov wathola ama-ruble angama-325 lilinye. Qaphela: ngamagama alula, ukuze uhumushe amashidi aphrintiwe abe ngamanani ajwayelekile, udinga ukuphindaphinda inombolo yawo ngo-0.116. Inani eliholelwayo lizolingana nombhalo ophrintwe kushidi le-A4 elingu-14 kufonti enesikhala esisodwa nengxenye.
6. Ukushicilelwa kwevolumu yokuqala ye- "Quiet Don" kwakungagcinwa ngokusetshenziswa kwendabuko kweziphuzo ezinamandla. Eduze kwesitolo, esasithenga ukudla neziphuzo, kwakukhona isitolo "iCaucasus". Kuyo, uMikhail Alexandrovich wathenga ngokushesha i-Kubanka, i-burka, i-beshmet, ibhande, ihembe nezinsimbi. Kukulezi zingubo lapho aboniswa khona esembozweni sevolumu yesibili ekhishwe yiRoman-Gazeta.
7. Impikiswano mayelana nentsha engakholeki yombhali weThe Quiet Don, owathi eneminyaka engama-26 waqeda incwadi yesithathu yenoveli, yaphikiswa ngokuphelele ngisho nangezibalo zemibhalo kuphela. U-Alexander Fadeev wabhala "Spill" eneminyaka engu-22. ULeonid Leonov ngesikhathi esifanayo wayesebhekwa njengengcweti. UNikolai Gogol wayeneminyaka engama-22 ngenkathi ebhala i-Evening on a Farm ngaseDikanka. USergei Yesenin eneminyaka engama-23 wayethandwa ezingeni lezinkanyezi zamanje ze-pop. Umgxeki uNikolai Dobrolyubov usevele washona eneminyaka engama-25, ekwazile ukufaka umlando wezincwadi zaseRussia. Futhi akubona bonke ababhali nezimbongi ababengaziqhayisa ngokuba nemfundo ehlelekile. Kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe, u-Ivan Bunin, njengoSholokhov, waphatha amakilasi amane ejimini. ULeonov ofanayo akazange angeniswe eyunivesithi. Ngisho nangaphandle kokujwayelana nomsebenzi, umuntu angaqagela esihlokweni sencwadi kaMaxim Gorky ethi "Amayunivesithi Ami" ukuthi umbhali akazange asebenze namanyuvesi akudala.
8. Igagasi lokuqala lezinsolo zokukopela walala ngemuva kwekhomishini ekhethekile esebenza ngaphansi kobuholi bukaMaria Ulyanova, etholile okusalungiswa kweleveli ethi "Quiet Don" evela eSholokhov, kwamisa ngokungangabazeki ukuqanjwa kukaMikhail Alexandrovich. Ekuphetheni kwayo, eyashicilelwa ePravda, ikhomishini yacela izakhamizi ukuthi zisize ukuthola umthombo wamahlebezi anyundelayo. Ukuqhamuka okuncane "kobufakazi" bokuthi umbhali wale noveli wayengeyena uSholokhov, kepha kunalokho umbhali owaziwayo uFyodor Kryukov, kwenzeka ngawo-1930, kodwa ngenxa yokushoda kwenhlangano, lo mkhankaso washeshe waphela.
9. "Quiet Don" yaqala ukuhunyushelwa phesheya cishe ngokushesha ngemuva kokushicilelwa kwezincwadi eSoviet Union (ngawo-1930, ilungelo lobunikazi lalingakabi yisidlozi). Inguqulo yokuqala yashicilelwa eJalimane ngo-1929. Ngemuva konyaka, le noveli yaqala ukushicilelwa eFrance, eSweden, eHolland naseSpain. I-Great Britain elandelanayo yaqala ukufunda u-Quiet Don ngo-1934. Kuyisici sokuthi eJalimane naseFrance umsebenzi kaSholokhov wakhishwa ezincwadini ezihlukene, kwathi ogwini lweFoggy Albion “Quiet Don” lwanyatheliswa lwaba izicucu kuhlelo lwangeSonto lweSunday Times.
10. Imibuthano yabokufika yathola i- "Quiet Don" ngomdlandla ongakaze ubonwe wezincwadi zaseSoviet. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusabela kule noveli akuzange kuncike ekuthandweni kwezepolitiki. Futhi amakhosi, nabasekeli, kanye nezitha zamandla aseSoviet bakhulume ngale noveli kuphela ngemigomo emihle. Amahemuhemu okukopela okwavela ahlekwa usulu futhi akhohliwe. Kuphela ngemuva kokuba abafuduki besizukulwane sokuqala behambile, ingxenye enkulu, baya kwelinye izwe, lapho izingane zabo nabazukulu baphinde bajikeleza khona isondo lokunyundela.
11. USholokhov akazange alondoloze izinto zokulungiselela imisebenzi yakhe. Ekuqaleni, ushise okusalungiswa, imidwebo, amanothi, njll., Ngoba wesaba ukuhlekwa usulu ngozakwabo - bathi, bathi ulungiselela okwakudala. Ngemuva kwalokho kwaba umkhuba, oqiniswa ukunakwa okwandisiwe okuvela kwi-NKVD. Lo mkhuba walondolozwa kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe. Ngisho ngaphandle kokukwazi ukuhamba, uMikhail Alexandrovich ushise lokho angakuthandi ku-ashtray. Wayegcina inguqulo yokugcina yombhalo wesandla nenguqulo yawo ebhalwe ngomshini. Lo mkhuba weza ngezindleko ezinkulu kumlobi.
12. Kwaqubuka igagasi elisha lezinsolo zokukopela eNtshonalanga futhi lathathwa ngongqondongqondo beSoviet abaphikisayo ngemuva kokuklonyeliswa ngeNobel Prize kuM. A Sholokhov. Ngeshwa, kwakungekho lutho lokuphikisa lokhu kuhlasela - okusalungiswa kweThe Quiet Don, njengoba kwavela, akuzange kugcinwe. Umbhalo obhalwe ngesandla, owawugcinwe eVyoshenskaya, wanikelwa nguSholokhov ku-NKVD yendawo, kepha umnyango wesifunda, njengendlu kaSholokhov, waqhunyiswa ngamabhomu. Ingobo yomlando yayihlakazeke emigwaqweni, futhi amadoda eRed Army akwazi ukuqoqa okuthile ngokoqobo emapheshaneni. Kwakunamashidi ayi-135, okuyi-minuscule yombhalo wesandla wenoveli ebanzi.
13. Isiphetho sohlaka "oluhlanzekile" sifana nesakhiwo somsebenzi omkhulu. Emuva ngo-1929, ngemuva kokuhambisa umbhalo wesandla kwikhomishini kaMaria Ulyanova, uSholokhov washiya nomngane wakhe umbhali uVasily Kuvashev, owayehlala endlini yakhe lapho efika eMoscow. Ekuqaleni kwempi, uKuvashev waya phambili futhi, ngokusho komkakhe, wahamba nalo mbhalo wesandla. Ngo-1941, uKuvashev wabanjwa futhi wabulawa yisifo sofuba esiboshwa senkambi yempi eJalimane. Umbhalo wesandla wawuthathwa njengolahlekile. Eqinisweni, lo mbhalo wesandla awufikanga ngaphambili (ngubani ozohudulela umbhalo obhalwe phansi omkhulu ngaphambili esikhwameni se-duffel?). Wayelele endlini kaKuvashev. Unkosikazi womlobi uMatilda Chebanova ubambele uSholokhov igqubu, okwathi, ngokombono wakhe, wakwazi ukuhambisa ukudluliselwa komyeni wakhe emabuthweni ezinyawo kuya endaweni engeyona ingozi. Kodwa-ke, uKuvashev wathathwa njengesiboshwa, engasengowesilisa ojwayelekile, kepha waba ngaphansi kombhali kaSholokhov, intatheli yempi kanye nesikhulu, okwathi ngeshwa asamsiza - lonke ibutho lalizungezwe. UChebanova, izingane zikaSholokhov ezazimbiza ngo "Anti Motya," waze waklebhula ezinhlamvini zomyeni wakhe izindawo lapho ayenesithakazelo khona sokuthi ngabe lo mbhalo wawunike uSholokhov. Kakade phakathi neminyaka ye-perestroika Chebanova wazama ukuthengisa umbhalo wesandla we-Quiet Don ngokulamula kwentatheli uLev Kolodny. Intengo ekuqaleni yayingama- $ 50 000, bese inyukela kuma- $ 500,000. Ngo-1997, i-Academy of Sciences yayingenayo leyo mali. UProka noChebanova nendodakazi yakhe babulawa umdlavuza. Umshana kaChebanova, owazuza njengefa impahla yabangasekho, wanikeza lo mbhalo wesandla weThe Quiet Don ku-Academy of Sciences ngomklomelo wama- $ 50,000. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1999. Sekudlule iminyaka engu-15 selokhu kwashona uSholokhov. Kunzima ukusho ukuthi iminyaka engakanani yokuphila ushushiso oluthathe kumlobi.
14. Ngokombono wenombolo yabantu okwabhalwa ngabo iThe Quiet Don, uMikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov ngokusobala ungumholi phakathi kwababhali baseRussia. Kungabizwa nge- "Russian Shakespeare". Njengoba wazi, umbhali we- "Romeo noJuliet" neminye imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni naye wavusa futhi wenza ukusola okukhulu. Kunemiphakathi ephelele yabantu abakholelwa ukuthi esikhundleni sikaShakespeare, abanye abantu babhala, kuze kufike kuNdlovukazi u-Elizabeth. Cishe kunababhali abanjalo abangama-80 “bangempela”. Uhlu lukaSholokhov lufushane, kepha wasolwa nangokukopela inoveli eyodwa kuphela, hhayi wonke umsebenzi. Uhlu lwababhali bangempela be- "Quiet Don" eminyakeni ehlukene lubandakanya u-A.Serafimovich no-F. Kryukov asebekhulunyiwe, kanye nomculi nomgxeki uSergei Goloushev, umkhwe kaSholokhov (!) UPyotr Gromoslavsky, Andrei Platonov, Nikolai Gumilyov (wadutshulwa ngo-1921), Umbhali kaDon uViktor Sevsky (wabulawa ngo-1920).
15. "Quiet Don" yaphinda yashicilelwa izikhathi ezingama-342 e-USSR kuphela. Ukukhishwa kabusha kuka-1953 kwehlukile. Umhleli wale ncwadi kwakunguKirill Potapov, umngane kaSholokhov. Ngokusobala, eqondiswa ngokucatshangelwa okunobungane kuphela, uPotapov wenza ukuhlelwa okungaphezu kuka-400 kule noveli. Ubuningi obukhulu bezinto ezintsha zikaPotapov bezingathinti isitayela noma isipelingi, kepha okuqukethwe inoveli. Umhleli wenza umsebenzi "wabomvu" kakhulu, "pro-Soviet". Isibonelo, ekuqaleni kwesahluko sesi-9 sengxenye yesi-5, wafaka isiqeshana semigqa engama-30, esitshela ngemashi yokunqoba yokuvukela iRussia. Embhalweni wenoveli, uPotapov uphinde wengeza izingcingo zabaholi baseSoviet kuDon, ezingahambelani nakancane nendaba yokulandisa. Umhleli waphendula uFyodor Podtyolkov waba ngumBolshevik ovuthayo ngokuhlanekezela incazelo yakhe noma amagama abhalwe nguSholokhov ezindaweni ezingaphezu kwama-50. Umbhali we- "Quiet Don" wathukuthela kakhulu ngomsebenzi kaPotapov kangangokuba wanqamula ubudlelwane naye isikhathi eside. Futhi ukushicilelwa kwaba yivelakancane - incwadi yanyatheliswa ngomshini omncane kakhulu wokuphrinta.
