Kwaphela isigamu seminyaka eyi-millennium kusukela ohambweni lokuqala lukaChristopher Columbus oluya eMelika, ukubhema, noma ngabe abalweli bemilutha bayayifuna noma cha, sekube yingxenye yekhodi yesiko lesintu. Wacishe waba unkulunkulu, balwa naye, futhi ukushuba kwale mibono ye-polar kukodwa kukhombisa ukubaluleka kokubhema emphakathini.
Isimo sokubhema asikaze siqonde ngokuphelele. Kwesinye isikhathi, wayekhuthazeka, kepha kaningi wayejeziswa ngokubhema. Konke okungaphezulu noma okuncane kwafika ekulinganisweni engxenyeni yesibili ye-19 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ababhemayo babebhema, abangabhemi ababonanga nkinga enkulu emsini. Babazi ngobungozi bokubhema, kodwa ngokunengqondo babecabanga ukuthi lokhu kungeyona inkinga ebaluleke kakhulu, uma kuqhathaniswa nesizinda sezigidi zabantu ababulawa ezimpini zomhlaba ...
Futhi kuphela eminyakeni echumayo ngokwengeziwe yengxenye yesibili yekhulu lama-20 kwavela ukuthi uhlanga lwesintu alunaso isitha esizondwe ngaphezu kokubhema. Lesi siphetho singathathwa ngokususelwa ekuhlaziyweni kwezenzo zohulumeni abehlukahlukene emazweni ahlukahlukene maqondana nokubhema nokubhema. Umuntu uthola umbono wokuthi uma iziphathimandla, noma ngabe zilungile noma zingakwesobunxele, zithambekele ekushisekeleni ubuzwe noma izinhlangano ezingaphandle kwamazwe, zingaphazanyiswa ezinye izinkinga, umhlaba ngabe kade wabona isisombululo sokugcina embuzweni wababhemayo.
1. Ukubhema kuyingozi nakanjani. Futhi, ngaphandle kwemibandela ethile, umuntu kufanele avumelane nalokho okushiwo ukuthi izindawo zokubhema kufanele zehlukaniswe nenqwaba yabantu abangabhemi. Ngokuphathelene nakho konke okunye, izifundazwe nemibono yomphakathi akufanele neze ifane nabaphangi, bashaye ababhemayo ngesandla esisodwa futhi baqoqe imali etholwe ngokuxhashazwa kwalo mkhuba ngesinye. Amakhosi ajezisa ukubhema ngokufa enza ngokuthembeka ...
2. UHerodotus wabhala ngomuthi othile, amaCelt namaGauls awubhemayo ngentokozo enkulu, kepha lendoda ehlonishwayo yasishiya nobufakazi obuningi bokuthi akukwazeki ukuqonda iqiniso labo ngisho nangemva kwezinkulungwane zeminyaka. Usuku olusemthethweni "lokutholakala" kukagwayi ngabantu baseYurophu lungabhekwa ngoNovemba 15, 1492. Ngalolu suku, uChristopher Columbus, owathola iMelika enyangeni eyedlule lapho eya eNdiya, wabhala encwadini yakhe yezenzakalo zokuthi abantu bendawo bagoqa amaqabunga esitshalo abe yipayipi, basishise komunye umkhawulo bese behogela intuthu komunye. Okungenani abantu ababili abavela ohambweni lwaseColumbus - uRodrigo de Jerez noLuis de Torres - baqala ukubhema vele eNew World. Ngokusebenzisa iqiniso lokuthi ukuthuthwa kukagwayi kwakungakakhokhiswa intela yempahla, u-de Jerez waletha amaqabunga alesi sitshalo eYurophu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umlando wakhe uphenduka inganekwane - abantu bakithi, bebona ukuthi u-de Jerez ushaya intuthu emlonyeni wakhe, bambheka njengodrako, ozelwe nguSathane. Iziphathimandla zesonto ezifanele zaziswa ngalokhu, futhi lo mbhemu onenhlekelele wachitha iminyaka eminingana ejele.
3. Izibalo ezishicilelwe ngokusetshenziswa kukagwayi emazweni ahlukene omhlaba zinganikeza umbono nje jikelele wokuthi abantu babhema kuphi kakhulu nokuthi babhema kuphi kancane. Inkinga akukhona ukuthi izibalo zingenye yezinhlobo zamanga, kepha ukwehluka kwemithetho emazweni ahlukene. E-Andorra encane, ukuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo kagwayi akukhokhiswa intela yezimpahla, ngakho-ke osikilidi bashibhile kakhulu lapho kunaseSpain naseFrance engomakhelwane. Ngokunjalo, abaseSpain nabaseFrance baya e-Andorra bayofuna osikilidi, bakhuphule ukusetshenziswa kukagwayi kulesi sifunda esincane kube amaphakethe angama-320 umuntu ngamunye ngonyaka, kubalwa izingane ezisanda kuzalwa. Isithombe siyefana naseLuxembourg emikhulu kancane. E-China, imininingwane emithonjeni ehlukene ingahluka kabili - kungaba amaphakethe angama-200 abhenywa lapho ngonyaka, noma ayi-100. Ngokuvamile, uma ungacabangi ngemfucumfucu iNauru neKiribati, izakhamuzi zamazwe aseBalkan, eGrisi, eCzech Republic zibhema kakhulu. IPoland, iBelarus, iChina, i-Ukraine, iBelgium neDenmark. I-Russia ihamba phambili kwabayishumi kuzo zonke izinhlu, ihlala ezindaweni ezisukela ku-5 kuye ku-10. Kunabantu abangaba yizigidi eziyinkulungwane ababhemayo emhlabeni.
4. Izinsolo zikaColumbus zokuthi waletha umuthi oyisihogo eYurophu futhi wayenga izakhamuzi zaseMhlabeni Omdala ezazingazi ugwayi phambilini, azinasisekelo. Kuyinto elula ukusola u-Jerez ngalokhu (u-de Torres wasala eMelika futhi wabulawa amaNdiya), kepha le hidalgo ehloniphekile nayo yaletha kuphela amaqabunga kagwayi eSpain. Imbewu yaba ngeyokuqala ukulethwa nguGonzalo Oviedo, noma nguRomano Pano, naye owahamba ngolwandle noColumbus. Kuliqiniso, u-Oviedo wayebheka ugwayi njengesitshalo esihle sokuhlobisa, kanti uPano wayeqiniseka ukuthi ugwayi uphulukisa amanxeba, kwakungekho nkulumo ngokubhema.
5. EFrance, isikhathi esingaphezu kwengxenye yekhulu leminyaka, ugwayi awubhenywa, kodwa wenziwa ufulawa ube yiphunga kuphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uCatherine de Medici wafundisa indodana yakhe, ikusasa uCharles IX, ukuhogela ugwayi njengomuthi - isikhulu sasiphathwa yikhanda elibuhlungu. Okunye-ke kuyacaca: uthuli lukagwayi lwabizwa ngegama elithi "impushana yeQueen" kwathi ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa igceke lonke laqala ukuhogela ugwayi nokuthimula. Futhi baqala ukubhema eFrance ngenkathi kungasekho abagqugquzeli bobusuku baseSt. Bartholomew, noma uCharles IX, ngaphansi kukaKhadinali Richelieu noLouis XIII.
6. Ngokokuqala ngqá, ukugoqa ugwayi oqoshiwe ngephepha kwaqala ngekhulu le-17 eNingizimu Melika. Yile ndlela abalingiswa bemidwebo eminingi kaFrancisco Goya ababhemayo ngayo. Ukuthengisa osikilidi abenziwe ngezandla kwaqala eFrance ngo-1832. Ngo-1846 uJuan Adorno unelungelo lobunikazi lomshini wokuqala wokwenza ugwayi eMexico. Kodwa-ke, inguquko yenziwa kumshini wokubhala wase-Adorno, nokusungulwa kukaJames Bonsak, kwenziwa ngo-1880. Umshini wokubhala waseBonsak unyuse umkhiqizo wezisebenzi ezimbonini zikagwayi izikhathi eziyikhulu. Kepha ukubhema okukhulu kogwayi abenziwe ngqo kwaqala ngawo-1930. Ngaphambi kwalokho, abantu abacebile babethanda ukubhema amapayipi noma ugwayi, abantu, ngokulula nje, babezimela ngogwayi ngephepha, imvamisa ephephandabeni.
7. E-Victorian England, ngesikhathi uSherlock Holmes egcina ugwayi wakhe esicathulweni sasePheresiya futhi ebhema okusalile kagwayi izolo ngaphambi kokudla kwasekuseni, ukubhema kwakuyimfanelo ebaluleke kakhulu kunoma iyiphi inkampani yabesilisa. Abanumzane emakilabhini baxoxa ngamasethi akhethekile okubhema. Amanye alawa masethi, ngaphezu kwama-cigar, ugwayi nogwayi, aqukethe izinto ezifika ku-100. Kuwo wonke amashabhu namathaveni, noma ngubani angathola ipayipi mahhala. I-Tobacco Review ibike ukuthi ngo-1892, isilinganiso sabaphuza utshwala sasihambisa amapayipi aphakathi kuka-11 500 no-14 500 ngonyaka.
8. UJenene u-Israel Putnam (1718 - 1790) waseMelika waziwa kakhulu ngokusindiswa kwakhe okuyisimangaliso ezandleni zamaNdiya ayesevele elungiselela ukumshisa, futhi ngenxa yokuthi, kubonakala sengathi, wabulala impisi yokugcina e-Connecticut. Enye imininingwane ethokozisayo ye-biography yomlwi onamandla wokulwa nanoma iziphi izitha imvamisa ihlala emathunzini. Ngo-1762, amasosha aseBrithani aphanga iCuba. Isabelo sikaPutnam ngempango kwaba ukuthunyelwa kukagwayi baseCuba. Leli qhawe elinesibindi alizange linqabe ukuhola komphakathi futhi lalinendawo yokucima ukoma eConnecticut. Ngaye, wathengisa imikhiqizo enamakha yesiqhingi, wahola imali eshisiwe. AmaYankees aqaphela ngokungangabazeki ukuthi ama-cigar aseCuba njengcono kunazo zonke, futhi kusukela lapho ukubekwa phambili kukagwayi waseCuba kuhlale kungenakuphikwa.
9. ERussia, umsebenzi wombuso onenhloso yokulima nokuthengisa ugwayi waqala ngoMashi 14, 1763. Ikhansela loMbuso uGrigory Teplov, uMphathiswa uCatherine II aphathise ukunakekela ugwayi, wayelazi kahle ibhizinisi lakhe futhi engumuntu onokwethenjelwa. Ngokwesinyathelo sakhe, abalimi bakagwayi hhayi kuphela okokuqala ngqa bakhululwa enteleni nasenteleni, kodwa bathola namabhonasi nembewu yamahhala. Ngaphansi kukaTeplov, ugwayi ongenisiwe waqala ukuthengwa ngqo, hhayi kubalamuli baseYurophu.
10. I-Indonesia ingomunye wabaholi bomhlaba ngokwesibalo sababhemayo kanye nenani lemikhiqizo kagwayi ethengisiwe. Kodwa-ke, le makethe enkulu (yabantu base-Indonesia - abayizigidi ezingama-266) eminyakeni embalwa ekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili yaba yinto engafinyeleleki kubaduni bakagwayi bomhlaba. Lokhu akwenzekanga ngenxa yokuvikela uhulumeni, kodwa ngenxa yokuthandwa kwenhlanganisela yawo kagwayi. Abantu base-Indonesia bengeza ama-clove acijile kugwayi. Le nhlanganisela isha ngokuqhekeka kwesici, futhi ibizwa ngegama le-onomatopoeic "kretek". Ukwengezwa kwama-clove kugwayi kunomthelela omuhle emkhakheni ophezulu wokuphefumula. E-Indonesia, ngesimo sezulu sakhona esishisayo, amashumi ezigidi zabantu anezinkinga zokuphefumula, yingakho i-kretek ithandwa kakhulu selokhu yasungulwa ngo-1880. Iminyaka eminingi, nokho, osikilidi abasebenza nge-clove babenziwa ngesandla sonke, babebiza kakhulu futhi bengenakukwazi ukuncintisana nokukhiqizwa komshini okwenziwe ngomshini kagwayi ojwayelekile. Ngo-1968, uhulumeni wase-Indonesia wavumela ukukhiqizwa kretek okwenziwa ngomshini, futhi imiphumela kwakudingeka ilinde iminyaka embalwa kuphela. Ngo-1974 kwaveliswa osikilidi bokuqala abazenzela i-kretek. Ngo-1985, ukukhiqizwa kukasikilidi we-clove kwahlangana nokukhiqizwa kogwayi abajwayelekile, futhi manje i-kretek ithatha ngaphezu kwama-90% emakethe kagwayi yase-Indonesia.
11. EJapan, ukukhiqizwa kukagwayi kulawulwa wuhulumeni kagwayi waseJapan. Izabelomali zawo wonke amazinga zinentshisekelo enteleni evela ekuthengisweni kukagwayi, ngakho-ke, kanye nenkulumo-ze yokulwa nogwayi eJapan, ukukhangiswa kukagwayi nakho kuvunyelwe, kepha ngendlela emnene futhi engaqondile. Akuyona imikhwa ethile noma imikhiqizo yemikhiqizo kagwayi ekhangiswayo, kodwa “ukubhema okumsulwa” - inqubo elawulwayo yokuthola injabulo ekubhemeni, lapho umuntu obhemayo engabangeli ukuphazamiseka kwabanye abantu. Ikakhulu, kwenye yezikhangiso zethelevishini, iqhawe lifuna ukubhema ngenkathi lilinde isitimela esiteshini. Kodwa-ke, uhleli ebhentshini lababhemayo, uyabona ukuthi indoda ehleli ebhentshini elifanayo iyadla. Iqhawe ngokushesha lifaka osikilidi balo ephaketheni, bese likhanyisa kuphela ngemuva kokuba umakhelwane ekubeke kwacaca ukuthi akanankinga. Kuwebhusayithi yaseJapan Ugwayi, isigaba seZakhiwo Ezingokomoya Zikagwayi sibala amacala angama-29 okusetshenziswa kukagwayi: Ugwayi Wothando, Ugwayi Wobungani, Ugwayi osondeza imvelo, Ugwayi Wakho, Ugwayi Wokucabanga, njll. Lezi zigaba zenzelwe izingxoxo ezigcizelela ukuthi ukubhema kuyingxenye yesiko laseJapan.
12. Abakhiqizi bakaRussia kagwayi nogwayi babevelele kubakhiqizi bezinye izimpahla ngobuciko babo obukhethekile. Kule nkathi yokukhiqiza ngobuningi, imizamo yabo yokwenza imikhiqizo icishe ifanele isikhathi nezintshisekelo zomthengi ithinta ngokukhethekile. Ngo-1891, ithimba laseFrance langena eSt. Petersburg, futhi labo abafisa ukukhumbula lolu hambo bangathenga osikilidi baseFranco-Russian abanesithombe nemininingwane ehambisanayo. Uchungechunge lukagwayi lwakhiqizwa ekupheleni kokwakhiwa kojantshi, ukunqoba ezempi (ugwayi weSkobelevskie) neminye imicimbi ebalulekile.
13. Izintela zikaDraconia zazingezinye zezizathu zenguquko yaseFrance. Abalimi baseFrance bakhokha ngokwesilinganiso intela ephindwe kabili kunaleyo yaseNgilandi. Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu intela yokubhema ugwayi. Ngemuva kwenguquko, yaqala ukukhanselwa yabe seyibuyiselwa, kepha ngezinga elincane kakhulu. Kulokhu, isondo lomlando lenze uguquko oluphelele eminyakeni engama-20 kuphela. UNapoleon Bonaparte, owangena emandleni, wakhuphula intela kagwayi kangangokuthi ababhemayo baba yinto eyinhloko engenayo yesabelomali saseFrance.
14. Kwenele kubhaliwe ngohambo oludumile lukaPeter I oluya eYurophu ukuthola ukuthi, uma kufiswa, yini ngempela inkosi yaseRussia eyathenga phesheya, ngisho nakumakhophi owodwa. Umthombo wemali walokhu kuthenga awaziwa kangako - uPeter wasebenzisa imali yakhe ngokushesha, futhi eseNgilandi wathenga konke ngesikweletu. Kodwa ngo-Ephreli 16, 1698, imvula yegolide yehlela ithimba laseRussia. I-tsar isayine isivumelwano sobukhosi neNgilandi uMarquis Carmarthen sokunikezwa kukagwayi eRussia ngama-ruble esiliva angama-400,000. UCarmarthen ukhokhe imali enkulu, amaRussia asabalalisa zonke izikweletu futhi aqala ukuthenga okusha.
15. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, izincwadi ezazikhuluma ngokubhema nogwayi zazithandwa kakhulu, zashicilelwa ngezindlela zazo zoqobo - iphakethe likagwayi, ibhokisi likagwayi, kufakwe isikhwama, iphedi yokugoqa noma ngisho nepayipi. Izincwadi ezinjalo zishicilelwa namuhla, kepha manje sezingamacici aqoqekayo.
16. USuperstar womdlalo webhayisikobho womhlaba uMarlene Dietrich usenze ngokunembile isithombe somuntu wesifazane obhemayo-umbusi wemizwa yabesilisa ukuthi ngo-1950, lapho umlingisi eneminyaka engama-49 ubudala, wakhethwa waba ngumkhankaso womkhangiso othi "Lucky Strike". Isimangalo sokuthi selokhu aphumelela okokuqala ngefilimu, uDietetrich akakaze athathwe izithombe ngobungcweti ngaphandle kogwayi asikaphikiswa.
17. Ubaba wokwenyuswa okungaqondile kogwayi eMelika wayengumshana kaSigmund Freud. U-Edward Bernays wazalwa ngo-1899 futhi esemncane wathuthela e-United States nabazali bakhe. Lapha wathatha isayensi entsha yobudlelwano bomphakathi. Ngemuva kokujoyina ugwayi waseMelika njengomxhumanisi wobudlelwano bomphakathi, uBernays uthathe indlela entsha yokukhuthaza umkhiqizo. Uhlongoze ukuthi asuke ekukhangiseni "okungaphambili" aye ekunyuselweni ngokungathi uyadlula, ngenhlanhla. Isibonelo, ugwayi bekufanele ukhangiswe hhayi njengomkhiqizo wekhwalithi ofeza umsebenzi wawo, kodwa njengengxenye yesithombe esisodwa noma esinye. UBernays uphinde waqala ukushicilela izindatshana "ezizimele" emaphephandabeni mayelana nezingozi zempilo zikashukela (osikilidi kufanele bathathe indawo yamaswidi), ngokuthi abesifazane abanomzimba omncane nabazacile bathola kanjani abesifazane abakhuluphele emsebenzini ofanayo (osikilidi basiza ukuzigcina befanelekile), mayelana nezinzuzo zokulinganisela, njll. Eqaphela ukuthi abesifazane babhema kancane emgwaqweni nasezindaweni zomphakathi ngokujwayelekile, uBernays wahlela udwendwe lwabesifazane abasebasha ababhema ugwayi eNew York ngePhasika 1929. Ngaphezu kwalokho, udwendwe lwalungabonakali lubukeka luhlelekile. UBernays uphinde wabhala konke okuphathelene nendima kagwayi e-cinema wayithumela kubakhiqizi abakhulu. Ukuthi noma imaphi amarisidi abekade exhunywe emsebenzini kaBernays akwaziwa, kepha ngawo-1940 ugwayi waba yisici esibalulekile somlingiswa oyinhloko wanoma iyiphi ifilimu.
18. Imibiko yabezindaba ethi umMelika onomdlavuza wamaphaphu usemangalele izigidigidi zamaRandi enkampanini kagwayi kufanele ibhekwe ngokungabaza. Imibiko enjalo ivame ukufika ngemuva kokuphela kwezinkantolo zokuqala. Lapho, ummangali angathola empeleni isinqumo esivumelana naye kusuka kumajaji. Kodwa-ke, ukumangalelwa akugcini lapho - izinkantolo eziphakeme zivame ukubuyekeza izinqumo noma zehlise kakhulu inani lesinxephezelo. Ummangali nenkampani bangafinyelela esivumelwaneni sangaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, ngemuva kwalokho ummangali naye uthola imali, kepha engabalulekanga. Izibonelo ezijwayelekile zokwehliswa kwenani lisuka kumashumi ezigidigidi zamadola laya ezigidini noma ngisho emakhulwini ezinkulungwane. Eqinisweni, izinhlawulo eziyizinkulungwane zezigidi zamadola zikhokhwa ezimweni ze- "NN state versus XX", kepha izinhlawulo ezinjalo ziyindlela yentela eyengeziwe ekhokhwa izinkampani zikagwayi.
19. Umlando waseRussia kagwayi uqala ngo-Agasti 24, 1553. Ngalolu suku olubalulekile, umkhumbi "u-Edward Bonaventura", ushaywe yisiphepho, wazama ngokuziqhenya ukungena eDvinsky Bay (manje sekuyisifunda saseMurmansk) ngaphansi kokulawulwa nguRichard Chancellor. Abantu baseRussia bamangala ngomkhumbi omkhulu kangaka. Ukumangala kwabo kwaqina lapho bethola ukuthi amaJalimane (nabo bonke abantu bakwamanye amazwe eRussia kuze kube cishe ngekhulu le-18 babengamaJalimane - babeyizimungulu, bengazi isiRashiya) babelibangisa eNdiya. Kancane kancane, konke ukungezwani kwalungiswa, izithunywa zathunyelwa eMoscow, futhi baqala ukuhamba isikhathi besakhuluma. Phakathi kwezimpahla zase-India, iKhansela nayo yayinogwayi waseMelika, amaRussia ayekujabulela ukuwunambitha. Ngasikhathi sinye, babengakabhemi eNgilandi - ngo-1586 kuphela ugwayi awulethwanga muntu, kodwa nguSir Francis Drake.
20. Iqhawe lendaba yombhali odumile waseNgilandi uSomerset Maugham "The Clerk" waxoshwa ebandleni iSt Peter's ngokungazi ukufunda nokubhala.Kubonakala sengathi impilo yakhe ibisidilikile - umabhalane wayengumuntu ohlonishwa kakhulu esigabeni sabaphathi beSheshi, futhi ukuphucwa indawo enjalo eVictorian England kwasho ukwehliswa okukhulu kwesimo senhlalo esasibaluleke kakhulu kwabaseBrithani. Iqhawe likaMaugham, eshiya isonto, wanquma ukubhema (ngokuba ngumabhalane, ngokwemvelo akazange anqotshwe yilobu bubi). Engasiboni isitolo kagwayi, wanquma ukusivula ngokwakhe. Ngemuva kokuqala ngempumelelo ukuhweba, owayengumabhalane waba matasa ehambahamba eLondon efuna imigwaqo engenazo izitolo zikagwayi, futhi wagcwalisa leso sikhala ngokushesha. Ekugcineni, waba ngumnikazi wezitolo eziningana futhi waba ngumnikazi we-akhawunti enkulu yasebhange. Imenenja yamthembisa ukuthi abeke imali kudiphozithi enenzuzo, kepha umthengisi osanda kwakhiwa wenqaba - wayengakwazi ukufunda. "Ungaba ngubani uma ungafunda?" - kubabaza umphathi. “Ngingaba umabhalane weSonto i-St. Peter,” kuphendula umthengisi kagwayi ophumelelayo.
21. Izimboni zikagwayi zesimanje zenziwe ngomshini omkhulu. Okunye ukufana komsebenzi ozimele wenziwa kuphela ngabashayeli bezimfoloko, abafaka amabhokisi kagwayi kuthutha - khona manjalo, ugwayi owangeniswa ebhizinisini "kusuka emasondweni" awunakwenziwa, kufanele ulale phansi. Ngakho-ke, imvamisa ifektri kagwayi inendawo yokugcina izinto ehlaba umxhwele enamabhokisi aqukethe ugwayi wamaqabunga ocindezelweyo. Ngemuva kokufaka ibhokisi kuthutha, yonke imisebenzi isuka ekuhlukaniseni amashidi kagwayi ibe uginindela nemithambo kuya ekufakeni amabhulokhi kagwayi emabhokisini yenziwa kuphela yimishini.
22. Isazi sezinto eziphilayo esidumile saseRussia nomfuyi waso u-Ivan Michurin wayebhema kakhulu. Wayengathobeki ngokweqile empilweni yansuku zonke - ngandlela thile isithunywa somuntu siqu sikaNicholas II, ngenxa yezingubo zakhe ezazisobala, wamcabanga ukuthi uyena owayengunogada wensimu yaseMichurinsky. Kodwa Michurin wakhetha ugwayi eliphezulu. Eminyakeni yokubhujiswa kwangemva kokuguqula umbuso, akubanga nezinkinga ezikhethekile ngogwayi - kwakukhona izinqolobane ezinkulu ezinqolobaneni. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1920, kwakungenzeka ukuthi kubuyiselwe ukukhiqizwa kogwayi nogwayi, kodwa kuphela ngobuningi - kwakungekho nhlobo ugwayi osezingeni. UMichurin waqala ukutshala ugwayi ezindaweni lapho ayengakaze akhule khona phambilini, futhi wazuza impumelelo. Lokhu kushiwo kuzindatshana ezimbalwa ukuthi iMichurin izinikele ekufundiseni nasekulimeni izinhlobo zogwayi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iMichurin yaqhamuka nomshini wokuqala wokusika ugwayi, owawuthandwa kakhulu - abantu abampofu baseRussia iningi labo babhema i-samosad, okwakufanele isikwe ngokuzimela.
