Ngaphandle kokuthi i-metro yokuqala maduze izokuba neminyaka eyi-160, nochwepheshe noma ababukeli abaningi abanikeze incazelo ngqo yalolu hlobo lwezokuthutha. Wonke umuntu uyavuma ukuthi lo masipala uyisithutha esingekho emgwaqeni, yize kuvame ukuboshelwa ngandlela thile ohlelweni olukhona lwezokuxhumana komhlaba. Ngokufanayo, ungabuza noma yiziphi izincazelo ezichaza i-metro. "Ukuhamba ngomshoshaphansi"? Emadolobheni amaningi, ingxenye engaphezulu yemetro yinde kakhulu kunaleyo engaphansi komhlaba. "Ugesi"? Kodwa-ke umlando kamasipala akumele ubalwe kusukela ekuqaleni komasipala omkhulu "wezitimela" ngo-1863. Izincazelo ezingenakuphikwa ezithi "ezisemadolobheni" kanye "nojantshi".
Kodwa-ke yize kunempikiswano ngamagama, izitimela ezihamba ngaphansi komhlaba zithwala amakhulu ezigidi zabantu nsuku zonke emadolobheni emhlabeni jikelele. IMetropolitan ehlukile (igama elithi "kukhishwe inhlanganisela yaseFrance" ujantshi wedolobha elikhulu ") ithathwa njengesihlanganisi sedolobha elikhulu. Idolobha elikhulu laseParis libhekwa njengelikahle kakhulu ngokuya ngokuzungeza idolobha. IStockholm metro ineziteshi ezimbalwa kakhulu ezihlotshiswe kahle. Inhlokodolobha yaseNyakatho Korea iPyongyang ivule ukujula kwayo (iziteshi eziningi zitholakala ekujuleni okungaphezulu kwe-100m) kwabokufika eminyakeni embalwa edlule. I-metro yesimanje kunayo yonke emhlabeni isebenza eMunich, eJalimane.
I-Russia nayo iyilungu lale kilabhu elite. IMetro Metro ingesinye sezimpawu ezinkulu zomhlaba, ezaziwa umhlaba wonke enhlokodolobha yaseRussia. Imetro kaMasipala iSt. Petersburg ibhekwa njengejule kakhulu ngokwesilinganiso sebanga leziteshi ukusuka olwandle.
1. Uma uchaza isidingo sokwakha umzila ongaphansi komhlaba eMoscow, ungasho izingcaphuno eziningi ezivela ezincwadini. Amaqhawe ezincwadi agxume ezinyathelweni zethilamu hhayi ngenxa yesifiso somusa - kwakungenakwenzeka ukungena kutram. Ngaphakathi kwakukhona ukuchoboza okwesabekayo, kwakusebenza opokhethi, kwakukhona ukuxabana nokulwa. Kepha izinombolo zikhuluma kakhulu kunepeni lombhali. Ngo-1935, ama-trams aseMoscow ayethwala abagibeli abangaphezu kwezigidigidi ezimbili ababhalisiwe. Lesi sibalo sihlanganisa kuphela labo abathenga ithikithi kumqhubi noma basebenzise ipasi. Kulesi sibalo, ungangeza ngokuphepha okungenani ikota - futhi bekukhona "izinyoni ezinetshe elilodwa", futhi kwesinye isikhathi abaqhubi bebengakwazi ukundiza ngokomzimba kubo bonke abagibeli. Ngakho-ke imetro yesimanje yaseMoscow, eneziteshi zayo ezingama-237 nezitimela ezivulekile, ihambise abagibeli abafanayo abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezi-2,5 ngonyaka ngokwesilinganiso eminyakeni eyi-15 edlule, ngokuchezuka okuncane ohlangothini oluthile.
2. Izinhlelo zokuqala zokubeka okungenani ingxenye yolayini bethilamu maphakathi neMoscow ngaphansi komhlaba yavela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Isixazululo saziphakamisa sobabili kusuka esimweni samanje ngokuhamba edolobheni, nangolwazi lwakwamanye amazwe. Inkinga enkulu kwaba ukungabikho kwesiteshi sesitimela esiphakathi eMoscow. Izitimela zafika eziteshini zokufa. Ukuze kudluliswe, abagibeli kwakudingeka bathuthele kwesinye isiteshi ngethilamu noma ngetekisi. Lokhu akuzange kwengeze isivinini nenduduzo ekuthuthweni kwabantu emadolobheni. EBerlin, iziphathimandla zedolobha zabhekana nenkinga efanayo. Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1870, kwaxazululwa ngokuxhuma iziteshi ngemigqa eqondile yetram. EMoscow, umqondo wokususa idolobha ngezinto zokuhamba ngale ndlela wavuthwa kuphela ngo-1897. Kwabe sekuvela amaphrojekthi amabili ngasikhathi sinye. I-Ryazan-Uralskaya Railway Society ihlongoze ukwakha ujantshi onamathrekhi amabili eMoscow, ozofaka isigaba esingaphansi komhlaba esidlula phakathi nendawo. Iphrojekthi efanayo, kodwa enezintambo ezisabalalayo, yaphakanyiswa ngokuhlukile komunye nomunye onjiniyela A. Antonovich no-E. Nolteyn. Igama elithi "metro" maqondana nojantshi kagesi ongaphansi komhlaba laqala ukusetshenziswa ngo-1901 nguK. Trubnikov noK. Gutsevich. Iphrojekthi yabo emzileni icishe yayiphinda i-Circle Line, eyakhiwe eminyakeni yangemva kwempi. Kodwa-ke, wonke amaphrojekthi enqatshiwe. Okubaluleke kakhulu kwakuyizwi lesonto. Ngo-1903, uMetropolitan Sergius waseMoscow wabhala ukuthi ukujula komhlaba kungukuthotshiswa komuntu nephupho lesono.
3. UVeniamin Makovsky wadlala indima enkulu ekwakhiweni kweMetro metro. Unjiniyela oneminyaka engu-27, owayengenayo i-regalia, ngo-1932 wakhuluma ngesibindi yedwa yedwa cishe bonke onjiniyela nososayensi abasebenza ekwakhiweni komasipala waseMoscow. UMakovsky uphakamise ukuthi kwakhiwe imetro engaphansi komhlaba ejulile, kanti ongoti bezikole zakudala nabangaphandle baxoxa ngezindlela ezimbili ezifanayo: ukwakhiwa komhlaba kolayini emseleni nasemigqeni engajulile. Zombili lezi zindlela ziqinisekisiwe zokufaka eMoscow ekuweni kwethrafikhi - kwakudingeka ukumbiwa kwemithambo yezokuthutha ebaluleke kakhulu. Khonamanjalo, ngoJanuwari 6, 1931, iMoscow yasukuma yaqina ngisho nangaphandle kokuvimbela isiminyaminya - ngenxa yesiminyaminya sezimoto, ama-tram awakwazanga ukungena olayini, amabhasi namatekisi ayengasebenzi. Kepha ngisho nalesi sibonelo asizange sehlise ochwepheshe abahlonishwayo kusuka ezindaweni eziphakeme zethiyori baye emhlabeni onesono. UMakovsky waya kunobhala wokuqala wekomidi ledolobha le-CPSU (b) uLazar Kaganovich. Wayesekela unjiniyela osemusha, kodwa lokhu akuzange kube nomthelela kochwepheshe. UMakovsky ushicilele i-athikili ePravda - ngeze. Imiyalo yomuntu siqu kaJV Stalin kuphela yokugxila kuphrojekthi egxile ekujuleni kolwazi eyasusa lolu daba. Ukunqoba kukaMakovsky? Akunandaba ukuthi kunjani. UVeniamin Lvovich wayeyindoda enesizotha, futhi waqhutshekelwa ngokushesha esixukwini. Njengoba esethole ama-oda amabili phakathi neminyaka yohlelo lweminyaka emihlanu yokuqala, yena, yize kunemvula eningi yemiklomelo eyehlela abakhi bomasipala, akazange athole i-oda elilodwa noma indondo kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwempilo yakhe. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuthungelwa kwesihlangu, wathola umklomelo weStalin, kodwa iziqu zesibili futhi kuphela ngo-1947.
4. IMetro iyintokozo ebizayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izindleko ezinkulu azibonakali kumgibeli - isitimela sigijimela emhubheni, ezindongeni ongabona kuphela izinyanda zezintambo. Izindleko zeziteshi zokuhlobisa zicacile. Iziteshi zikanokusho zezigaba zokuqala zikamasipala waseMoscow zaveza imizwa exubile phakathi kweMuscovites. Emibikweni ye-NKVD, kwakukhulunywa ngabantu abagcwele emafulethini omphakathi nasemakamelweni aphansi, azikho izikole ezanele nezinkulisa, futhi lapha lolo hlobo lwemali lwaphonswa ekuqedelweni kweziteshi. Ngempela, umhlobiso weziteshi wawubiza kakhulu - ngawo-1930, abaculi abahamba phambili kanye nabadwebi bezakhiwo base-USSR base befundile ukunambitheka kwemali enhle, futhi imabula, igwadle nokwakhiwa kwakungakaze kube phakathi kwezinto zokuqedela ezishibhile. Yize kunjalo, izindleko zeziteshi zokuqedela nezindawo zokucela ukunxenxa, ngokusho kwesilinganiso esiphezulu, zaba ngu-6% wazo zonke izindleko zokwakhiwa kwesigaba sokuqala semetro. Ngaphezu kwalokho, leli nani laba ngaphansi kakhulu ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kwezinqubo zokukhiqiza nokuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi okuthuthukile.
5. Izinhlelo zokwakha ujantshi ongaphansi komhlaba eSt. Petersburg zavela ngaphambi kukaMoscow. Isimo senhlokodolobha yedolobha eMbusweni waseRussia, ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kwezinto ezisemadolobheni ezinenqwaba yemifula nemisele, kanye "nentshonalanga" ejwayelekile yeNyakatho Palmyra nakho kube nomthelela. E-St. Petersburg bekukhona abokufika abaningi abanemibono ebanzi kwezokuthutha, kanye nabantu abafundile baseRussia. Kakade ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, uMbusi u-Alexander I wathola iziphakamiso eziningana zokwakha ujantshi wedolobha enhlokodolobha. Amaphrojekthi avela njalo, kepha iningi lawo lalingenawo umsebenzi wobunjiniyela bamabanga aphansi. Ababhali bathembele kakhulu ekutheni iLondon neParis sebenayo imetro, futhi iSt. Petersburg akufanele isalele emuva. Kwabe sekuvela izinguquko, inhloko-dolobha yathuthela eMoscow. Umqondo wokwakha umgwaqo omkhulu manje iLeningrad wabuyiselwa kuphela ngo-1940, isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka ngaphambi kokuqala kweMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe nokuvinjelwa. Ukwakhiwa nokwakhiwa kwaqala kabusha ngo-1947 kuphela, kwathi ngoNovemba 15, 1955, isigaba sokuqala semetro kaMasipala waseLeningrad saqala ukusebenza njengensizakalo ejwayelekile.
6. Njenganoma imuphi omunye umhlangano omkhulu wabantu, indawo engaphansi komhlaba iyisikhange samaphekula. Uma kwenzeka ukuhlasela kwamaphekula, kokubili ukuhlukaniswa kwemetro ebusweni bomhlaba nobunzima obubhekene nodokotela nabatakuli lapho behlinzeka ngosizo lokuqala kuzisulu basebenzela abahlaseli. Phakathi kuka-1883 no-1976, okuwukuphela kwenhloso yokuhlaselwa kwamaphekula kwakuyiLondon Underground. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi eminyakeni edlule ekuhlaselweni kwamaphekula (bebengu-10 kubo), bangu-7 abantu ababulewe kwathi abalinganiselwa ku-150 balimala, kwathi iningi labalimele lalimala ezitobhini. Ngo-1977, ukuqhuma okwakuhlelwe yizishoshovu zase-Armenia kwabulala abantu abayi-7 kumasipala waseMoscow kwalimala abangu-37 ngaphezulu. Kodwa ngo-1994 kwaba umngcele. Ukuqhuma okubili emgaqweni ongaphansi komhlaba wenhlokodolobha yase-Azerbaijan iBaku kulethe isivuno esinegazi sabantu abangu-27 abafile kwathi ababalelwa ku-100 balimala. Kusukela lapho, ngeshwa, ukuhlaselwa kwezitimela ezihamba ngaphansi komhlaba sekuyinsakavukela. Kuphakathi kokuchithwa kwegazi elikhulu kubo kukhunjulwa, noma kungavamile, njengokuhlasela kwamaphekula esitimeleni saseTokyo kusetshenziswa igesi enoshevu. Ngo-1995, ukufafaza i-sarin ngohlelo lokungenisa umoya kamasipala enhlokodolobha yaseJapan kwabulala abangu-13 futhi kwafaka ushevu kubantu abangaphezu kuka-6,000.
7. Abagibeli beMetro abasongelwa nje kuphela ukuhlaselwa ngamaphekula. Ukugqoka okokusebenza, iziqu ezinganele noma ukudideka kwabasebenzi, nokwethuka nje kungaholela engozini ebuhlungu. Ngo-1996, bacishe bafike ku-300 abantu abashone emlilweni obusemgwaqeni iBaku. Iningi lazo lifakwe ubuthi yi-carbon monoxide neminye imikhiqizo yomlilo. Umshayeli uthole umlilo onqenqemeni oluphakathi kwalezi ziteshi ezimbili futhi akazange acabange lutho olungcono kunokumisa isitimela emhubheni omncane. Ukugxila kubhebhethekisa umlilo, ulwelwesi lwangaphakathi lwezimoto lwasha. Abantu baqale ukushiya izimoto betatazela ngamawindi, bethatha izintambo zikagesi ezigijima ezindongeni, nakho okuholele ekufeni kwabantu abaningana. Emgwaqeni omkhulu waseMoscow, inhlekelele enkulu kunazo zonke yenzeke ngonyaka we-2014 lapho abasebenzi belungisa umcibisholo ngocingo olungu-3 mm. Wayengakwazi ukumelana nomthwalo, futhi izinqola zangaphambili zesitimela zashayisa udonga ngejubane eligcwele. Abantu abangu-24 babulawa. ELondon ngo-1987, umlilo owabangelwa isinqamu sikagwayi esaphonswa enqoleni wabulala abantu abangu-31. Abagibeli bakamasipala omkhulu waseParis nabo bashonile ngenxa yesinqamu sikagwayi. Ngo-1903, imoto yokugcina yesitimela yasha ngomlilo phakathi kweziteshi. Yayingadonswa, kepha ngenxa yezinkinga zokuxhumana nokwethuka kwabasebenzi besiteshi, umshayeli wesitimela esilandelayo washayisa ikalishi elinentuthu elingahlangene. Ngenxa yalesi sehlakalo esiphindwe kabili, bangu-84 abantu abashonile.
8. Izindawo ezintathu zokuqala ezisesikhundleni sabanikazi bezitimela ezihamba ngaphansi komhlaba ezinde kunazo zonke emhlabeni zihlala amadolobha aseChina iBeijing (691 km), iShanghai (676 km) neGuangzhou (475 km). Imetro kaMoscow isendaweni yesihlanu, enobude obungamakhilomitha angama-397 km ngemuva kwemetro yaseLondon. Uma kubhekwa ijubane lentuthuko kamasipala waseMoscow eminyakeni yamuva nje, iLondon kungekudala izosala emuva. IMetro kaMasipala wasePetersburg ungunombolo 40 emhlabeni ngobude bomugqa. Umgwaqo omfushane kunayo yonke emhlabeni usebenza eLausanne, eSwitzerland (4.1 km). Iziteshi ezinhlanu ezimfushane kakhulu zifaka phakathi iGujarat (India), Maracaibo (Venezuela), iDnepr (Ukraine) neGenoa (Italy).
9. Ngokwenani leziteshi, umholi ongaphikiswa isitimela esingaphansi komhlaba eNew York - izitobhi ezingama-472. Izindawo ezi-2 - 3 zihlala imigwaqo engaphansi komhlaba yaseShanghai neBeijing, ngaphambi kweParis neSeoul. IMetro kaMasipala isendaweni ye-11 eneziteshi ezingama-232. ISt. Petersburg Metro ithatha indawo yama-55 eneziteshi ezingama-72. Umasipala omkhulu weLos Tekes osenhlokodolobha yaseVenezuela iCaracas uneziteshi ezi-5 kuphela, ama-metro eGujarat, Maracaibo naseDnieper anesiteshi esisodwa kuphela.
10. Onke ama-metro amadala kunawo wonke emhlabeni aqala ukusebenza ngekhulu le-19. Ujantshi wokuqala ongaphansi komhlaba waqala ukusebenza eLondon ngo-1863. Vele, kwakungekho nkulumo nganoma yimuphi ugesi - izitimela zazidonswa yizinqola zesitimu. Cishe iminyaka engama-30 i- "The Tube", njengoba amaNgisi ayibiza kanjalo, yahlala iyona kuphela umgwaqo onjalo emhlabeni. Kwakungu-1892 kuphela lapho umasipala wavula khona eChicago (USA), kwalandelwa izitimela ezihamba ngaphansi komhlaba eGlasgow (UK), eBudapest (eHungary) naseBoston USA).
11. Imetro kaMasipala waseMoscow nePetersburg ithuthuka ezinhlangothini eziphambene. Ngenkathi iziteshi ezintsha zisebenza kumasipala waseMoscow minyaka yonke, futhi nenethiwekhi kamasipala ihlala ithuthukiswa, eSt. Petersburg, intuthuko iba yiqhwa. Iziteshi ezimbili ezintsha - iNovokrestovskaya neBegovaya - zivulwe ngo-2018. Ukuvulwa kwabo kubekelwe isikhathi ukuze kuqondane neNdebe Yomhlaba wonke yeFIFA, kanti uxhaso lube ngaphansi kohlelo olubhekiswe kuhulumeni. Ngo-2019, kwavulwa isiteshi saseShushary, esasizovulwa ngo-2017. Ngokwentuthuko kamasipala, iSt. Petersburg ayinayo imali eyanele. Umzamo wokuxhasa ngezimali ukwakhiwa kolayini abasha neziteshi ngokohlelo lweMoscow - umasipala uyabandakanyeka ekuthuthweni kwabagibeli, kanti uhulumeni wedolobha ngezindleko zakhe ukhulisa inethiwekhi - wehlulekile ngenxa yokushoda kwezinsizakusebenza kwisabelomali sendawo. Ngakho-ke, manje iziphathimandla zaseSt. Petersburg zikhuluma ngokucophelela kakhulu ngokwakhiwa kwemetro. Iziteshi eziningi ezintsha zizovulwa eMoscow eminyakeni ezayo.
12. Ngaphandle kwaseMoscow naseSt. Petersburg, umasipala waseRussia usebenza kwamanye amadolobha ama-5: iNizhny Novgorod, iNovosibirsk, iSamara, iYekaterinburg neKazan. Zonke lezi zitimela ezihamba ngaphansi komhlaba, empeleni, zikhombisa ubuningi bezinhlelo zeSoviet, ngakho-ke imiphumela yomsebenzi wezitimela ezihamba ngaphansi ingamangaza. Isibonelo, i-metro yaseNovosibirsk, equkethe imigqa emi-2 eneziteshi eziyi-13, ithwala abagibeli abaphindwe kathathu ngonyaka kunemetro kaMasipala waseNizhegorodskoye (imigqa emi-2, iziteshi eziyi-15). Cishe kufana naseNizhny Novgorod, ithrafikhi yabagibeli (cishe abantu abayizigidi ezingama-30 ngonyaka) inikezwa umasipala waseKazan (ulayini 1, iziteshi eziyi-11). Futhi eKazan, engaphansi kwesiteshi esisodwa kuphela, iSamara, kuphela abantu abayizigidi eziyi-14 abasebenzisa izinsizakalo zemetro.
13. Emgwaqeni ongaphansi komhlaba eNew York, izitimela zihamba ngomgomo ofanayo nokuhamba ngomgwaqo emadolobheni aseRussia. Lokho wukuthi, ukuze uhambe ngendlela efanele, akwanele ukuthi wazi umugqa we-metro kanye nokuhamba kokuhamba ("kusuka enkabeni" noma "ukuya enkabeni"). Isitimela esiya ohlangothini olufanele singacima siye kolunye uhlangothi. Ngakho-ke, umgibeli kufanele futhi azi inombolo yomzila, imvamisa ngokufakwa kwencwadi, futhi aqaphe ukuthi isitimela esifikayo siyisitimela esiqondile yini. Uma eMoscow umhambi olayini we-Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya esiteshini saseMitino futhi ethatha isitimela esibheke enkabeni, angaqiniseka ukuthi uzofinyelela esiteshini saseSemyonovskaya kulayini ofanayo. ENew York, nokho, umgibeli onjalo, oncike kulolu hlelo, ubeka engcupheni yokushayela endaweni engafanele.
14. Emlandweni wayo, iMetro kaMasipala ayisebenzi kuphela ngo-Okthoba 16, 1941. Ngalolu suku, ukwethuka kwaqala eMoscow, kubangelwe okunye ukuqhamuka kwamasosha aseJalimane. Ebuholini be-metro, yacasulwa ngomyalelo we-People's Commissar of Railways uLazar Kaganovich, owafika ngayizolo, ukulungiselela umasipala ukubhujiswa, kanye nezitimela zokuthuthwa kwabantu. Abaphathi abaphakathi bavele babaleka. Bakwazile ukuhlela izinto ngosuku, izitimela zashiya ngemuva kwesidlo sasemini ngo-Okthoba 17. Imetro, njengoba bekulindelekile, ibisebenza njengendawo yokukhosela amabhomu. Inqubo yasebenza: kusiginali ethi "Ukuhlasela komoya" ojantshi bokuxhumana banqanyuliwe, amathrekhi avinjwe yizihlangu zokhuni, zaphenduka zaba phansi. Impi iphinde yathola izisulu kumasipala omkhulu - ibhomu elisemoyeni labulala abantu abangu-16 esiteshini esingajulile i-Arbatskaya, kwathi ngakusasa kulesi siteshi kwashona abantu abangu-46 ngenxa yesixuku esabangelwa ukuhlaselwa okungazelelwe. Kepha umgwaqo omkhulu nawo wanikeza impilo - phakathi nempi izingane ezingaphezu kwama-200 zazalelwa ngaphansi komhlaba.
15. Esibonelweni sesimo sengqondo mayelana nokubhalwa kwelogo kaMasipala waseMoscow - incwadi ebomvu "M", ukuvela komphakathi kubonakala ngokusobala. Ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, imisebenzi "yezinto ezibonakalayo" yayibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni wonke: isisebenzi esinamakhono, unjiniyela womphakathi, njll.Kwenye yezindaba zika-O'Henry, uprofesa waseMelika uzethula kubazali bentombi yakhe njengomakhi wezitini, ngoba ngubani usolwazi futhi uyini umsebenzi wakhe ngokujwayelekile? Uma umphumela womsebenzi wakho ungezwakala ngezandla zakho futhi usetshenziswe empilweni yangempela, ungasebenzela labo abasebenzayo, futhi ekugcineni ungumuntu ohlekisayo. Ngenxa yalesi simo sengqondo, ukubhalwa kwencwadi yokuqala "M", eyavela eziteshini zikamasipala waseMoscow ngo-1935, akunakusungulwa. Bekukhona ukuncintisana komphakathi ngendondo, kepha kwehlule. Kuyaziwa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi isibonakaliso sazalelwa emnyangweni wezakhiwo waseMetrostroy. Umnyango ubuholwa nguSamuil Kravets odumile, owakha iDerzhprom nokwakhiwa kukaHulumeni we-Ukraine SSR eKharkov. Isisebenzi esihamba phambili somnyango kwakungu-Ivan Taranov, owayenesandla kumaphrojekthi azo zonke iziteshi zesigaba sokuqala. Abanye babo badwebe incwadi edumile. Akukaze kungene emakhanda abo ukuziqhenya ngento encane efana nokuthi "ukudala i-logo". Kodwa lapho ngo-2014 ilogo kaMasipala waseMoscow iguqulwa, lokhu kwenza studio ephelele yomklami odumile. Ekupheleni komsebenzi, umnikazi wesitudiyo wamemezela ngokuziqhenya ukuthi iqembu lakhe lenze umsebenzi oncomekayo.
