Vele, akunangqondo ukuphikisana ngokuthi yisiphi isitho esibaluleke kakhulu emzimbeni womuntu. Umzimba womuntu uyindlela eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, izingxenye zayo zifakwe kahle komunye nomunye kangangokuba ukwehluleka kwesinye sazo kuholela ezinkingeni kuwo wonke umzimba.
Yize kunjalo, noma ngabe kunale ndawo, isikhumba sibonakala njengesinye sezitho ezibaluleke kakhulu zomzimba womuntu. Okokuqala, lokhu kungenxa yengozi yezifo zesikhumba, kodwa neqiniso lokuthi lezi zifo cishe zihlala zibonakala kuwo wonke umuntu obazungezile. Umbhali wenganekwane yesayensi yaseMelika futhi, ngasikhathi sinye, u-Isaac Asimov wesayensi ethandwayo uchaze induna kwenye yezincwadi zakhe. U-Azimov wabiza izinduna ebusweni bentsha ngesinye sezifo ezimbi kakhulu hhayi ngokufa noma ukukhubazeka, kodwa ngokuya ngomphumela wengqondo yomuntu. Lapho nje umfana noma intombazane, ebhala u-Asimov, cabanga ngobukhona bobulili obuhlukile, izingxenye ezibonakalayo zomzimba wakhe, okokuqala, ubuso, zithinteka umqubuko omubi. Izingozi zabo zempilo zincane, kepha umonakalo ongokwengqondo odalwe yinduna mkhulu kakhulu.
Ngenhlonipho engaphansi kwentsha, baphatha isimo sesikhumba sowesifazane. Umbimbi ngamunye omusha uba yinkinga, lapho isixazululo sawo sisetshenziswa ngezigidigidi zamarandi kwezimonyo emhlabeni jikelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imvamisa, lezi zindleko azisho lutho - hhayi kuphela izazi ze-cosmetologists ezingakwazi ukubuyisa isikhathi. Ukuhlinzwa ngepulasitiki kungasiza isikhashana, kepha ngokujwayelekile, ukuguga isikhumba kuyinqubo engalungiseki.
Isikhumba, noma singekho esimweni esihle kakhulu sobuhle, yisivikelo esibaluleke kakhulu somzimba womuntu ezinsongweni eziningi. Imbozwe ngengxube yezithukuthuku ne-sebum, futhi ivikela umzimba ekushiseni ngokweqile, kwi-hypothermia nasekuthelelekeni. Ukulahleka kwengxenye encane yesikhumba kuyingozi enkulu emzimbeni wonke. Ngenhlanhla, kwezokwelapha zesimanje ubuchwepheshe obunjalo busetshenziselwa ukubuyiselwa okuphuthumayo kwezindawo zesikhumba ezilimele noma ezisusiwe, ezibavumela ukuthi bagcine ukubukeka kwabo. Kepha-ke, kungcono hhayi ukweqisa, kepha ukwazi ukuthi isikhumba siqukethe ini, ukuthi sisebenza kanjani nokuthi singasinakekela kanjani.
1. Kuyacaca ukuthi imizimba yabantu abehlukene inobukhulu obuhlukile, kepha ngokwesilinganiso, singacabanga ukuthi indawo yesikhumba somuntu icishe ibe ngu-1.5 - 2 m2, isisindo sayo ngaphandle kwamafutha angaphansi kwesikhumba ngu-2.7 kg. Ngokuya ngendawo esemzimbeni, ubukhulu besikhumba bungahluka izikhathi eziyishumi - kusuka ku-0.5 mm kumajwabu amehlo kuya ku-0.5 cm ematheni ezinyawo.
2. Engqimbeni yesikhumba somuntu enendawo engama-7 cm2 kunamamitha ayi-6 emithambo yegazi, izindlala ezingama-90 ezinamafutha, izinwele ezingama-65, ukuphela kwezinzwa ezingama-19,000, izindlala zomjuluko ezingama-625 namaseli ayizigidi eziyi-19.
3. Ukwenza lula, bathi isikhumba siqukethe izingqimba ezimbili: i-epidermis nedermis. Kwesinye isikhathi kukhulunywa ngamafutha angaphansi kwesikhumba. Ngokombono wesayensi, i-epidermis kuphela enezendlalelo ezi-5 (kusuka ezansi kuye phezulu): i-basal, prickly, granular, shiny and horny. Amaseli akhuphuka kancane kancane esuka kolunye ungqimba aye kolunye futhi afe. Ngokuvamile, inqubo yokuvuselelwa okuphelele kwe-epidermis ithatha cishe izinsuku ezingama-27. Ku-dermis, ungqimba ongezansi ubizwa ngokuthi i-reticular, kanti phezulu kubizwa ngokuthi i-papillary.
4. Isilinganiso samangqamuzana esikhunjeni somuntu singaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-300. Njengoba kunikezwe isilinganiso sokuvuselelwa kwe-epidermis, umzimba ukhiqiza cishe amaseli ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili ngonyaka. Uma ulinganisa amaseli esikhumba alahlekelwa ngumuntu impilo yakhe yonke, uthola cishe i-100 kg.
5. Wonke umuntu unezimvukuzane kanye / noma izimpawu zokuzalwa esikhunjeni sakhe. Umbala wazo ohlukile ukhombisa imvelo ehlukile. Ngokuvamile, ama-moles anombala onsundu. Lawa angama-clumps amangqamuzana aphuphuma ngombala. Izinsana cishe azikaze zibe nezimvukuzane. Emzimbeni wanoma yimuphi umuntu omdala, kuhlala kunezinhlayiya eziningana. Izimvukuzane ezinkulu (ezingaphezu kuka-1 cm ububanzi) ziyingozi - zingashintsha zibe izicubu. Ngisho nomonakalo womshini ungaba imbangela yokuzalwa kabusha, ngakho-ke, kungcono ukususa ama-moles amakhulu atholakala emzimbeni ezindaweni eziyingozi kusukela ekubukeni komonakalo.
6. Izipikili nezinwele zitholakala ku-epidermis, ukulungiswa kwayo. Aqukethe amangqamuzana aphilayo ezansi namangqamuzana afile phezulu.
7. Ukubomvu kwesikhumba okubangelwa ukuzikhandla komzimba noma izici ezingokomzwelo kubizwa ngokuthi yi-vasodilation. Into ephikisanayo - ukugeleza kwegazi esikhunjeni, okudala ukubola - kubizwa nge-vasoconstriction.
8. Ama-callus ezandleni nasezinyaweni zabantu nezimpondo nezinselo zezilwane kuyizimo zokuhleleka okufanayo. Zonke zingumkhiqizo walokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-keratinization ye-epidermis. I-Keratin iyinto e-horny, futhi uma igcwele ngokweqile, isikhumba silahlekelwa ukuthamba nokuqina kwepulasitiki. Iba lukhuni futhi ibe lukhuni, yakhe iziqu.
9. Ngekhulu le-19, ama-rickets abizwa ngesifo samaNgisi. I-Avitaminosis ekudleni kwamaBritish acebile kwakwesabisa (kukhona ngisho nombono wokuthi imisindo yokuvinjelwa neyokuhhewula engajwayelekile kubantu bakwamanye amazwe ngesiNgisi yavela ngokunembile ngenxa yokushoda kwamavithamini kanye nescurvy esihambisana nawo, lapho kuphuma khona amazinyo). Futhi ngenxa yentuthu, abantu baseBrithani babengenalo ilanga. Ngasikhathi sinye, bebefuna izindlela zokulwa namarickets noma yikuphi, kepha hhayi eNgilandi. UPole Andrzej Snyadecki uthole ukuthi ukuvezwa yilanga akusizi nje kuphela ekuvikeleni, kepha nasekwelapheni ama-rickets. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kwatholakala ukuthi ukukhanya kwelanga kulokhu kungashintshwa isibani se-quartz. I-Physiologists intuituit ukuqonda ukuthi isikhumba somuntu, ngaphansi kwethonya labantu, sikhiqiza into ethile evimbela ukuvela kwama-rickets. Udokotela waseMelika nodokotela womzimba u-Alfred Fabian Hess, ehlola amagundane anesikhumba esimhlophe nesimnyama, uthole ukuthi amagundane amnyama aqala uketshezi, aze awakhanyise ngokukhanya kwesibani se-quartz. UHess waqhubekela phambili - waqala ukondla amaqembu okulawula amagundane amhlophe namnyama ngesibani se-quartz esikhanyisiwe noma isikhumba "esihlanzekile". Ngemuva kokuthola isikhumba "esikhanyisiwe", amagundane amnyama ayeka ukugula ngama-rickets. Ngakho-ke kwembulwa ukuthi ngaphansi kwethonya lemisebe ye-ultraviolet, isikhumba sikwazi ukukhiqiza uvithamini D. Sikhishwa entweni ebizwa nge- "styrene", okusho ukuthi "utshwala obuqinile" ngesiGreki.
10. Abaphenyi abazimele bathole ukuthi amalebula angama-82% kuzimonyo zesikhumba aqukethe amanga aluhlaza, afihlwe njengamagama anganembile nezinkomba zamanga. Kungakuhle ukubhekana kuphela nezitatimende ezibonakala zingenabungozi, njengo-95% wabesifazane bakhetha ukhilimu wasebusuku "NN". Kodwa phela izindaba ezimayelana nemvelaphi engu-100% yemvelo yokhilimu ofanayo, ezenza iphephe ngokuphelele, nazo zingamanga aluhlaza cwe. Amafutha e-lavender nama-citrus, amaqabunga e-rhubarb, i-witch hazel, nobuthi benyoka konke kuyizithako zemvelo, kepha kufakazelwe ngokwesayensi ukuthi kuyingozi. Isitatimende sokuthi ukhilimu wezimonyo uvikela umnikazi ngokuphelele emathonyeni angaphandle ayingozi nawo awulungile. Kungaba yiqiniso kuphela uma umnikazi kakhilimu eyeka ukudla, ukuphuza nokuphefumula, bese eqala ukugqoka izingubo eziqinile ezihlanganisa umzimba ngokuphelele.
11. Kunokucabanga okungajwayelekile okweqile ngokuhlala kwabantu emhlabeni wonke. Kususelwa ekhonweni lesikhumba somuntu sokukhiqiza uvithamini D futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuphikiswe ama-rickets. Ngokwalo mbono, lapho besuka e-Afrika beya enyakatho, abantu abanesikhumba esikhanyayo babenethuba elihle kunabazalwane abanesikhumba esimnyama. abajwayele ukuxhuzula ngenxa yokushoda kukavithamini D. Kancane kancane, abantu abanebala elinsundu eNyakatho naseNtshonalanga Yurophu bafa, kwathi abantu abanebala elikhanyayo baba ngoyise babantu baseYurophu. Ekuboneni kokuqala, i-hypothesis ibonakala ingenangqondo, kepha izimpikiswano ezimbili ezinzima ziyayivuna. Okokuqala, abantu abanesikhumba esikhanyayo nezinwele ezimhloshana babengabantu abaningi kakhulu eYurophu. Okwesibili, abantu abanebala elimnyama eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika basengozini enkulu yama-ricket kunabantu abanebala elikhanyayo.
12. Umbala wesikhumba somuntu unqunywa inani le-pigment eliqukethe - i-melanin. Ngokweqiniso, ama-melanin ayiqembu elikhulu lezingulube, futhi umbala wesikhumba uthonywe ukuhlonishwa kwalezi zingulube, ezihlangene eqenjini lama-eumelanini, kepha imvamisa zisebenza ngegama elithi "melanin". Imunca ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet kahle, okulimaza kakhulu isikhumba nomzimba wonkana. Ukushiswa yilanga okubangelwa ukukhanya okufanayo kwe-ultraviolet akusona neze isibonakaliso sokukhiqizwa kwe-melanin esikhunjeni. Ukushiswa yilanga ukuvuvukala kwesikhumba okuncane. Kodwa ekuqaleni isikhumba esimnyama sabantu siwubufakazi bokuxinana okuphezulu kwe-melanin. I-Melanin nayo inquma umbala wezinwele zomuntu.
13. Isikhumba somuntu siqukethe i-carotene pigment. Isakazekile futhi inombala ophuzi (mhlawumbe igama layo livela egameni lesiNgisi elithi "isanqante" - "isanqante"). Ukubaluleka kwe-carotene ngaphezu kwe-melanin kunikeza isikhumba umbala ophuzi. Lokhu kubonakala ngokucacile kumbala wesikhumba wabanye abantu baseMpumalanga Asia. Futhi, ngasikhathi sinye, isikhumba sabantu abafanayo base-East Asia sikhipha umjuluko omncane kanye ne-sebum kunaleso sabaseYurophu nabaseMelika. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, ngisho nakumaKorea ajuluke kakhulu, akuzwakali iphunga elibi.
14. Isikhumba sinezicubu zomjuluko ezingaba yizigidi ezimbili. Ngosizo lwabo, ukushisa komzimba kulawulwa. Isikhumba sikhipha ukushisa emkhathini ngaphandle kwazo, kepha le nqubo izinzile impela. Ukuhwamuka kuketshezi kuyinqubo ebiza kakhulu maqondana nokusetshenziswa kwamandla, ngakho-ke, ukujuluka okuhwamuka esikhunjeni kuvumela ukwehla okusheshayo kokushisa komzimba womuntu. Uma isikhumba simnyama, kuba nezindlala zezithukuthuku ezithe xaxa, okwenza kube lula kubantu abamnyama ukubekezelela ukushisa.
15. Iphunga elingathandeki lezithukuthuku empeleni yiphunga lokubola kwesebum. Ifihlwa yizindlala ezinesibindi, ezitholakala esikhunjeni ngenhla kwezindlala zomjuluko. Izithukuthuku ngokuvamile ziba namanzi acishe abe munye afakwe usawoti omncane. Futhi i-sebum, lapho ikhishwe kwizindlala, ayinanuko - ayinazo izinto eziguquguqukayo. Iphunga livela lapho ingxube yezithukuthuku ne-sebum iqala ukudiliza amabhaktheriya.
16. Cishe umuntu oyedwa kwabangu-20 000 angama-albino. Abantu abanjalo bane-melanin encane noma abanayo nhlobo esikhunjeni nasezinweleni zabo. Isikhumba nezinwele ze-Albino kumhlophe ngokubabazekayo, futhi amehlo abo abomvu - esikhundleni sombala, imithambo yegazi eguquguqukayo inika umbala. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ama-albino avame ukutholakala phakathi kwabantu abanesikhumba esimnyama kakhulu. Isibalo esikhulu sama-albino ngomuntu ngamunye siseTanzania - lapho ukuxakaniseka kwama-albino kungu-1: 1 400. Ngasikhathi sinye, iTanzania neZimbabwe engomakhelwane zithathwa njengamazwe ayingozi kakhulu kuma-albino. Kula mazwe, kukholakala ukuthi ukudla inyama ye-albino kuphulukisa izifo futhi kuletha inhlanhla. Amashumi ezinkulungwane zamaRandi akhokhelwa izingxenye zomzimba zama-albino. Ngakho-ke, izingane ezingama-albino ziyiswa masinyane ezikoleni ezikhethekile zokubhoda - zingathengiswa noma zidliwe ngisho nayizihlobo zazo.
Izitatimende zangeNkathi Ephakathi manje ezihlekisa ukuthi ukugeza umzimba kuyingozi (amanye amakhosi nezindlovukazi zigezwe kabili kuphela ezimpilweni zazo, njll.), Ngokumangazayo, zinezizathu ezithile. Vele, ukuqinisekiswa kwabo okuyingxenye kweza kamuva kakhulu. Kwavela ukuthi ama-microorganism ahlala esikhunjeni aqeda amagciwane e-pathogenic. Uma ucabanga ukuthi isikhumba siyinyumba ngokuphelele, la magciwane angangena emzimbeni. Kepha akunakwenzeka ukufeza inzalo ephelele yesikhumba ngokugeza noma ugeze, ukuze uzigeze ngokungesabi.
18. Ngokombono, imizimba yabantu abanesikhumba esimnyama kufanele imunce ukushisa okukhulu kakhulu kunemizimba yabantu abanesikhumba esimhlophe. Okungenani, izibalo zomzimba kuphela zibonisa ukuthi izidumbu zabamele umjaho weNegroid kufanele zimunce ukushisa okungu-37% ngaphezulu. Lokhu, ngombono, kulezo zindawo zesimo sezulu, lapho kufanele kuholele ekushiseni ngokweqile ngemiphumela ehambisanayo. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo, njengoba ososayensi babhala, "alunikanga imiphumela engangabazeki." Ukube izidumbu ezimnyama bezizomunca lokhu kushisa, bekufanele zikhiphe izithukuthuku eziningi. Abamnyama bajuluka ngaphezu kwabantu abanesikhumba esihle, kepha umehluko awubalulekile. Ngokusobala, banehlelo lokufihla umjuluko oluhlukile.
19. Abantu abanesikhumba esiluhlaza bahlala eMhlabeni. Lokhu akuwona umjaho okhethekile. Isikhumba singashintsha sibe luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngezizathu eziningana. E-Andes yaseChile, emuva ngawo-1960, abantu batholwa behlala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angaphezu kuka-6,000. Isikhumba sabo sinombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngenxa yokuqukethwe okwandisiwe kwe-hemoglobin - i-hemoglobin enganothiswanga nge-oxygen inombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kanti ezindaweni eziphakeme, ngenxa yengcindezi ephansi, kunomoya-mpilo omncane wokuphefumula komuntu. Isikhumba singaba luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngenxa yokuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo okungajwayelekile. Kwaphela ikhulu nesigamu, umndeni wakwaFugates wawuhlala e-United States, wonke amalungu awo ayenesikhumba esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Inzalo yabafuduki baseFrance yangena emishadweni esondelene kakhulu, kepha zonke izingane zabo zathola ifa lokuziphatha okungajwayelekile kwabazali babo. Into emangaza kakhulu ukuthi inzalo kaFugate yahlolwa ngokweqile kwezokwelapha, kepha asitholakali isifo. Kamuva, bahlangana kancane kancane nabantu abanesikhumba esijwayelekile, futhi ukungafani kofuzo kwaphela. Ekugcineni, isikhumba singashintsha sibe luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ekuthatheni isiliva le-colloidal. Bekade kuyingxenye yemithi eminingi ethandwayo. U-American Fred Walters, wajika waba luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngemuva kokudla isiliva le-colloidal, waze wakhombisa isikhumba sakhe semali ngokuvela emphakathini. Kodwa-ke, wabulawa yimiphumela yokuthatha isiliva le-colloidal.
20. Ukuqina kwesikhumba akuxhomekile ekubeni khona kwe-collagen noma inani laso. I-Collagen ikhona kunoma yisiphi isikhumba, futhi ukuqina kwayo kuncike esimweni sama-molecule e-collagen. Esikhunjeni esincane, zisesimweni esisontekile, bese isikhumba sisesimeni sokunwebeka okunwebeka. Ama-molecule we-Collagen azola ngokuguga. kube sengathi "welula" isikhumba, sisenze singabi namsila. Ngakho-ke, umphumela wezimonyo we-collagen, ovame ukunconywa ekukhangiseni kwezimonyo, usebenza kuphela esikhathini lapho ukhilimu osetshenziswe ebusweni uqinisa isikhumba kancane. I-Collagen ayingeni esikhunjeni, futhi ngemuva kokukhipha ukhilimu, ibuyela esimeni sayo sangaphambilini. I-elemental petroleum jelly inomthelela ofanayo ne-collagen. Okufanayo kusebenza ku-resveratrol yemfashini, kepha uma isetshenziswa ngaphandle, ayinayo nethonya eliqinisayo.
