U-Armand Jean du Plessis, uDuke de Richelieu (1585-1642), owaziwa nangokuthi UKhadinali Richelieu noma uKhadinali oBomvu - uKhadinali weSonto lamaRoma Katolika, isikhulu sombuso nesikhulu saseFrance.
Usebenze njengonobhala bakahulumeni wezindaba zamasosha nezangaphandle esikhathini se-1616-1617. futhi wayeyinhloko kahulumeni (ungqongqoshe wokuqala wenkosi) kusuka ngo-1624 kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaKhadinali Richelieu, esizokhuluma ngawo kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane kaRichelieu.
Umlando kaKhadinali Richelieu
U-Armand Jean de Richelieu wazalwa ngo-Septhemba 9, 1585 eParis. Wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini ocebile futhi ofundile.
Ubaba wakhe, uFrançois du Plessis, wayeyisikhulu sezomthetho esasisebenza ngaphansi kukaHenry 3 noHenry 4. Unina, uSuzanne de La Porte, wayevela emndenini wabameli. Ukhadinali wesikhathi esizayo wayengowesine ezinganeni ezinhlanu zabazali bakhe.
Ubuntwana nentsha
U-Armand Jean de Richelieu wazalwa eyingane ebuthaka kakhulu futhi egulayo. Wayebuthakathaka kangangokuba wabhapathizwa ezinyangeni ezingu-7 kuphela emva kokuzalwa.
Ngenxa yempilo yakhe ebuthaka, uRichelieu wayengavamile ukudlala nontanga yakhe. Ngokuyinhloko, wasebenzisa sonke isikhathi sakhe sokuphumula efunda izincwadi. Inhlekelele yokuqala ku-biography ka-Armand yenzeke ngo-1590, lapho ubaba edlula emhlabeni. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngemuva kokufa kwakhe, inhloko yomndeni ishiye izikweletu eziningi.
Lapho umfana eneminyaka engu-10 ubudala, wathunyelwa ukuyofunda e-Navarre College, eyenzelwe izingane zezikhulu. Ukutadisha kwakulula kuye, ngenxa yalokho wafunda isiLatin, iSpanishi nesiNtaliyane. Kule minyaka yempilo yakhe, wakhombisa intshisekelo enkulu ekutadisheni umlando wasendulo.
Ngemuva kokuphothula ekolishi, naphezu kwempilo ebuthaka, u-Armand Jean de Richelieu wafuna ukuba yisosha. Ukuze enze lokhu, wangena esikoleni samahhashi, lapho afunda khona uthango, ukugibela amahhashi, ukudansa nemikhuba emihle.
Ngaleso sikhathi, umfowabo omdala kakhadinali ozayo, ogama lakhe linguHenri, wayesevele esehloniphekile ephalamende. Omunye umzalwane, u-Alphonse, wayezothatha isikhundla sombhishobhi eLuzon, esinikezwe umndeni wakwaRichelieu ngokomyalo kaHenry III.
Kodwa-ke, u-Alphonse wanquma ukujoyina i-Cartesian monastic oda, ngenxa yalokho u-Armand ayezoba ngumbhishobhi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyafuna noma cha. Ngenxa yalokho, uRichelieu wathunyelwa ukuyofundela ifilosofi nemfundiso yenkolo ezikhungweni zemfundo zendawo.
Ukuthola ukugcotshwa kwakungeye yezingqinamba zokuqala ku-biography kaRichelieu. Lapho efika eRoma ezobona uPapa, waqamba amanga ngeminyaka yakhe ukuze agcotshwe. Ngemuva kokufeza okwakhe, le nsizwa yamane yaphenduka esenzweni sayo.
Ekupheleni kuka-1608, u-Armand Jean de Richelieu wakhushulelwa esikhundleni sokuba ngumbhishobhi. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi uHenry 4 wayengambizi lutho ngaphandle kokuthi "umbhishobhi wami". Akunakuphikwa ukuthi ukusondelana okunjalo nenkosi kwahlasela bonke abanye ababekhona ebukhosini.
Lokhu kwaholela ekuqedeni umsebenzi wakhe wasenkantolo kaRichelieu, ngemuva kwalokho wabuyela esifundeni sakhe. Ngaleso sikhathi, ngenxa yezimpi zenkolo, iDiocese yaseLuson yayihlupheka kunabo bonke endaweni.
Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yezenzo ezihlelwe ngokucophelela zikaKhadinali Richelieu, isimo saqala ukuba ngcono. Ngaphansi kobuholi bakhe, isonto lombhishobhi nendawo yokuhlala umbhishobhi yakhiwa kabusha. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho le ndoda yakwazi khona ukukhombisa amakhono ayo wokuguqula kabusha.
Ezombusazwe
URichelieu impela wayengusopolitiki futhi engumhleli onekhono kakhulu, ngoba wenza lukhulu ekuthuthukiseni iFrance. Lokho kuphela ukunconywa kukaPeter 1, owake wavakashela ithuna lakhe. Ngemuva kwalokho umbusi waseRussia wavuma ukuthi ungqongqoshe onjengokhadinali wayenguye, ngabe wethula uhhafu wombuso ukube wayemsizile ukubusa enye ingxenye.
U-Armand Jean de Richelieu wabamba iqhaza ezinhlelweni eziningi, efuna ukuthola imininingwane ayidingayo. Lokhu kwaholela ekubeni kwakhe umsunguli wenethiwekhi yokuqala enkulu yezobunhloli yaseYurophu.
Ngokushesha, ukhadinali usondela eduze kukaMarie de Medici kanye noConcino Concini amthandayo. Wakwazi ukuthola umusa wabo ngokushesha futhi wathola isikhundla sokuba ngungqongqoshe kwikhabhinethi yeNdlovukazi uMama. Uphathiswe isikhundla sokuba yiPhini leMibuso Jikelele.
Ngaleso sikhathi se-biography yakhe, uKhadinali Richelieu wazibonakalisa njengomvikeli omuhle kakhulu wezintshisekelo zabefundisi. Ngenxa yamakhono akhe engqondo nawokukhuluma, angaqeda cishe noma yiziphi izingxabano ezivela phakathi kwabamele lezi zindawo ezintathu.
Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yobudlelwano obusondele futhi obunokwethenjelwa nenkosi, ukhadinali wayenabaphikisi abaningi. Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili, uLouis 13 oneminyaka engu-16 uhlela uzungu lokulwa nentandokazi kanina. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi uRichelieu wayazi ngomzamo ohleliwe wokubulawa kukaConcini, kepha nokho wakhetha ukuhlala eceleni.
Ngenxa yalokho, lapho uConcino Concini ebulawa entwasahlobo ka-1617, uLouis waba yinkosi yaseFrance. UMaria de Medici naye wathunyelwa ekudingisweni enqabeni yaseBlois, kwathi uRichelieu kwadingeka abuyele eLuçon.
Ngemuva kweminyaka engaba mibili, uMedici ukwazile ukubaleka enqabeni. Uma esekhululekile, lo wesifazane uqala ukucabanga ngecebo lokuketula indodana yakhe esihlalweni sobukhosi. Lapho lokhu sekwaziwa nguKhadinali Richelieu, uqala ukusebenza njengomlamuleli phakathi kukaMary noLouis 13.
Ngemuva konyaka, umama nendodana bathola ukuyekethisa, ngenxa yalokho basayina isivumelwano sokuthula. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi lesi sivumelwano sibuye sasho nekhadinali, owayevunyelwe ukubuyela enkantolo yenkosi yaseFrance.
Ngalesi sikhathi uRichelieu unquma ukusondela kuLouis. Lokhu kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi kungekudala uzoba nguNgqongqoshe wokuqala waseFrance, obambe lesi sikhundla iminyaka eyi-18.
Ezingqondweni zabantu abaningi, incazelo yokuphila kwekhadinali kwakuyisifiso somcebo namandla angenamkhawulo, kepha lokhu akunjalo neze. Empeleni, wenza konke okusemandleni ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iFrance iyathuthuka ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene. Yize uRichelieu ayengowabefundisi, wayehileleke kakhulu ezindabeni zezombangazwe nezempi zezwe.
Ukhadinali wabamba iqhaza kuzo zonke izingxabano zamasosha ezangena eFrance ngaleso sikhathi. Ukwandisa amandla okulwa nombuso, wenza imizamo eminingi yokwakha imikhumbi elungele ukulwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona kwale mikhumbi kube nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni ubudlelwano bezohwebo namazwe ahlukahlukene.
UKhadinali Richelieu wayengumbhali wezinguquko eziningi kwezenhlalo nakwezomnotho. Uqede ukuqhudelana, wahlela kabusha insizakalo yeposi, futhi wakha nezikhala ezaqokwa yinkosi yaseFrance. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wahola ekucindezelweni kokuvukela kwamaHuguenot, okwaba yingozi kumaKatolika.
Ngenkathi ibutho lasolwandle laseBrithani lingena engxenyeni yogu lwaseFrance ngo-1627, uRichelieu wanquma ukuziqondisa mathupha ukusebenza kwezempi. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, amasosha akhe akwazi ukuphatha inqaba yamaProthestani yaseLa Rochelle. Babalelwa ku-15 000 abantu ababulawa yindlala kuphela. Ngo-1629, kwamenyezelwa ukuphela kwale mpi yenkolo.
UKhadinali Richelieu wakhuthaza ukwehliswa kwentela, kodwa ngemuva kokuba iFrance ingene eMpini Yeminyaka Engamashumi Amathathu (1618-1648) waphoqeleka ukuba akhuphule intela. Abaphumelele empini yezempi eyathatha isikhathi eside kwakungamaFulentshi, angakhombisanga nje kuphela ukuthi aphakeme kunesitha, kodwa futhi andise nendawo yawo.
Futhi yize uKhadinali Olubomvu engazange aphile aze abone ukuphela kwempi, iFrance yayikweleta ukunqoba kwayo ngokuyinhloko kuye. URichelieu naye waba negalelo elibonakalayo ekuthuthukiseni ezobuciko, amasiko nemibhalo, futhi abantu bezinkolelo ezahlukahlukene zenkolo bathola amalungelo alinganayo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Unkosikazi wenkosi uLouis 13 kwakungu-Anne wase-Austria, ubaba wakhe ongokomoya kwakunguRichelieu. Ukhadinali wayemthanda indlovukazi futhi wayekulungele okuningi ngaye.
Efuna ukumbona kaningi ngangokunokwenzeka, umbhishobhi waxabana phakathi kwabashadile, ngenxa yalokho uLouis 13 wayeka ukuxhumana nomkakhe. Ngemuva kwalokho, uRichelieu waqala ukusondela ku-Anna, efuna uthando lwakhe. Wabona ukuthi izwe lidinga indlalifa esihlalweni sobukhosi, ngakho-ke wanquma "ukusiza" indlovukazi.
Lo wesifazane ubethukuthele egane unwabu ngokuziphatha kukakhadinali. Wayeqonda ukuthi uma kwenzeka okuthile ngokuzumayo kuLouis, uRichelieu wayezoba umbusi waseFrance. Ngenxa yalokho, u-Anna wase-Austria wenqaba ukusondela kuye, okwakungabazeki ukuthi kwamdelela ukhadinali.
Eminyakeni edlule, u-Armand Jean de Richelieu wayethatheka futhi wahlola indlovukazi. Noma kunjalo, nguyena owaba ngumuntu okwazile ukubuyisana nalezi zithandani zasebukhosini. Ngenxa yalokho, u-Anna wazala amadodana amabili avela eLouis.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ukhadinali wayengumthandi wekati onothando. Wayenamakati ayi-14, ayedlala nawo njalo ekuseni, ehlehlisa zonke izindaba zombuso ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ukufa
Ngaphambi nje kokushona kwakhe, impilo kaKhadinali Richelieu yaba nkenenkene kakhulu. Wayevame ukuquleka, elwela ukuqhubeka nokusebenzela ukuzuzisa umbuso. Ngokushesha, odokotela bathola i-purulent pleurisy kuye.
Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, uRichelieu wahlangana nenkosi. Wamtshela ukuthi ubona uKhadinali Mazarin njengomlandeli wakhe. U-Armand Jean de Richelieu washona ngoDisemba 4, 1642 eneminyaka engama-57.
Ngo-1793, abantu bangena ethuneni, baphahlaza ithuna likaRichelieu futhi badabula isidumbu esasigqotshiwe saba izicucu. Ngokomyalo kaNapoleon III ngo-1866, izinsalela zikakhadinali zangcwatshwa kabusha.
Ukufaneleka kukaKhadinali Richelieu ngaphambi kweFrance kwanconywa ngomunye wabaphikisi bakhe abayinhloko kanye nabacwaningi abavelele, uFrançois de La Rochefoucauld, umbhali wemisebenzi yefilosofi nokuziphatha:
“Noma ngabe izitha zikaKhadinali zazijabule kangakanani lapho zibona ukuthi ukuphela kokuhlushwa kwazo sekufikile, okwalandela ngokungangabazeki kwakhombisa ukuthi lokhu kulahlekelwa kubangele umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu embusweni; futhi njengoba uKhadinali ayenesibindi sokushintsha isimo sakhe kakhulu, kuphela wayengakwazi ukusigcina ngempumelelo uma ukubusa kwakhe nempilo yakhe zazizodlula. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, akekho owayeke waqonda amandla ombuso kangcono, futhi akekho noyedwa owakwazi ukuwuhlanganisa ngokuphelele ezandleni zikazimele. Ubulukhuni bokubusa kwakhe kwaholela ekuchithekeni kwegazi eliningi, izicukuthwane zombuso zaphulwa zazehliswa, abantu bathwaliswa umthwalo wentela, kepha ukuthunjwa kweLa Rochelle, ukuchobozwa kweqembu lamaHuguenot, ukwenziwa buthakathaka kwendlu yase-Austrian, ubukhulu obunjalo ezinhlelweni zakhe, ubukhazikhazi obunjalo ekusetshenzisweni kwabo kufanele kuthathe izintukuthelo abantu futhi baphakamise inkumbulo yakhe ngodumo olubafanele.
UFrancois de La Rochefoucauld. Izikhumbuzo
Izithombe zeRichelieu
