Amagama ezifunda nezindawo awalona uhlu olungamakhaza lwama-toponyms. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezici ezahlukahlukene ezithinta izinguquko zayo. Igama lingashintshwa nguhulumeni wezwe. Isibonelo, uhulumeni waseLibya ngaphansi kukaMuammar Gaddafi ucele ukubiza izwe "iJamahiriya", yize leli gama lisho ukuthi "i-republic", namanye amazwe ase-Arab, anegama elithi "republic" emagameni abo, ahlala angama-republic. Ngo-1982, uhulumeni wase-Upper Volta waqamba kabusha izwe lakhe iBurkina Faso (elihunyushwa ngokuthi "Izwe Labantu Abafanelekile").
Akuvamile ukuthi igama lezwe langaphandle lingashintshela entweni esondele kunegama langempela. Ngakho-ke ngo-1986, ngesiRussia, i-Ivory Coast yaqala ukubizwa ngeCote d'Ivoire, kanye neCape Verde Islands - iCape Verde.
Yiqiniso, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi empilweni yansuku zonke sisebenzisa amagama ansuku zonke, amafushane, ngaphandle komthetho, ukubekwa kwefomu le-statehood. Sithi futhi siyabhala "Uruguay", hhayi "Eastern Republic of Uruguay", "Togo" futhi hhayi "Togolese Republic".
Kukhona isayensi ephelele yokuhumusha nemithetho yokusebenzisa amagama amazwe angaphandle - onomastics. Kodwa-ke, isitimela sale sayensi ngesikhathi sokudalwa kwayo sase sivele sesishiyile - amagama nokuhumusha kwawo kwase kukhona. Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi ibalazwe lomhlaba belizobukeka kanjani ukube ososayensi bebefike kulo phambilini. Ngokunokwenzeka, singathi "France", "Bharat" (India), "Deutschland", nososayensi be-onomastic bangaqhuba izingxoxo ngesihloko esithi "Is Japan" Nippon "or is it" Nihon? ".
1. Igama elithi "Russia" lavela okokuqala lisetshenziswa phesheya. Ngakho-ke igama lamazwe asenyakatho yoLwandle Olumnyama laqoshwa ngumbusi waseByzantium uConstantine Porphyrogenitus maphakathi nekhulu le-10. Nguye owanezela isiphetho sesici samaGrikhi nesiRoma egameni lezwe iRosov. ERussia uqobo, isikhathi eside, amazwe abo abizwa ngeRus, izwe laseRussia. Cishe ngekhulu le-15, amafomu "Roseya" kanye "Rosiya" avele. Ngemuva kweminyaka engamakhulu amabili kuphela, igama elithi "Rosiya" laqala ukwenzeka. Eyesibili "c" yaqala ukuvela ngekhulu le-18, ngasikhathi sinye igama labantu "baseRussia" lalilungiswa.
2. Igama le-Indonesia kulula ukulichaza futhi linengqondo. "India" + nesos ("iziqhingi" zesiGreki) - "Iziqhingi zaseNdiya". I-India impela iseduze, futhi kunezinkulungwane zeziqhingi e-Indonesia.
3. Igama lesifundazwe sesibili ngobukhulu eNingizimu Melika i-Argentina livela egameni lesiLatini lesiliva. Ngasikhathi sinye, akukho phunga lesiliva e-Argentina, ngokunembile, kuleyo ngxenye yalo, lapho ucwaningo lwayo lwaqala khona, njengoba besho. Lesi sigameko sineselele esithile - itilosi uFrancisco Del Puerto. Ngesikhathi esemncane, wabamba iqhaza emkhankasweni kaJuan Diaz De Solis oya eNingizimu Melika. UDel Puerto waya olwandle nabanye abatilosi abaningana. Lapho abomdabu bahlasela iqembu lamaSpain. Bonke abangane bakaDel Puerto badliwa, yena wasinda ngenxa yobusha bakhe. Lapho umkhankaso kaSebastian Cabot ufika osebeni endaweni efanayo, uDel Puerto watshela ukaputeni ngezintaba zesiliva ezisezindaweni eziphezulu zoMfula iLa Plata. Ngokusobala ubekholisa (uzobe ukholisa lapha uma amazimuzimu akulindele ukuthi ukhule), futhi uCabot washiya uhlelo lokuqala lohambo futhi wayofuna isiliva. Ukusesha akuphumelelanga, futhi iminonjana yeDel Puerto ilahlekile emlandweni. Futhi igama elithi "Argentina" laqala ukungena empilweni yansuku zonke (izwe labizwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi yi-Vice-Kingdom yaseLa Plata), kwathi ngo-1863 igama elithi "iRiphabhuliki yase-Argentina" laba semthethweni.
4. Ngo-1445, amatilosi ohambo lwamaPutukezi iDinis Dias, ehamba ngomkhumbi ogwini olusentshonalanga ye-Afrika, ngemuva kwezinsuku ezinde zokucabanga ngamathafa asogwadule aseSahara, abona emkhathizwe uhlaza oluluhlaza olucwebezela olungena olwandle. Babengazi ukuthi bathole iphuzu elisentshonalanga ne-Afrika. Vele, baqamba inhlonhlo i- “Cape Verde”, ngesiPutukezi “Cape Verde”. Ngo-1456, umatilosi waseVenice uKadamosto, esethole iqoqo leziqhingi eliseduze, ngaphandle kokuchitha isikhathi, walibiza nangokuthi yiCape Verde. Ngakho-ke, izwe elitholakala kulezi ziqhingi libizwa ngegama lento engekho kuzo.
5. Isiqhingi saseTaiwan kuze kube ezikhathini zanamuhla sasibizwa ngeFormosa kusukela egameni lesiPutukezi elisho "isiqhingi esihle". Isizwe sabomdabu esihlala kulesi siqhingi simbize ngokuthi "Tayoan". Incazelo yaleli gama ayibonakali isinda. AmaShayina alishintshe igama laba ngongwaqa "Da Yuan" - "Big Circle". Ngemuva kwalokho, womabili la magama ahlanganiswe negama lamanje lesiqhingi nezwe. Njengoba kuvame ukwenzeka njalo ngesiShayina, inhlanganisela yezinhlamvu "tai" kanye "wan" ingahunyushwa ngezindlela eziningi. Lezi zombili “ziyipulatifomu phezu kwetheku” (mhlawumbe kubhekiswe esiqhingini esisogwini noma amathe), kanye ne “bay of terraces” - ukulima okuyitiyela kuthuthukiswa emithambekeni yezintaba zaseTaiwan.
6. Igama elithi "Austria" ngesiRashiya livela kwelithi "Austria" (eningizimu), isifaniso sesiLatini segama elithi “Österreich” (izwe laseMpumalanga). Imithombo icacisa ngokudideka lokhu kuphikisana kwendawo ngokuthi inguqulo yesiLatin ibikisela ukuthi izwe lalisemngceleni oseningizimu wokusabalala kolimi lwesiJalimane. Igama lesiJalimane lalisho indawo yamazwe ase-Austrian empumalanga yendawo yokuphathwa kwamaJalimane. Ngakho-ke izwe, elilele cishe maphakathi neYurophu, laqanjwa igama lalo lisuselwa egameni lesiLatini "eningizimu".
7. Kancane enyakatho ye-Australia, eziqhingini zaseMalay, kunesiqhingi saseTimor. Igama layo ngesi-Indonesian nangezilimi eziningi zesizwe lisho ukuthi "empumalanga" - ingesinye seziqhingi ezisempumalanga kakhulu kulezi ziqhingi. Umlando wonke weTimor uhlukene phakathi. Kuqale amaPhuthukezi namaDashi, bese kuba amaJapan nabashisekeli, bese kuba ama-Indonesia nabantu bendawo. Ngenxa yakho konke lokhu kwehla nokwenyuka, i-Indonesia yathatha ingxenye yesibili, esempumalanga yesiqhingi ngo-1974. Umphumela uba yisifundazwe esibizwa nge- "Timor Timur" - "East East". Izakhamizi zalokhu kuqonda ngesimo sendawo ngegama azizange zikubekezelele futhi zaqala umzabalazo wokuzimela. Ngo-2002, bakufinyelela, futhi manje izwe labo libizwa ngokuthi "iTimor Leshti" - i-East Timor.
8. Igama elithi "Pakistan" yisifushaniso, okusho ukuthi sakhiwe izingxenye zamanye amagama amaningi. Lawa amagama amagama ezifundazwe zase-India zamakoloni lapho iningi lamaSulumane lalihlala khona. Babizwa ngePunjab, Afghanistan, Kashmir, Sindh kanye neBaluchistan. Leli gama laqanjwa yisishoshovu esidumile sasePakistan (njengabo bonke abaholi bamazwe aseNdiya nawasePakistan, abafundiswe eNgilandi) uRahmat Ali ngo-1933. Kuvele kahle kakhulu: i- "paki" ngesi-Hindi ithi "ihlanzekile, ithembekile", "stan" isiphetho esijwayelekile samagama ezifundazwe e-Asia Ephakathi. Ngo-1947, ngokuhlukaniswa kweNdiya yamakoloni, kwakhiwa iDominion of Pakistan, kwathi ngo-1956 yaba umbuso ozimele.
9. Isifundazwe saseYurophu esincanyana saseLuxembourg sinegama elifanele ngokuphelele ubukhulu baso. "Lucilem" ngesiCeltic kusho ukuthi "okuncane", "burg" ngesiJalimane nge "castle". Ngesifundazwe esinendawo engaphezudlwana kwamakhilomitha angama-2,5002 futhi inani labantu abangama-600,000 lilungele kakhulu. Kepha izwe linomkhiqizo ophelele wasekhaya womhlaba wonke (i-GDP) ngomuntu ngamunye, kanti amaLuxembourger anazo zonke izizathu zokubiza ngokusemthethweni izwe lawo iGrand Duchy yaseLuxembourg.
10. Amagama ala mazwe amathathu asuselwa kwamanye amagama ezindawo ngokufaka isiphawulo esithi “okusha”. Futhi uma esimweni sePapua New Guinea isichasiselo sisho igama lombuso ozimele wangempela, khona-ke iNew Zealand ibizwa ngegama lesifundazwe esiseNetherlands, ngokunembile, ngesikhathi sokunikezwa kwaleli gama, namanje isesifundeni soMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma. Futhi iNew Caledonia iqanjwe ngegama lakudala laseScotland.
11. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kuzo zombili isiRashiya nesiNgisi amagama "i-Ireland" nelithi "i-Iceland" ahlukaniswa ngomsindo owodwa kuphela, i-etymology yalawa magama iphikisana ncamashi. I-Ireland "umhlaba ovundile", i-Iceland "izwe leqhwa". Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lonyaka kula mazwe lehluka cishe ngo-5 ° C.
12. IVirgin Islands iyisiqhingi esisodwa seziqhingi eCaribbean, kepha iziqhingi zayo ziphethwe yizifunda ezintathu noma kunalokho ezimbili nohhafu. Ezinye zalezi ziqhingi zingezase-United States, ezinye ziseGreat Britain, kanti ezinye zisePuerto Rico, okuthi, nakuba kuyingxenye ye-United States, ithathwa njengesizwe esihlangene ngokukhululekile. UChristopher Columbus wathola lezi ziqhingi ngosuku lukaSanta Ursula. Ngokomlando, le ndlovukazi yaseBrithani, eholwa izintombi eziyizi-11 000, yathatha uhambo lokuya eRoma. Endleleni ebuyayo, baqothulwa ngabakwaHuns. UColumbus waqamba lezi ziqhingi ngokuthi "yiLas Vírgines" ngokuhlonipha lo ngcwele nabangane bakhe.
13. Isimo saseCameroon, esisogwini olusentshonalanga ye-Equatorial Africa, saqanjwa ngezimfanzi eziningi (itheku. "ICamarones") ezazihlala ngasemfuleni, abantu bendawo ababezibiza ngeVuri. Ama-crustaceans aqamba igama lawo kuqala emfuleni, abese efaka amakoloni (amaJalimane, amaNgisi kanye namaFulentshi), bese enikela ngentaba-mlilo nezwe elizimele.
14. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zemvelaphi yemvelaphi yalesi siqhingi kanye nesimo saseMelitha, esiseLwandle iMedithera. Owokuqala uthi igama livela egameni lasendulo lesiGreki elithi "uju" - uhlobo oluyingqayizivele lwezinyosi lwatholakala esiqhingini, olwalunika uju oluhle kakhulu. Uhlobo lwakamuva lubonisa ukuvela kwalesi siqinti sezinsuku ezinsukwini zabaseFenike. Ngolimi lwabo, igama elithi "maleet" lalisho "isiphephelo." Ugu lwaseMalta luhleleke kakhulu, futhi kunemihume nezindawo eziningi kakhulu emhlabeni okwakucishe kube nzima ukuthola umkhumbi omncane nabasebenzi bawo esiqhingini.
15. Isikhulu sezwe elizimele, esakhiwa ngo-1966 esakhiweni sekoloni laseBritish Guiana, ngokusobala sasifuna ukuqeda ngokuphelele okwedlule kwamakholoni. Igama elithi "Guiana" laguqulwa laba yi- "Guyana" futhi labizwa "Guyana" - "izwe lamanzi amaningi". Konke kuhle impela ngamanzi eGuyana: kunemifula eminingi, amachibi, ingxenye ebalulekile yale ndawo ixhaphozi ngisho. Izwe ligqame ngegama lalo - i-Cooperative Republic of Guyana - nokuthi kube ukuphela kwezwe elikhuluma isiNgisi ngokusemthethweni eNingizimu Melika.
16. Udideke kakhulu umlando wemvelaphi yegama laseRussia laseJapan. Isifinyezo sayo sizwakala kanjena. AmaJapan abiza izwe lawo ngokuthi “iNippon” noma “Nihon”, kanti ngesiRashiya leli gama livele ngokuboleka amaFrench “Japon” (Japon), noma amaJalimane “Japan” (Yapan). Kepha lokhu akuchazi lutho - amagama esiJalimane nawesiFulentshi akude kwasekuqaleni njengalawo aseRussia. Isixhumanisi esilahlekile yigama lesiPutukezi. AmaPutukezi okuqala ahamba ngomkhumbi aya eJapane edabula iziQhingi zaseMalay. Abantu bakhona babiza iJapan ngokuthi "Japang" (japang). Kwakungaleli gama amaPutukezi aliletha eYurophu, futhi lapho abantu ngamunye balifunda njengokuqonda kwabo.
17. Ngo-1534, itilosi laseFrance uJacques Cartier, ehlola iNhlonhlo yaseGaspe ogwini olusempumalanga yamanje lwaseCanada, wahlangana namaNdiya ayehlala emzaneni omncane waseStadacona. UCartier wayengalwazi ulimi lwamaNdiya, futhi-ke, wayengalikhumbuli igama lomzana. Ngonyaka olandelayo, umFulentshi waphinde wafika kulezi zindawo futhi waqala ukufuna indawo ayijwayele. AmaNdiya ayimizulane asebenzisa igama elithi "kanata" ukumqondisa. Ngezilimi zaseNdiya, kwakusho noma yikuphi ukuhlala kwabantu. UCartier wayekholelwa ukuthi leli kwakuyigama lendawo ayidingayo. Kwakungekho muntu wokumlungisa - ngenxa yempi, amaNdiya aseLaurentian, ayejwayelene nawo, afa. UCartier wakha imephu yendawo yokuhlala "eCanada", wabe esebiza indawo eseduze ngaleyo ndlela, igama labe selisakazeka kulo lonke izwe elikhulu.
18. Amanye amazwe aqanjwa ngegama lomuntu oyedwa. ISeychelles, edume phakathi kwezivakashi, iqanjwe ngoNgqongqoshe Wezezimali waseFrance kanye noMongameli weFrance Academy of Science ngekhulu le-18, uJean Moreau de Seychelles. Izakhamizi zasePhilippines, ngisho nangemva kokuba yizakhamizi zombuso ozimele, azizange ziliguqule igama lalelo zwe, zenza inkosi yaseSpain uPhilip II. Umsunguli wombuso, uMuhammad ibn Saud, wanikeza leli gama iSaudi Arabia. AmaPutukezi, aketula umbusi wesiqhingi esincane ngasogwini lwaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Afrika, uMusa ben Mbiki, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-15, amduduza ngokubiza le ndawo ngokuthi iMozambique. IBolivia neColombia, eziseNingizimu Melika, zaqanjwa ngegama likaSimón Bolívar noChristopher Columbus wezinguquko.
19. ISwitzerland yathola igama layo enkantini yaseSchwyz, eyayingenye yamakhandoni amathathu okusungulwa kweConfederation. Izwe ngokwalo limangaza wonke umuntu ngobuhle bamasimu alo kangangoba igama lalo selibe, njengelingabe lisaba semgangathweni wentaba enhle. ISwitzerland yaqala ukubhekisa ezindaweni ezinamathafa asezintabeni akhangayo emhlabeni wonke. Owokuqala ukuvela ngekhulu le-18 kwakunguSaxon Switzerland. IKampuchea, iNepal neLebanon kubizwa nge-Asia Switzerland. Ama-microstates aseLesotho naseSwaziland, atholakala eningizimu ye-Afrika, abizwa nangokuthi iSwitzerland. Inqwaba yeSwitzerland nayo itholakala eRussia.
20. Ngesikhathi sokuhlukana kweYugoslavia ngo-1991, kwamukelwa iSimemezelo Sokuzimela KweRiphabhulikhi YaseMakedoniya. IGrisi ayikuthandanga lokhu ngasikhathi sinye. Ngenxa yobudlelwano obuhle ngokwesiko lamaGrikhi neSerbia ngaphambi kokuwa kweYugoslavia, iziphathimandla zaseGrisi zakushaya indiva ukuba khona kweMakedoniya njengengxenye yeYugoslavia ebumbene, yize babheka iMakedoniya njengesifundazwe sabo esingumlando nomlando wayo njengesiGreki kuphela. Ngemuva kokumenyezelwa kwenkululeko, amaGrikhi aqala ukuphikisana ngenkuthalo neMakedoniya enkundleni yezizwe. Ekuqaleni, izwe lathola igama elibi lokuyekethisa le-former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngemuva kweminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-30 yezingxoxo, izinkantolo zamazwe omhlaba, ubuqili kanye nokudonswa kwezepolitiki, iMakedoniya yaphinde yaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi iNorth Macedonia ngo-2019.
21. Igama lokuzibiza ngeGeorgia yiSakartvelo. NgesiRashiya, izwe libizwa kanjalo, ngoba ngokokuqala ngqa igama lale ndawo nabantu abahlala kulo, isihambi uDeacon Ignatius Smolyanin wezwa ePersia. AmaPheresiya abiza abaseGeorgia ngokuthi "gurzi". Unkamisa wahlelwa kabusha waba yindawo yokujabula, kwavela ukuthi iGeorgia. Cishe kuwo wonke amazwe omhlaba, iGeorgia ibizwa ngokuhluka kwegama uGeorge kubulili besifazane. USaint George uthathwa njengomuntu ongcwele wezwe, kanti eNkathini Ephakathi kwakukhona amasonto angama-365 alo ngcwele eGeorgia. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, uhulumeni waseGeorgia ubelokhu elwa ngenkuthalo igama elithi "Georgia", efuna ukuthi lisuswe ekusakazweni kwamazwe omhlaba.
22. Noma kungabonakala kungajwayelekile, egameni leRomania - "iRomania" - ukubhekiswa kweRoma kunesizathu futhi kufanelekile. Insimu yeRomania yanamuhla yayiyingxenye yoMbuso WaseRoma kanye ne-republic. Amazwe avundile nesimo sezulu esingesihle senza iRomania yaheha omakadebona baseRoma, abathola ngenjabulo indawo yabo enkulu lapho. AmaRoma acebile futhi ahloniphekile nawo ayenezindawo eRomania.
23. Umbuso oyingqayizivele wasungulwa ngonyaka we-1822 eNtshonalanga Afrika. Uhulumeni wase-US wathola izindawo lapho umbuso wasungulwa khona negama lokuzenzisa laseLiberia - kusuka egameni lesiLatini elithi "mahhala." Abamnyama abakhululiwe nabazelwe ngokusha abavela e-United States bahlala eLiberia. Ngaphandle kwegama lezwe labo, izakhamizi ezintsha ngokushesha zaqala ukugqilaza izakhamuzi zomdabu zazithengisela i-United States. Unjalo-ke umphumela wezwe elikhululekile. Namuhla iLiberia ingelinye lamazwe ampofu kakhulu emhlabeni. Izinga lokungasebenzi kulo lingu-85%.
24. AmaKorea abiza izwe labo ngokuthi uJoseon (DPRK, "Land of Morning Calm") noma iHanguk (South Korea, "Han State"). AbaseYurophu bahamba ngendlela yabo: bezwa ukuthi ubukhosi baseKoryo babusa enhlonhlweni (umbuso waphela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIV), base beqamba izwe ngokuthi iKorea.
25. Ngo-1935 u-Shah Reza Pahlavi wafuna ngokusemthethweni kwamanye amazwe ukuthi ayeke ukubiza izwe lakhe i-Persia nokusebenzisa igama elithi Iran. Futhi lokhu kwakungeyona into engenangqondo evela enkosini yendawo.Ama-Irani abize izwe lawo ngokuthi yi-Iran kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, kanti iPersia ibinobudlelwano obungaqondile nayo. Ngakho-ke isidingo sika-Shah sasinengqondo impela. Igama elithi "Iran" seliguqulwe kaningana nokupela kwefonethiki kuze kube sesimweni salo samanje. Kuhunyushwa ngokuthi "Izwe Lama-Aryan".
