Ngokuqhathaniswa nenqwaba yamadolobha amakhulu aseYurophu, i-Odessa ibukeka njengentsha - isineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-200 ubudala. Kepha ngalesi sikhathi, idolobhana elincane ethekwini elisogwini loLwandle Olumnyama laphenduka idolobha elinabantu abayizigidi, itheku elikhulu nendawo yezimboni.
Ukuchema okuthile kwezentengiselwano, okuyisici sawo wonke amadolobha asethekwini, e-Odessa, ngenxa yombuso wezohwebo wamahhala kanye nePale of Settlement eyasebenza ngekhulu le-19 leminyaka, yathola isilinganiso se-hypertrophied futhi yathonya ukwakheka kobuzwe kwabantu. Esifundeni soLwandle Olumnyama, yonke indawo inemibala egqamile, kepha i-Odessa ivelele ngemuva kwalokhu kwehlukahlukana. Eqinisweni, idolobha lisungule ubuhlanga balo, obuhlukaniswa yindlela yokucabanga, isimilo nolimi.
Ngemizamo yezizukulwane ezimbalwa zababhali, amahlaya kanye nabaculi be-pop, i-Odessa ibukeka njengedolobha elingasindi, izakhamuzi zalo ezizalelwe kuphela ukuhleba noma ukuthengiselana ngo-Privoz, zize ne-anecdote entsha noma zibe yiqhawe lazo, zibubule ngentokozo yetheku laseFranco futhi zenze sengathi zicasukile ngobuwula babenzi bamaholide. Konke lokhu kwenziwa kusetshenziswa inhlanganisela yezilimi ezinamazwi agqamile athathwa njengesiHeberu.
IMoldavanka ingesinye sezifunda ezinhle kakhulu e-Odessa
Leli cala mhlawumbe liyingqayizivele emlandweni wezwe: abomdabu abadumile bedolobha, beqala, mhlawumbe, no-Isaac Babel, benze konke ukuchaza i-Odessa njengedolobha elihlala ama-clown ezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zenjabulo (kukhona nendima ye "clown edabukisayo") namasela ezinhlobonhlobo zonya kanye nokuphoqelela. Futhi izinhlangano ezinegama elithi "Odessa" selivele likhona ezikhathini zanamuhla? UZhvanetsky, Kartsev, "Umbukiso Wamaski". Njengokungathi kwakungekho uSuvorov, uDe Ribasov, uRichelieu, uVorontsov, uWitte, uStroganov, uPushkin, u-Akhmatova, u-Inber, uKorolev, uMendeleev, uMechnikov, uFilatov, uDovzhenko, uCarmen, uMarinesko, u-Obodzinsky namakhulu abanye, abantu abangaphansi abadumile abazalwa futhi owayehlala e-Odessa.
Izibalo zeCinema nazo zizamile. I-Odessa ayinyamalali ezikrinini, isebenza njengendawo enhle kuma-epics amaningi ngamasela, amasela nabahlaseli. Icebo lomlando elenziwe ngomumo lokuthi i-Odessa evimbezele labamba ukuzivikela izinsuku ezingama-73, ngaphezu kweFrance yonke, alithandeki kunoma ngubani. Kodwa lonke elaseFrance lasayina ukuzinikela okuyihlazo, futhi u-Odessa akazange azinikele. Abavikeli bakhe bakhishwe eCrimea. Abokugcina balishiya idolobha ebumnyameni bobusuku, baziqondisa ezindleleni ezifafazwe ngoshoki. Kunalokho, abokugcina - amasosha okugcina ahlala unomphela ezikhundleni, elingisa ubukhona bamabutho. Maye, ngokwesiko elidumile, umama ka-Odessa wehlule i-Odessa-hero-city. Sizamile ukuqoqa amaqiniso nezindaba ezithokozisayo nge-Odessa, sikhombisa umlando wedolobha ngokombono wokudala.
1. Udokotela wamehlo omkhulu, isazi semfundo ephakeme uVladimir Filatov wazalelwa esifundazweni sasePenza eRussia, kodwa umlando wakhe njengodokotela nososayensi uhlobene ngokuqinile no-Odessa. Ngemva kokuthweswa iziqu eMoscow University, wathuthela enhlokodolobha eseningizimu. Ukusebenza emtholampilo eNovorossiysk University, washeshe walungisa futhi wavikela iziqu zobudokotela (ezinkulu zamakhasi angaphezu kuka-400). Isikhathi eside usosayensi wasebenza ezinkingeni ze-keratoplasty - ukufakelwa kabusha kwe-cornea yeso. Endleleni, uFilatov wenza izindlela zokwelapha ezahlukahlukene. Impumelelo enkulu yeza kuye ngo-1931, lapho ekwazile ukufaka kabusha i-cadaveric cornea egcinwe ezingeni lokushisa eliphansi. Usosayensi akagcinanga lapho. Wakha ubuchwepheshe bokufakelwa cishe bonke odokotela abahlinzayo. E-Odessa, wenza isiteshi se-ambulensi yamehlo kanye ne-Institute of Eye Diseases. Iziguli zeza zizobona udokotela ovelele ovela kulo lonke elaseSoviet Union. UFilatov uqobo wenza imisebenzi eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa, futhi abafundi bakhe banezinhlelo zokuhlinza eziphumelelayo ezingamakhulu ezinkulungwane. E-Odessa, kwakhiwa itshe lesikhumbuzo lokuhlonipha uVladimir Filatov futhi kwaqanjwa nomgwaqo. Kuvulwe umnyuziyamu wesikhumbuzo endlini eseFrance Boulevard, lapho bekuhlala khona uV. Filatov.
V. Filatov Institute kanye netshe lesikhumbuzo kusosayensi omkhulu
2. Iqiniso lokuthi i-Odessa yasungulwa nguJoseph De Ribas laziwa ngisho nakubantu abakude nomlando wase-Odessa. Kodwa emlandweni wedolobha kwakukhona abanye abantu abanalesi sibongo - izihlobo zikaJoseph umsunguli. Umfowabo omncane uFeliksi naye wasebenza ebuthweni laseRussia (umfowabo wesithathu, u-Emmanuel, naye wasebenza kulo, kodwa washonela e-Ishmael). Njengoba ethathe umhlalaphansi ngo-1797, weza e-Odessa eyayisanda kusungulwa. UFelix De Ribas wayengumuntu okhuthele kakhulu. Wakwazi ukuletha imikhumbi yokuqala yomthengisi yangaphandle e-Odessa ngaleso sikhathi. UDe Ribas omncane wakhuthaza amagatsha ezolimo ayemasha eRussia, njengokuluka usilika. Ngasikhathi sinye, uFeliksi wayengenasithakazelo ngokuphelele futhi ebukeka njengemvu emnyama phakathi kwezikhulu zangaleso sikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wenza i-City Garden ngezindleko zakhe. UFeliks De Ribas wazuza ukuthandwa okukhulu phakathi kwabantu bakuleli dolobha phakathi nobhadane lwesifo, elwa nobhadane ngokuzidela. Umzukulu kaFeliks u-Alexander De Ribas wabhala iqoqo lezindatshana ezidumile elithi “The Book about“ Old Odessa ”, okwathi ngesikhathi sokuphila kombhali kwathiwa“ The Bible of Odessa ”.
UFeliks De Ribas, njengomfowabo, wasebenza kakhulu ukuze kuzuze i-Odessa
3. Kusukela eminyakeni eyishumi umshayeli wokuqala waseRussia uMikhail Efimov wayehlala e-Odessa. Ngemuva kokuqeqeshwa eFrance no-Anri Farman, u-Efimov ngoMashi 21, 1910 evela emkhakheni we-Odessa hippodrome wenza indiza yokuqala eRussia ngendiza. Bangaphezu kuka-100 000 ababukeli abebembuka. Inkazimulo ka-Efimov yafinyelela umvuthwandaba wayo phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, adlula kuyo njengomshayeli wezempi, eba nguGeorge Knight ogcwele. Ngemuva kuka-Okthoba Revolution ka-1917, uMikhail Efimov wajoyina amaBolsheviks. Wakwazi ukusinda ekuthunjweni nasejele laseJalimane, kepha abantu bakubo kabazange bamsize umshayeli wokuqala waseRussia. Ngo-Agasti 1919, uMikhail Efimov wadutshulwa e-Odessa, lapho enza khona indiza yakhe yokuqala.
UMikhail Efimov ngaphambi kwenye yezindiza zokuqala
4. Ngo-1908, e-Odessa, uValentin Glushko wazalelwa emndenini wesisebenzi. Umlando wakhe womuntu ubonisa kahle ukushesha, lapho isiphetho sabantu sashintsha ngaleyo minyaka (uma kunjalo, bakwazi ukusinda). Phakathi neminyaka engu-26 yokuqala yempilo yakhe, uValentin Glushko wakwazi ukuphothula esikoleni sangempela, indawo yokugcina izinto ezifundwayo ekilasini le-violin, isikole sobuchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe, ukufunda e-Physics and Mathematics Faculty yaseLeningrad University, waba yinhloko yomnyango wezinjini eGab-Dynamic Laboratory futhi, ekugcineni, wathatha isikhundla senhloko yomkhakha eJet Research Institute. Kusukela ngo-1944, uGlushko wahola ihhovisi lokuklama elenza izinjini ze-intercontinental kanye namarokhethi esikhala. Irokhethi elidumile i-R-7, lapho u-Yuri Gagarin angena khona emkhathini, yi-brainchild ye-Glushkov Design Bureau. Ngokuvamile, i-cosmonautics yaseSoviet, futhi manje eyiRussia, okokuqala, kungamarokhethi aklanywe ngaphansi kobuholi bukaValentin Glushko, okokuqala ehhovisi lakhe lokuklama, bese kuba yinhlangano yocwaningo nokukhiqiza ye-Energiya.
U-Bust wesifundiswa uGlushko endaweni eqanjwe ngaye e-Odessa
5. Ngenxa yobuningi babantu baseJalimane, ubhiya e-Odessa ekuqaleni wawuthandwa kakhulu. Kunemininingwane yokuthi ubhiya wangempela wase-Odessa wavele usuvele ngo-1802, kodwa amancane, cishe izinkampani eziphisa utshwala zasekhaya azikwazanga ukuncintisana nobhiya ongenisiwe. Ngo-1832 kuphela umthengisi uKoshelev wavula indawo yokuqala yokuphehla utshwala enamandla eMoldavank. Ngokwakhiwa kwedolobha, kwaqubuka nezindawo zokuphisa utshwala, kwathi ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, abakhiqizi abahlukahlukene babekhiqiza izigidi zamalitha kabhiya. Umkhiqizi omkhulu kunabo bonke kwakungu-Fryrich Jenny wase-Austrian, owayephethe nochungechunge likabhiya omkhulu kunabo bonke kuleli dolobha. Kodwa-ke, ubhiya ka-Enny kwakungeyona eyedwa. Imikhiqizo yeSouth Russian Joint Stock Company of Breweries, iKemp Brewery nabanye abakhiqizi bancintisane naye ngempumelelo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngazo zonke izinhlobo zabakhiqizi nezinhlobonhlobo zikabhiya, cishe yonke imiqulu yobhiya e-Odessa yayifakwe izigqoko ezikhiqizwa ngu-Issak Levenzon, owayengumphathizimali omkhulu wesinagoge.
6. Ekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili i-Odessa kwakuyikomkhulu lenye yezinkampani ezinkulu kakhulu zemikhumbi emhlabeni. Ngokuqondile, umkhumbi omkhulu kunayo yonke eYurophu nowesibili ngokwamathani emhlabeni. Ngobunzima obungamathani ayizigidi ezi-5, iBlack Sea Shipping Company ibisazoba ngenye yezinkampani eziyishumi ezinkulu zemikhumbi eminyakeni engama-30, ibuye icabangele neqiniso lokuthi eminyakeni yamuva nje amakhonteyina amasha namathangi akhulise kakhulu ukufuduka okujwayelekile kwemikhumbi yezohwebo. Mhlawumbe ukuwa kweBlack Sea Shipping Company ngolunye usuku kuzofakwa ezincwadini zokufunda njengesibonelo sokuthengiselana ngokungemthetho. Le nkampani enkulu yacekelwa phansi ngaso leso sikhathi lapho ukuthunyelwa kwempahla okuvela e-Ukraine esanda kuzimela kwakhula ngesivinini esikhulu. Ukwahlulela ngemibhalo, ukuthuthwa kolwandle kungazelelwe kwaba yinzuzo enkulu e-Ukraine. Ukuze kuvikelwe lokhu kulahleka, imikhumbi yaqashiselwa izinkampani ezingaphesheya kwezilwandle. Lokho, futhi, ukwahlulela ngemibhalo, nakho kwaletha ukulahleka okuthile. Imikhumbi yaboshwa emachwebeni yadayiswa ngamasenti. Kwaphela iminyaka engu-4, kusuka ngo-1991 kuya ku-1994, imikhumbi emikhulu yemikhumbi engama-300 yayingasekho.
7. NgoJanawari 30, 1945, umkhumbi-ngwenya waseSoviet uS-13, owawuphethwe uLieutenant Commander Alexander Marinesko, wahlasela futhi wacwilisa olunye lwezimpawu zemikhumbi yaseJalimane, umkhumbi i-Wilhelm Gustloff. Kwakuwumkhumbi omkhulu kunayo yonke owacwiliswa yimikhumbi-ngwenya yaseSoviet phakathi neMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe. Umkhuzi wamatilosi, ongowokuzalwa e-Odessa Marinesko, wanikezwa isihloko seHero leSoviet Union. UMarinesco wayengomunye walabo bantu abathi ngabo "bahlasela ulwandle". Ngaphandle kokuphothula isikole seminyaka eyisikhombisa, waba ngumqeqeshi wamatilosi futhi waqala impilo yasolwandle yamahhala. Kodwa-ke, uma yonke into yayihambisana nempilo yasolwandle eSoviet Union, khona-ke kube nezinkinga ezithile ngenkululeko. Lapho eneminyaka engu-17, ngo-1930, u-Alexander waphoqeleka ukuba aqedele imfundo yakhe esikoleni sobuchwepheshe. Ekupheleni kwesikole sobuchwepheshe, umfana oneminyaka engu-20 wahlanganiswa futhi wathunyelwa ezifundweni zabasebenzi bemikhumbi yempi. Ngemuva kwabo, u-Alexander Marinesko, owayephupha ngokuhamba ibanga elide emikhunjini yabathengisi, waba ngumlawuli womkhumbi-ngwenya. Lesi bekuyisikhathi - indodana ka-IV Stalin, u-Yakov Dzhugashvili, naye wayefisa ukwakha imigwaqo, kepha kwakudingeka aye koqhumisa izikhali. UMarinesko waya kumkhumbi-ngwenya, lapho anikezwa khona ama-Orders amabili e-Red Star ne-Order of Lenin (wathola isihloko seHero of the Soviet Union ngemuva kokufa ngo-1990). E-Odessa, ukwehla kanye nesikole se-nautical kuqanjwe ngomkhumbi-ngwenya odumile. Ekuqaleni kokwehla kweMarinesko kunetshe lesikhumbuzo le-hero-submariner. Esikoleni lapho afunda khona, nasendlini eSofievskaya Street, lapho uMarinesko ahlala khona iminyaka engu-14, kwafakwa izingcwecwe zesikhumbuzo.
Isikhumbuzo sika-Alexander Marinesco
8. Imoto yokuqala yavela emigwaqweni yase-Odessa ngo-1891. Petersburg, lokhu kwenzeka eminyakeni emine kamuva, kwathi eMoscow, eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili kamuva. Ngemuva kokudideka okuthile, abaphathi bendawo babona izinzuzo ezingalethwa yilezi zithuthi ezintsha. Kakade ngo-1904, abanikazi bezimoto abangama-47 bakhokha intela ngezinqola zabo ezizihambelayo - ama-ruble ama-3 ngamandla onke we-injini. Mangisho, iziphathimandla zazinonembeza. Amandla ezinjini akhula ngokuqhubekayo, kepha amanani entela nawo ancishisiwe. Ngo-1912, kwakukhokhelwa iruble ngayinye ngamandla wehhashi ngalinye. Ngo-1910, inkampani yokuqala yamatekisi yaqala ukusebenza e-Odessa, yathwala abagibeli ku-8 American "Humbers" kanye no-2 "Fiats". Imayela lokugijima libiza ama-kopecks angama-30, ngemizuzu engu-4 ukuhamba - amakhophi angama-10. Izikhathi bekungokwalusa kakhulu kangangokuba babhale ngqo ezikhangisweni: yebo, injabulo isabiza kakhulu. Ngo-1911 kwasungulwa i-Odessa Automobile Society. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, abashayeli bezimoto base-Odessa baduma ngokuthi ngesikhathi sokuqhudelana kwezinhlangano ezihlelwe ngudadewabo kaNdunankulu uSergei Witte Yulia baqoqa ama-ruble angama-30,000 ukulwa nesifo sofuba. Ngale mali, kwavulwa isibhedlela i-White Flower.
Enye yezimoto zokuqala e-Odessa
9. Ikhemisi lokuqala lavulwa e-Odessa eminyakeni emibili ngemuva kokusungulwa kwedolobha. Ingxenye yekhulu leminyaka kamuva, kwakwenziwa amakhemisi ayi-16 edolobheni, futhi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili - amakhemisi angama-50 nezitolo zamakhemisi eziyi-150 (i-analogue eseduze yekhemisi laseMelika, ingxenye enkulu ayithengisi imithi, kodwa izimpahla ezidayisa kancane). Amakhemisi ayevame ukuqanjwa ngamagama wabanikazi bawo. Amanye amakhemisi aqanjwa ngemigwaqo akuyo. Ngakho-ke, kwakukhona amakhemisi e- "Deribasovskaya", "Sofiyskaya" ne "Yamskaya".
10. Yize umlando wama-cognac aseShustov ungaqalanga e-Odessa, kepha e-Armenia, kwakuwukutholwa ngu “N. UShustov namadodana akhe ”wezindawo zokuhweba nezokukhiqiza ze-" Partnership of the Black Sea Winemaking e-Odessa ". ICognac "Shustov" ngo-1913 yakhangiswa ngendlela efanayo nevodka eminyakeni engama-20 ngaphambili. Intsha ehloniphekile ezindaweni zokudlela icele ukuthi inikezwe i-cognac kaShustov futhi iveze ukudideka okujulile lapho ingekho. Kodwa-ke, uma abafundi abakhangisa ngovodka kaShustov ngokushesha baqala udweshu, abagqugquzeli bohlobo lwebhrendi bazilinganisela ekunikezeni ikhadi lebhizinisi elinekheli lomphakeli.
11. Umsebenzi ogqamile we-genius violinist, uthisha kanye nomqhubi uDavid Oistrakh waqala e-Odessa. U-Oistrakh wazalelwa enhlokodolobha eseningizimu ngo-1908 emndenini wabathengisi. Uqale ukudlala i-violin eneminyaka engu-5 ngaphansi kokuholwa nguthisha odumile uPyotr Stolyarevsky, kamuva owahlela isikole esiyingqayizivele somculo sabadlali be-violin abanesiphiwo. Lapho eneminyaka engu-18, u-Oistrakh waphumelela e-Odessa Institute of Music and Drama futhi waqala umsebenzi wakhe njengomculi. Ngemva konyaka, wadlala eKiev, wabe esethuthela eMoscow. U-Oistrakh waba ngumculi odumile emhlabeni, kepha akazange alikhohlwe izwe lakubo kanye nothisha. Bekanye noStolyarevsky bakhulisa idlanzana lama-violinist avelele. Ekuvakasheni kwakhe ngakunye e-Odessa, e-Oistrakh, okwenziwa uhlelo lwayo eminyakeni ezayo, ngokuqinisekile wanikeza ikhonsathi futhi wakhuluma nabaculi abasha. Kufakwe itshe lesikhumbuzo endlini lapho kwazalelwa khona umculi (I. Bunin Street, 24).
UDavid Oistrakh esiteji
12. UMarshal waseSoviet Union uRodion Malinovsky, owazalelwa e-Odessa, waba nethuba lokumshiya amahlandla amaningi abuyele ezweni lakubo. Ubaba womlawuli wesikhathi esizayo washona ngaphambi kokuzalwa kwakhe, futhi umama, owashada, wathatha ingane waya esifundazweni sasePodolsk. Kodwa-ke, uRodion waphunyuka lapho, noma wayephikisana nobaba wakhe ongamzali kangangokuba wathunyelwa e-Odessa ku-anti wakhe. UMalinovsky waqala ukusebenza esitolo somthengisi njengomfana othunyelwayo, okwenze ukuthi kube lula ukufunda (umthengisi owayesebenzela uMalinovsky wayenomtapo omkhulu wezincwadi) waze wafunda nesiFulentshi. Ngokugqashuka kweMpi Yezwe I, uRodion wabalekela ngaphambili, lapho ayichitha khona yonke impi, nengxenye yesibili ebuthweni laseRussia eFrance. Ekupheleni kwempi, uMalinovsky wangena emkhakheni wezempi, futhi ngo-1941 wayesevele engumphathi omkhulu, umphathi webutho esifundeni sezempi sase-Odessa. Ngawo lowo nyaka, kanye neRed Army, washiya i-Odessa, kodwa wabuyela ukuyokhulula ngo-1944. Edolobheni laseMalinovsky, into yokuqala ayenza ukuthola umyeni kamamncane wakhe, owayengamazi umphathi ohloniphekile. Rodion Yakovlevich wakhuphuka waba isikhundla Marshal futhi isikhundla ungqongqoshe wezokuvikela, kodwa akazange akhohlwe Odessa. Ugcine ukuba sekhaya lakhe ngo-1966 futhi wakhombisa umndeni indlu ayehlala kuyo nendawo asebenza kuyo. E-Odessa, kwafakwa isigubhu se-marshal, ngokuhlonipha u-R. Ya.Malinovsky omunye wemigwaqo yedolobha waqanjwa.
Bust of Marshal Malinovsky e-Odessa
