Uma, eminyakeni engama-200 eyedlule, othile athi okuyiyona nto eyenza izimpi eziningi ngekhulu lama-20 kube uwoyela, abanye bangangabaza ukwanela kwayo. Ingabe lolu ketshezi olungenabungozi, olunukayo luthengiswa ezikhemisi? Ngubani oyidingayo, futhi kangangoba kunengqondo ukudala izimpi?
Ngenxa yalamashubhu okuhlola empi? Chitha!
Kepha ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu, ngamazinga omlando, uwoyela usuyinto eluhlaza ebaluleke kakhulu etholakalayo. Alibalulekile ngokwenani, kepha maqondana nobubanzi besicelo emnothweni.
Ukweqa kokuqala kokufunwa kukawoyela kwenzeka lapho uphalafini otholwe kuwo usetshenziselwa ukukhanyisa. Ngemuva kwalokho ukusetshenziswa kwatholakala kuphethiloli we-junk obhekwe ngaphambili - ukuqala kwe-motorization kweplanethi. Bese kusetshenziswa imfucuza elandelayo yokucubungula - owoyela nophethiloli kadizili. Bafunde ukukhiqiza izinto ezahlukahlukene nezinto zokwakha kusuka ku-oyela, eziningi zazo ezingekho kwimvelo ephilayo.
Indawo yokuhluza uwoyela yesimanje
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona endaweni yayo yamadiphozithi alokho okusetshenziswayo okubalulekile nokusetshenziswa kabanzi akuhlali kuletha ukuchuma noma ukuzinza kwezomnotho kuhulumeni. Uwoyela awukhiqizwa yizifundazwe, kepha wenziwa yizinkampani zomhlaba wonke, ezisekelwa ngamandla ezempi ezifundazwe ezinkulu kakhulu. Futhi ohulumeni bathola ingxenye yemali etholwe ngabathengisi bakawoyela abavuma ukuyikhokha. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemuva nje kweMpi Yezwe II, amazwe ase-Arabhu athola phakathi kuka- $ 12 kuya ku- $ 25 emgqonyeni kawoyela owakhiqizwa endaweni yawo. Imizamo yokudlala umdlalo wabo wabaphathi bamazwe abanesibindi ngokweqile ilahle imisebenzi yabo, ngisho nempilo yabo. Emazweni abo, babengenelisekanga ngokuthize (nokuthi kuliphi izwe wonke umuntu ujabulile ngakho konke), futhi nangaphezulu kwalokho ngaphambi kokuba i-daredevil ibe nokukhetha okubanzi kokuyeka umsebenzi, ukudingiswa, ukufa, noma inhlanganisela yalezi zinketho.
Lo mkhuba usaqhubeka kuze kube namuhla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, omongameli kanye nongqongqoshe bayagumbuqelwa futhi ababulawanga ngenxa yezenzo, kodwa ngenxa yethemba lokuthi bangabenza. Umholi waseLibya uMuammar Gaddafi wayethembekile ngokwedlulele eNtshonalanga, kodwa lokhu akuzange kumsindise ekubulaweni ngesihluku. Futhi isiphetho sakhe asihlukile kwesikaSaddam Hussein, obefuna ukulandela inqubomgomo ezimele. Kwesinye isikhathi “igolide elimnyama” liba yisiqalekiso ...
1. Kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu lamashumi amabili, iBaku kwakuyisifunda esikhulu esikhiqiza uwoyela eRussia nase-USSR. Babazi ngamafutha eRussia phambilini, futhi bekwazi nokuwacubungula, kepha kwathi ngo-1840 umbusi weTranscaucasia wathumela amasampula kawoyela weBaku ku-Academy of Sciences, ososayensi bamphendula bathi lolu ketshezi alunamsebenzi kunoma yini ngaphandle kokuthambisa ama-axie axles. Kwakusele amashumi ambalwa eminyaka ngaphambi kokuqhuma kukawoyela ...
2. Ukukhishwa kukawoyela akulethi ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuchuma nempumelelo empilweni. Umsunguli wemboni kawoyela waseRussia, uFyodor Pryadunov, waphumelela ukumba ithusi nomthofu waze wathola insimu kawoyela. Usozigidi wasebenzisa yonke imali yakhe ekuthuthukiseni idiphozi, wathola uxhaso lukahulumeni, kodwa akakaze azuze lutho. UFyodor Pryadunov washona ejele lezikweletu.
UFyodor Pryadunov
3. Indawo yokuhluza uwoyela emhlabeni yavulwa ekuqaleni kuka-1856 endaweni manje eyiPoland. U-Ignacy Lukashevich wavula ibhizinisi elakhiqiza uphalafini nowoyela bezindlela zokugcoba, inani lazo elanda njenge-avalanche ngesikhathi senguquko yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe. Lesi sitshalo sathatha unyaka kuphela (sasha), kepha sabeka ubukhulu bomdali waso.
Ukungazi Lukashevich
4. Impikiswano yokuqala yezentengiselwano, eyabangelwa uwoyela, ngemuva kwekhulu nesigamu ibonakala ifana ne-farce. Usosayensi odumile waseMelika uBenjamin Silliman wathola i-oda eqenjini losomabhizinisi ngo-1854. Ingqikithi yalo myalelo yayilula ngokwedlulele: ukuphenya ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukusebenzisa uwoyela ukukhanyisa, futhi endleleni, uma kungenzeka, ukukhomba noma yiziphi ezinye izinto eziwusizo zale mbiwa, ngaphezu kwemithi (uwoyela wabe usuthengiswa emakhemisi futhi wawusetshenziselwa ukwelapha izifo ezahlukahlukene). USilliman uwufezile lo myalo, kepha inkampani yabashaka ibingajahi ukukhokhela lo msebenzi. Usosayensi kwakudingeka asongele ngokushicilela imiphumela yocwaningo emaphephandabeni, futhi ngemuva kwalokho wathola inani elidingekayo. Kwakungu-526 dollars 8 cents. Futhi "osomabhizinisi" babengahlakaniphile - empeleni babengenayo leyo mali, kwakudingeka baboleke.
UBen Silliman akazange anikeze imiphumela yakhe yocwaningo mahhala
5. Uphethiloli wezibani zokuqala zikaphalafini wawungahlangene nakancane nowoyela - ipharafini yabe isitholwa emalahleni. Kuphela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19, ngemuva kwezifundo esezikhululiwe zikaB. Silliman, baqala ukuthola uphalafini emafutheni. Kwakuwukushintshela kukaphalafini kaphethiloli okwakhuthaza ukufunwa okukhulu kukawoyela.
6. Ekuqaleni, i-distillation kawoyela yenziwa ukuthola i-parafini kanye namafutha okugcoba. Izingxenyana ezilula (okungukuthi, ikakhulukazi uphethiloli) zaziyimikhiqizo eyenziwe ngokucubungula. Kuphela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ngokusabalala kwezimoto, uphethiloli waba ngumkhiqizo wentengiso. Futhi emuva ngawo-1890s e-United States, wawungathengwa ngo-0.5 cents ilitha ngalinye.
7. Uwoyela eSiberia watholakala nguMikhail Sidorov emuva ngonyaka we-1867, kodwa izimo zezulu ezinzima nezesimo somhlaba ngaleso sikhathi zenza ukukhishwa "kwegolide elimnyama" enyakatho kungabi nzuzo. USidorov, owenza izigidi ngezezimayini zegolide, wacwila phansi wagcwalisa ukholo lwabakhiqizi bakawoyela.
UMikhail Sidorov
8. Umkhiqizo omkhulu wokuqala kawoyela wase-US waqala edolobhaneni laseTitusville, ePennsylvania. Abantu bakusabele ukutholakala kwamaminerali amasha njengokutholwa kwegolide. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngo-1859, inani labantu baseTitovville landa izikhathi eziningana, futhi imiphongolo ye-whisky, okwathululelwa kuyo uwoyela okhishwe, yathengwa izikhathi eziphakeme kakhulu kunezindleko zevolumu efanayo kawoyela. Ngasikhathi sinye, abakhiqizi bakawoyela bathola isifundo sabo sokuqala sokuphepha. "Indawo yokugcina izimpahla" kaColonel E. L. Drake (umbhali webinzana elidumile lokuthi ijaji eliyinhloko uColt wakhe odutshulwe ayisithupha), abasebenzi bakhe ababengabokuqala ukuthola uwoyela, lasha lasha emlilweni wesibani sikaphalafini esijwayelekile. Amafutha asendaweni yokugcina izinto ayegcinwa ngisho nasemapanini ...
UColonel Drake, naphezu kokufaneleka kwakhe, ushonele enhluphekweni
9. Ukushintshashintsha kwamanani kawoyela akuyona into eyasungulwa ngekhulu lamashumi amabili. Ngokushesha ngemuva kokuvulwa komthombo wokuqala ogeleza ePennsylvania, okhiqiza imiphongolo engama-3 000 ngosuku, intengo yehle isuka ku- $ 10 iye kumasenti ayi-10, yabe isinyukela ku- $ 7.3 emgqonyeni. Futhi konke lokhu unyaka nonyaka.
10. EPennsylvania, budebuduze neTitusville edumile, kunedolobha elinomlando ongathandwa kakhulu ngabantu. Ibizwa ngePithole. Ngo-1865, uwoyela wakhishwa endaweni eseduze, kwakungoJanuwari. NgoJulayi, isakhamuzi sakwaPithole, ngonyaka owedlule esingazami ukuthola imali mboleko yasebhange ngo- $ 500 kwezokuphepha komhlaba nepulazi, sathengisa leli pulazi ngamaRandi ayizigidi eziyi-1.3, kwathi ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva umnikazi omusha walithengisa kabusha ngamaRandi ayizigidi ezimbili. Kuvele edolobheni amabhange, iziteshi zocingo, amahhotela, amaphephandaba, izindlu ezigibela abantu. Kodwa imithombo yoma, kwathi ngoJanuwari 1866 uPithole wabuyela esimweni sakhe esijwayelekile somgodi wesifundazwe ongaboni.
11. Ekuqaleni kokukhiqizwa kukawoyela, uJohn Rockefeller, owayenebhizinisi likawoyela elihloniphekile ngaleso sikhathi (wathenga uhhafu wesabelo sakhe ngamaRandi ayizi-72 500), ngandlela thile wayesele ngaphandle kwamabhanisi akhe ajwayelekile. Kuvele ukuthi umpheki wezinkwa waseGerman, umndeni obekuyiminyaka uthenga kuwo imiqulu iminyaka eminingi, uthathe isinqumo sokuthi ibhizinisi likawoyela belithembisa kakhulu, wathengisa ibhikawozi wasungula inkampani kawoyela. URockefeller uthe yena nabalingani bakhe kufanele bathenge inkampani kawoyela eJalimane futhi bamqinisekise ukuthi abuyele emsebenzini wakhe ojwayelekile. Ukwazi izindlela zikaRockefeller kwezamabhizinisi, singasho kakhulu ukuthi umJalimane akazange ayithole neyodwa imali yenkampani yakhe - abakwaRockefellers babehlale bekwazi ukukholisa.
UJohn Rockefeller ubheka ilensi yekhamera njengento yokumuncwa okungenzeka
12. Umqondo wokufuna uwoyela eSaudi Arabia ngenkosi yalelo zwe u-Ibn Saud wagqugquzelwa nguJack Philby, onguyise wesikhulu sezobunhloli esidumile emhlabeni. Uma kuqhathaniswa nobaba wakhe, uKim wayeyisibonelo somnumzane. UJack Philby uhlale egxeka iziphathimandla zaseBrithani, noma esesebenzela umphakathi. Futhi lapho eyeka umsebenzi wakhe, uJack waphumela ngaphandle. Wathuthela eSaudi Arabia waze waguqukela enkolweni yobuSulumane. Ukuba ngumngani omkhulu weNkosi u-Ibn Saud, uPhilby Sr. uchithe isikhathi esiningi naye ekuhambeni ezweni lonke. Izinkinga ezimbili eziyinhloko zaseSaudi Arabia ngawo-1920 kwakuyimali namanzi. Akekho noyedwa noma omunye owayentule kakhulu. Futhi uPhilby uphakamise ukuthi kufunwe uwoyela esikhundleni samanzi - uma kutholakala, zombili izinkinga ezinkulu zombuso zizoxazululwa.
U-Ibn Saud
13. Ukucwenga nokwenziwa kophethiloli yizimboni ezimbili ezihluke ngokuphelele. Abacwengisisi bahlukanisa uwoyela ezingxenyeni ezihlukene, futhi abasebenza ngophethroli bathola uwoyela wabo izinto ezikude ngaphandle, njengezindwangu zokwenziwa noma umanyolo wamaminerali.
14. Kulindelwe ukuqhamuka kwamabutho kaHitler eTranscaucasus kanye nokushoda kukawoyela okuhambisanayo, iSoviet Union, ngaphansi kobuholi bukaLavrenty Beria, yasungula futhi yaqalisa uhlelo lokuqala lokuhambisa uwoyela. Uketshezi oluvuthayo olukhishwe esifundeni saseBaku lwalayishwa emathangini wesitimela, abese ephonswa oLwandle iCaspian. Khona-ke amathangi aboshwa futhi ahudulwa aya e-Astrakhan. Lapho baphinde bafakwa ezinqoleni bahanjiswa baya enyakatho. Futhi uwoyela wawugcinwa nje emihosheni elungiswe kahle, emaphethelweni amadamu ahlelwe ngayo.
Isitimela se-Hydro?
15. Ukusakazwa kwamanga okusobala nesenzo sokulinganisa ngomlomo esavela ezikrinini ze-TV nasemakhasini amaphephandaba ngesikhathi senkinga kawoyela ngo-1973 kwaba ukuhlaselwa okunamandla kwabantu baseMelika nabaseYurophu. Izincwadi zomnotho ezihamba phambili "ezizimele" zithululele umbhedo ezindlebeni zezakhamizi ezikanye nazo emoyeni "wamazwe akhiqiza uwoyela wama-Arabhu kudingeka adonse uwoyela imizuzu eyisishiyagalombili kuphela ukuthenga i-Eiffel Tower nazo zonke izisebenzi kanye nenkampani yabaphathi." Iqiniso lokuthi imali engenayo yaminyaka yonke yamazwe ayisishiyagalombili akhiqiza uwoyela wama-Arabhu yeqe nje u-4% we-GDP yaseMelika yahlala ngemuva.
"Ama-Arabhu antshontshe uphethiloli mfowethu"
16. Inkulumo kawoyela yokuqala yavulwa eTitusville ngo-1871. Kuthengiswe ngezinhlobo ezintathu zezinkontileka: "indawo" (ukulethwa ngokushesha), ukulethwa kwezinsuku eziyi-10 futhi esijwayele sonke "ikusasa", elenza inhlanhla futhi lashabalala, ngaphandle kokubona uwoyela namehlo.
17. Usokhemisi omkhulu uDmitry Mendeleev wabona kusengaphambili ukubusa kukawoyela ezimbonini. UDmitry Ivanovich wasungula i-apharathasi yokukhipha iziphuzo eziqhubekayo zikawoyela namadivayisi wokukhiqiza uwoyela kawoyela namafutha isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba kusebenze.
UDmitry Mendeleev wayekholelwa ngokufanelekile ukuthi akwamukelekile ukusebenzisa uwoyela kuphela njengophethiloli
18. ENtshonalanga Yurophu nase-United States, izindaba ezimayelana “nenkinga kaphethiloli” ngo-1973-1974 zizozwakala ngisho nakubazukulu babazukulu babantu abashayela izimoto zabo ezindaweni zokupaka izimoto eduze kwamagaraji kaphethiloli. Ama-Arabhu amabi akhuphule kakhulu intengo kawoyela kusuka ku-5.6 kuya ku-11.25 dollars emgqonyeni ngamunye. Ngenxa yalezi zenzo zokukhohlisa, uphethiloli kakhokho kayisemkhulu waphakama kane. Ngasikhathi sinye, idola lehle cishe ngo-15%, okwanciphisa ukushaya kwamandla emali.
Inkinga kaphethiloli. Ipikiniki yamaHippies emigwaqweni enguthelawayeka engenalutho
19. Indaba yokuqala kokukhiqizwa kukawoyela e-Iran manje ichazwa njenge-melodrama ekhalayo. Umvukuzi wegolide uWilliam D'Arcy esemdala (oneminyaka engama-51 ubudala namakhilogremu angaba yizigidi ezingama-7 endlini yokugcina) uya e-Iran eyofuna uwoyela. I-Shah yase-Iran kanye nongqongqoshe bayo abangamakhilogremu angama-20 000 nezethembiso eziyinsumansumane zika-10% wamafutha no-16% wenzuzo yenkampani ethola uwoyela, inika intuthuko u-4/5 wensimu yase-Iran. Unjiniyela oyalwe ngu-D'Arcy futhi inkampani isebenzisa yonke imali, kepha ayitholi uwoyela (kunjalo!), Futhi ithola umyalo wokuya eNgilandi. Lo njiniyela (igama lakhe kwakunguReynolds) akazange awenze lo myalelo, waqhubeka nokuhlola. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho konke kwaqala khona ... UReynolds wathola uwoyela, u-D'Arcy nabaninimasheya bathola imali, u-shah wagcina amakhilogremu angama-20 000 kanye naye, kanye nesabelomali sase-Iranian, lapho u-D'Arcy (umsunguli we-British Petroleum) axoxisana khona ngentshiseko, akazange abone ngisho nentshisekelo okuvunyelwene ngayo okuvunyelwene ngayo ...
UWilliam D'Arcy ekufuneni kwakhe uwoyela akakwazanga ukuzola ngisho nasekugugeni
20. Ukushona kuka-Enrico Mattei kuwumfanekiso omuhle wezimo ezikhona eqenjini lamafutha. UmNtaliyane waqokwa njengomqondisi wenkampani yezamandla kahulumeni i-AGIP ngemuva kweMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba. Kwakufanele ihlanganise umnotho obhujiswe yimpi, bese ithengisa inkampani. Esikhathini esifushane, uMattei wakwazi ukuvuselela nokwandisa inkampani, ethola izindawo ezincane zikawoyela negesi e-Italy. Kamuva, ngesisekelo se-AGIP, kwakhiwa i-ENI yokukhathazeka kwamandla enamandla kakhulu, empeleni eyayilawula isabelo sengonyama emnothweni wase-Italy. Ngenkathi uMattei ematasa e-Apennine Peninsula, abawanaki amandla akhe. Kepha ngenkathi inkampani yase-Italy iqala ukuphothula amadili azimele wokunikezwa kukawoyela ovela e-USSR nakwamanye amazwe wobusoshiyali, lesi sinyathelo samiswa ngokushesha. Indiza ebinoMattei egibele yaphahlazeka. Ekuqaleni, kukhishwe isinqumo mayelana nokungasebenzi kahle kwezobuchwepheshe noma iphutha lokushayela, kepha uphenyo lwesibili lukhombisa ukuthi indiza iqhunyisiwe. Abenzi bobubi bebengakaziwa.
U-Enrique Mattei wazama ukungena emgodini ongafanele futhi wajeziswa kanzima. Abekho abalandeli abatholakele
