Idolobha ngasikhathi sinye lingenye yezimpumelelo eziphakeme kakhulu futhi lingelinye lamaphutha amabi kakhulu empucuko yabantu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amadolobha, ikakhulukazi amakhulu, ngaphandle kokungajwayelekile, aphazamisa impilo. Izinkinga ngezokuthutha, izindleko zezindlu, izindleko eziphakeme kakhulu, ubugebengu, umsindo - ukungalungi kwamadolobha kungabhalwa isikhathi eside kakhulu. Ukuhlala emadolobheni amakhulu kuvame ukuphenduka kube ukusinda.
Noma kunjalo, akukho okungcono okusungulwe okwamanje. Amaphrojekthi we-Utopian afana nokuhlaliswa kabusha kwabantu bonke baseMelika kusuka olwandle kuya olwandle emadolobhaneni amancane ayizitezi eyodwa noma ukuhanjiswa kwezigidi zabantu abavela engxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia, ikakhulukazi iMoscow kanye nesifunda saseMoscow, kuya e-Urals naseMpumalanga Ekude kuvela ngezikhathi ezithile, kepha cishe abatholakali abalandeli. Amadolobha ayaqhubeka nokukhula futhi athuthuke njengepompo edonsa abantu nezinsizakusebenza.
1. Cishe isigamu sabantu bomhlaba sihlala emadolobheni, bahlala ngaphansi kwamaphesenti ama-2 ensimu, futhi badla izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zezinsizakusebenza, futhi lesi silinganiso sikhula njalo futhi siya ngokuya emadolobheni. Ngokwenzayo, lokhu kusho ukuthi impilo emadolobheni (ngokwesilinganiso, impela) ilula kakhulu kunasemaphandleni.
2. Ayikho incazelo eqondile neningiliziwe "yedolobha". Ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene, kumasayensi ahlukene nasemazweni ahlukene, ihunyushwa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ngomqondo ojwayelekile, idolobha "akusilo idolobhana", indawo lapho izakhamizi zalo zisebenza kancane kwezolimo futhi zihlala ezindlini zokwakhiwa okuhlukile. Noma kunjalo, ngisho nalokhu, incazelo ejwayelekile kunazo zonke iyaxhuga emilenzeni yomibili - emuva maphakathi nekhulu le-19 leminyaka, abafuyi bezingulube babehlala enkabeni yeLondon, bekhulisa izinkulungwane zezingulube, kanti iParis yayingabulawa yindlala ngenxa yokushoda kokusanhlamvu, kepha emakhazeni - izigayo zedolobha ku-Seine efriziwe zazingeyona kusebenze. Futhi akukho lutho olungashiwo ngezinkukhu nezingadi zemifino ezindlini ezizimele emaphethelweni amadolobha amakhulu.
3. Isikhathi esiqondile sokuvela kwamadolobha okuqala futhi siyisizathu sezingxoxo ngokusabalala kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane. Kepha amadolobha aqala ukuvela lapho abantu benethuba lokukhiqiza imikhiqizo yezolimo esele. Kungashintshaniswa ngokuthile okuwusizo (amathuluzi, izitsha) noma kumnandi (ubucwebe). Abantu bakuleli dolobha bakhiqize lokhu kuwusizo futhi kumnandi. Edolobheni, ungashintshanisa imikhiqizo yakho yezolimo ngomunye. Ngakho-ke isiko leminyaka eyinkulungwane lokuba khona kunoma iyiphi imakethe hhayi kuphela kwamabala wokubala anezimpahla, kodwa futhi nezitolo zobuciko.
IJeriko libhekwa njengelinye lamadolobha okuqala
4. Kakade eRoma lasendulo, ukugcwala kwabantu kwaveza izitatimende ezinjengokuthi "Akunakubakhona ishwa lapho isiko libuyisa khona abantu emvelweni." Ngakho-ke uSeneca wabhala ngamaJalimane asendulo, ayephila ngokuzingela nokuqoqa.
Akuwona wonke umuntu owayethanda ukuhlala eRoma lasendulo
5. Umlimi waseNgilandi nosaziwayo u-William Cobbett wabiza amadolobha ngokuthi "izinduna", iLondon - "induna enkulu", futhi ngokunengqondo wasikisela ukukhama zonke izinduna ebusweni bezwe lamaNgisi. Kwakuyingxenye yokuqala yekhulu le-19 ...
6. Incwadi edumile ka-Adam Smith "esandleni esingabonakali semakethe" - "Ucwaningo ngemvelo nangezimbangela zomnotho wezizwe" yazalwa ngemuva kokuba umbhali eqhathanise ukunikezwa kokudla kwamadolobha amabili: iLondon neParis. Enhlokodolobha yaseNgilandi, iziphathimandla azizange ziphazamise ukunikezwa, futhi konke kwakuhamba kahle ngaye. EParis, iziphathimandla zazama ukulawula ukunikezwa nokuhweba kokudla, futhi lokhu kwabavela kabi kakhulu, kwaze kwaba yizinguquko. Isiphetho sikaSmith, ekuqaleni, sasicacile, kuphela akazange acabangele ukuhanjiswa kwemikhiqizo emadolobheni womabili - iParis itholakala ku-270 km ukusuka olwandle, kanti iLondon ingama-30. Ukulethwa kwempahla ngomhlaba kunzima kakhulu futhi kuyabiza kaningi.
7. EParis yanamuhla, ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuphakelwa kungcono kunaseLondon. Imakethe enkulu kakhulu yakwaRunji ivumela ukuba khona kwezinkulungwane zezitolo ezincane zokudla ngaphakathi kwebanga elihamba ngezinyawo labantu baseParis. Izakhamizi zaseLondon, lapho cishe kungekho khona izitolo ezizimele ezisele, kufanele ziye ezitolo ezinkulu.
Emakethe yeRunji eParis
8. Izinhlelo zokunikezwa kwamanzi ezizimele ziyakhulunywa eBhayibhelini. Imisele yamanzi yasendulo yaseRoma nayo yaziwa yiwo wonke umuntu. Emadolobheni aseYurophu Aphakathi, kufaka neRussia, amapayipi amanzi avele ngobuningi emakhulwini we-XII-XIII.
Imisele yamanzi yaseRoma isemi buthule
9. Uhlelo lokuqala lokuthuthwa kwendle lwavela edolobheni laseNdiya iMohenjo-Daro enkulungwaneni yeminyaka eyi-III BC. e. Uhlelo olukhulu lwendle lwalusetshenziswa eRoma lasendulo. Futhi eNew York, uhlelo lokuhambisa amanzi lwavulwa ngo-1850, eLondon ngo-1865, eMoscow ngo-1898.
Emgodini wokuhambisa indle eLondon, ngekhulu le-19
10. Uhlelo lokuqoqwa kukadoti okwehlukene lwaqala ukubonakala ngo-1980 emadolobheni aseHolland.
11. Umasipala omkhulu wokuqala wavela eLondon ngo-1863. Umncane kunabo bonke isitimela esingaphansi komhlaba sasedolobheni laseKazakh i-Alma-Ata - savulwa ngo-2011. Inethiwekhi enkulu kamasipala ibekwe eShanghai - 423 km, emfushane kakhulu - eHaifa (Israel), ubude bayo bungu-2 km kuphela. E-Dubai, izitimela zikamasipala ezingenamuntu zihamba olayini abangama-80 km ubude.
12. ILondon nayo iyiphayona enkonzweni ejwayelekile yamabhasi asemadolobheni. Enhlokodolobha yaseBrithani, baqala ngo-1903. Kepha eRussia, abagibeli bokuqala bebhasi elalihamba ngezinyawo kwakuyizakhamuzi zase-Arkhangelsk ngo-1907.
13. I-tram yokuqala edonswa yihhashi yavela eBaltimore (e-USA) ngo-1828. Ukudonswa kwetram kagesi kwenzeka ngo-1881 eBerlin. Ngonyaka olandelayo kakhulu, kwethulwa ithilamu lokuqala eMbusweni waseRussia ngaleso sikhathi eKiev.
14. Ulayini webhasi lokuqala wavulwa eBerlin ngonyaka we-1882. EMoscow, insizakalo yetroli yebhasi yasungulwa ngo-1933.
Elinye lamabhasi amathathu okugcina amatroli eMoscow
15. Isevisi yokuqala ye-ambulensi yasungulwa ngonyaka we-1881 eVienna. Insizakalo efanayo yavela eMoscow ngo-1898. Kokubili nalapha imbangela kwakuyinhlekelele enezisulu eziningi: umlilo enkundleni yemidlalo iVienna nokuchaphazeleka okukhulu kweKhodynka.
16. Phakathi kwedolobha laseNgilandi iLetchworth (izakhamizi ezingama-33 0 00) kanye neVolgograd yaseRussia (abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi esisodwa) akukho ukuxhumana okwaziwayo. ILetchworth yakhiwe ngendlela eyodwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili "njengedolobha lokuqala" engadini: inhlanganisela yezinsiza zasemadolobheni nemvelo. Umakhi waseRussia uVladimir Semyonov wabamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni, okwathi kamuva wasebenzisa imibono eminingana evela eLetchworth lapho enza uhlelo lokubuyiselwa kwangemva kwempi eStalingrad.
17. ISlab City kungenzeka kube ukuphela kwedolobha emhlabeni elinabahlali abangenakho ukuphathwa kwedolobha, amaphoyisa kanye nezinsiza. Esikhungweni samasosha esishiyiwe esinenqwaba yama-bunkers nezinye izakhiwo, abantu abathathe umhlalaphansi, abantu abangenamakhaya kanye nabathandi bempilo ekhululekile bayahlangana. Kunesonto eSlab City, umthombo wesikole ongena ezinganeni, ugesi utholakala kuma-generator, kunemithombo yamanzi engaphansi komhlaba namachibi angaphezulu komhlaba - abantu baphila impilo engajwayelekile, kepha ejwayelekile iningi lethu.
ISlab City - idolobha lapho wonke umuntu ejabule ngempilo
18. Okungenani amadolobha ayi-7 atholakala emazweni amabili ngasikhathi sinye. Eziningi zazo, umngcele awunangqondo - ukhonjiswe ukumakwa komgwaqo noma izinto zokuhlobisa ngisho nemibhede yezimbali. Kepha abaseMelika bagada umngcele kumaNogales aseMelika naseMexico ngendlela efanayo nakwezinye izindawo. Enyakatho ye-United States, eDerby Line / Stansted (Canada), umbuso womngcele uthambile, kepha kudingeka ipasipoti, futhi ngokwephula umbuso wokuwela umngcele ungathola imali efinyelela ku- $ 5,000.
INogales - idolobha lokuqhathanisa
19. Ikhophi eliqondile ledolobha lase-Austrian iHallstatt lakhiwa eChina. Ngamadola ayizigidi ezingama-940, umxhasi wale phrojekthi, usozigidi waseChina, wenza isikhangiso esihlakaniphile e-Austria - ngemuva kokwakhiwa kwekhophi kuqediwe, amaShayina aqala ukuvakashela i-Austria kaningi kakhulukazi.
Lokhu kungokoqobo
Futhi lena yikhophi lamaShayina elibizayo.
20. Ngokwezibikezelo zochwepheshe be-UN, ngo-2050, 3/4 wabantu bomhlaba bazohlala emadolobheni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amadolobha azokhula ngokungalingani. Isibalo senhlokodolobha yaseCôte d'Ivoire, iYamoussoukro, cishe sizophindeka kabili, eJinjiang yaseChina kuzoba nezakhamizi ezingaphezulu kwekota, kepha abantu baseTokyo noma eLondon bazokhula kancane - ngo-0.7 - 1%.
