UBoris Godunov (1552 - 1605) unendawo engathandeki emlandweni waseRussia. Futhi uqobo, izazi-mlando azimthandi uTsar Boris: wahlukumeza uTsarevich Dmitry, noma wamyalela ukuthi ahlukumeze, futhi wahlaba umxhwele ngokungenakubalwa, futhi akazange athande abaphikisi bezepolitiki.
UBoris Godunov naye wayithola kubaphathi bezobuciko. Ngisho nomuntu ongawazi umlando mhlawumbe uke wafunda noma wezwa kumabhayisikobho umfanekiso kaIvan Vasilyevich waseBulgakov othi: “Yimuphi uBoris the Tsar? IBoriska?! UBoris ngenxa yombuso? .. Ngakho yena, onobuqili, odelelekile wakhokhela inkosi ngomusa! .. Naye ngokwakhe wayefuna ukubusa futhi aphathe konke! .. Unecala lokufa! " Amagama ambalwa nje, kodwa isithombe sikaGodunov - esikhohlisayo, esinobuqili nesikhohlakele, sesivele silungile. U-Ivan the Terrible kuphela, ongomunye wabalingani bakhe abaseduze kwakunguGodunov, ongazange futhi akakwazanga ukusho lokho. Futhi la mazwi uBulgakov uthathe ezincwadini ezaziphakathi kuka-Andrei Kurbsky noGrozny, futhi kwakuvela encwadini kaKurbsky.
Enhlekeleleni igama elifanayo Pushkin isithombe Boris Godunov siboniswa nokwethenjelwa ngokwanele. UPushkin Boris, noma kunjalo, uhlushwa ukungabaza ukuthi ngabe u-Tsarevich Dmitry ufile ngempela, futhi kunakwa kakhulu ukugqilazwa kwabalimi, kepha ngokujwayelekile, uPunkin's Godunov wafana ncamashi nowokuqala.
Isimo esivela kumdlalo opera kaM. M. Mussorgsky osuselwa enhlekeleleni ka-A.Pushkin "Boris Godunov"
Ngabe inkosi ebuse iRussia ekupheleni kwekhulu le-16 - 17 yaphila kanjani futhi yafa?
1. Cishe alukho ulwazi mayelana nemvelaphi nobuntwana bukaBoris. Kuyaziwa ukuthi wayeyindodana yomnikazi womhlaba waseKostroma, owabe eyindodana yesikhulu. Godunovs ngokwabo babevela inkosana Tatar. Isiphetho ngokufunda nokubhala kukaBoris Godunov senziwa ngesisekelo somnikelo obhalwe nguye ngesandla sakhe. Ngokwesiko lesi sizwe amakhosi awazange azingcolise izandla zawo ngoyinki.
2. Abazali bakaBoris basheshe bafa, yena nodadewabo babenakekelwa ngu-boyar Dmitry Godunov, owayesondelene no-Ivan the Terrible, kanye nomalume wakhe. UDmitry, naphezu "kobuncane" bakhe, wenza umsebenzi omuhle kubalindi. Wahlala endaweni efanayo ngaphansi kwenkosi njengoMaluta Skuratov. Impela, indodakazi emaphakathi kaSkuratov Maria yaba ngumfazi kaBoris Godunov.
3. Kakade eneminyaka engu-19 ubudala, uBoris wayengumngane womkhwenyana emshadweni ka-Ivan the Terrible noMartha Sobakina, okungukuthi, inkosi yayivele iyazise le nsizwa. Abalingani bakaGodunov benza isikhundla esifanayo lapho inkosi ishada okwesihlanu.
Umshado ka-Ivan the Terrible noMartha Sobakina
4. Udadewabo kaBoris Godunov u-Irina wayeshade nendodana ka-Ivan the Terrible uFyodor, kamuva owazuza njengefa isihlalo sobukhosi sikayise. Ezinsukwini eziyi-9 ngemuva kokushona komyeni wakhe, u-Irina wathatha izinwele zakhe njengendelakazi. Indlovukazi eyindela yashona ngo-1603.
5. Ngosuku lapho uFyodor Ivanovich eshade nombuso (ngoMeyi 31, 1584), wanikeza uGodunov isikhundla sokugibela amahhashi. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-boyar-equestrian kwakungeyombuthano osondele kakhulu enkosini. Kodwa-ke, noma ngabe u-Ivan the Terrible wasephula kanjani isimiso sokhokho, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuyiqeda ngokuphelele, futhi nangemva komshado wombuso, abamele imindeni emidala babiza uGodunov ngokuthi "isisebenzi". Yayinjalo-ke intando yeningi.
Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich
6. UFyodor Ivanovich wayeyindoda ekhonze kakhulu uNkulunkulu (ngokweqiniso, izazi-mlando zekhulu le-19 leminyaka zaziyibheka le mpahla yomphefumulo, uma kungenjalo ukusangana, ngokuqinisekile uhlobo oluthile lokuwohloka komqondo - inkosi yayithandaza kakhulu, yahambela uhambo lwesonto kanye ngesonto, hhayi ihlaya). Izindaba zokuphatha zazixazululwa kancane kancane nguGodunov. Kwaqalwa imisebenzi emikhulu yokwakha, kwaqoqwa amaholo ezinceku zenkosi, futhi baqala ukubamba nokujezisa abathatha imivuzo.
7. Ngaphansi kukaBoris Godunov, inzalamizi yavela okokuqala eRussia. Ngo-1588, uMbhishobhi Omkhulu Wamasonto uJeremiah II wafika eMoscow. Ekuqaleni, wanikezwa isikhundla sokuba yinzalamizi yaseRussia, kodwa uJeremiya wenqaba, ecaphuna umbono wabefundisi bakhe. Kwabe sekubizwa uMkhandlu Ongcwelisiwe, owaphakamisa abazongenela ukhetho abathathu. Kulaba (ngokuhambisana nenqubo eyamukelwa eConstantinople), uBoris, ngaleso sikhathi owayephethe izindaba zombuso, wakhetha iMetropolitan Job. Ukubekwa kwakhe esihlalweni sobukhosi kwenzeka ngoJanuwari 26, 1589.
Umphathi Wokuqala WaseRussia uJobe
8. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, ibutho laseRussia elaliholwa uGodunov noFyodor Mstislavsky laxosha leli butho laseCrimea. Ukuqonda ubungozi bokuhlaselwa kweCrimea, imigqa embalwa evela emlandweni yanele, lapho kubikwa khona ngokuziqhenya ukuthi abaseRussia balandela amaTatar "kwaze kwaba yiTula uqobo".
9. Ngo-1595, uGodunov wenza isivumelwano sokuthula nabaseSweden, esaba yimpumelelo eRussia, ngokuya ngokuthi amazwe alahlekile ekuqaleni kwempumelelo kweLivonia War abuyela eRussia.
10. U-Andrey Chokhov wenza i-Tsar Cannon ngokuyalelwa ngu-Godunov. Bebengeke badubule kuso - isibhamu asinayo ngisho imbobo yembewu. Bakha isikhali njengophawu lwamandla ombuso. UChokhov wenza neTsar Bell, kepha ayikasinda kuze kube namuhla.
11. Kusukela kuKaramzin noKostomarov, izazi-mlando zisola uGodunov ngamacebo amabi. Ngokusho kwabo, wayehlala ehlazisa futhi esusa amalungu amaningana eBhodi Labaphathiswa kuTsar Fyodor Ivanovich. Kodwa ngisho nokwazana nemicimbi eyethulwe yilezi zazi-mlando kukhombisa ukuthi izinsizwa ezihloniphekile zazifuna uTsar Fyodor ahlukanise u-Irina Godunova. UFyodor wayemthanda umkakhe, futhi uBoris wavikela udadewabo ngamandla akhe wonke. Kwakudingeka ukuthi oMnumzane Shuisky, Mstislavsky noRomanov baye eMonastery yaseKirillo-Belozersky.
12. Ngaphansi kukaGodunov, iRussia ikhule ngokuhlaba umxhwele neSiberia. UKhan Kuchum wagcina ehluliwe, kwasungulwa iTyumen, iTobolsk, iBerezov, iSurgut, iTara, iTomsk. UGodunov ufune ukwenza ibhizinisi nezizwe zendawo "weasel". Lesi simo sengqondo sabeka isisekelo esihle sehafu elandelayo yekhulu leminyaka, njengoba amaRussia angena ogwini loLwandlekazi iPacific.
ERussia ngaphansi kukaBoris Godunov
13. Sekuyisikhathi eside izazi-mlando zephula imikhonto “ngodaba lwase-Uglich” - ukubulawa kukaTsarevich Dmitry e-Uglich. Kwaphela isikhathi eside kakhulu, Godunov wayebhekwa njengecala eliyinhloko nomzuzi wokubulala. Karamzin wathi ngokuqondile ukuthi Godunov wahlukaniswa esihlalweni sobukhosi kuphela umfana omncane. Isazi-mlando esihlonishwayo nesikhathazekile ngokweqile asizange sicabangele ezinye izinto eziningi: phakathi kukaBoris nesihlalo sobukhosi kwakulele okungenani eminye iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili (isikhulu sabulawa ngo-1591, kanti uBoris wakhethwa uTsar kuphela ngo-1598) kanye nokhetho lwangempela luka-Godunov njenge-tsar eZemsky Sobor.
Ukubulawa kukaTsarevich Dmitry
14. Ngemuva kokushona kukaTsar Fyodor Godunov uthathe umhlalaphansi esigodlweni sezindela futhi kwaphela inyanga u-Irina edumele umbusi wayengekho embusweni. Kuphela ngoFebhuwari 17, 1598, uZemsky Sobor wakhetha uGodunov esihlalweni sobukhosi, kwathi ngoSepthemba 1 uGodunov wabekwa njengenkosi.
15. Izinsuku zokuqala ngemuva komshado embusweni kwavela ukuthi zazicebile ngemiklomelo namalungelo. UBoris Godunov uliphindaphinde kabili iholo labo bonke abasebenzi. Abathengisi bakhululwa emisebenzini iminyaka emibili, nabalimi bakhokhiswa intela unyaka wonke. Kwenzeka ushwele jikelele. Imali eningi yanikezwa abafelokazi nezintandane. Abezinye izizwe bakhululwa ku-yasak unyaka owodwa. Amakhulu abantu akhushulelwa ezinhlwini nasezikhundleni.
16. Abafundi bokuqala abathunyelwa phesheya abazange babonakale nhlobo ngaphansi kukaPeter Omkhulu, kodwa ngaphansi kukaBoris Godunov. Ngendlela efanayo, "abahlubuki" bokuqala bavele hhayi ngaphansi kwamandla eSoviet, kepha ngaphansi kukaGodunov - kwentsha eyishumi nambili ethunyelwe ukuyofunda, munye kuphela obuyele eRussia.
17. Izinkinga zaseRussia, izwe elasinda ngokulambisa kuzo, aziqalanga ngenxa yobuthakathaka noma ukuphatha kabi kukaBoris Godunov. Akuzange kuqale nokuqhamuka kukaPretender emaphethelweni asentshonalanga nombuso. Kwaqala lapho amanye ama-boyars ebona izinzuzo zawo ekubukekeni kukaPretender nasekunciphiseni amandla obukhosi, futhi aqala ukusekela ngasese uDmitry Wamanga.
18. Ngo-1601 - 1603 iRussia yahlaselwa indlala embi. Isizathu saso sokuqala kwakuyinhlekelele engokwemvelo - ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo iHuaynaputina (!!!) ePeru kwasusa i-Little Ice Age. Izinga lokushisa lomoya lehlile, kanti nezitshalo ezitshaliwe bezingenaso isikhathi sokuvuthwa. Kepha indlala yenziwa yinkinga yokubusa. UTsar Boris waqala ukwabela abantu ababulawa yindlala, futhi amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu aphuthuma eMoscow. Ngasikhathi sinye, intengo yesinkwa yanda izikhathi eziyi-100. AmaBoyars nezindela (hhayi zonke, kunjalo, kepha ziningi kakhulu) zibambe isinkwa ngokulindela amanani aphezulu kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu abulawa indlala. Abantu babedla amagundane, amagundane, ngisho nomswani. Igalelo elibi alizange liphathwe kuphela emnothweni wezwe, kodwa nasegunyeni likaBoris Godunov. Ngemuva kwenhlekelele enjalo, noma yimaphi amagama okuthi isijeziso sithunyelwe kubantu ngenxa yezono zika "Boriska" abukeka eyiqiniso.
19. Lapho nje indlala iphela, kwavela uDmitry Wamanga. Ukuze konke okungenangqondo ukubukeka kwakhe, wayemelela ingozi enkulu, okuyinto Godunov waqaphela sekwephuzile. Futhi kwakunzima kumuntu ozinikele ngalezo zinsuku ukucabanga ukuthi ngisho nabafana abaphezulu, ababazi kahle ukuthi uDmitry wangempela wayeseneminyaka eminingi efile, futhi owanga isiphambano ngesifungo ku-Godunov wayengakhaphela kalula.
20. UBoris Godunov ushone ngo-Ephreli 13, 1605. Emahoreni ambalwa ngaphambi kokushona kwenkosi, wayebukeka enempilo futhi enamandla, kodwa-ke wazizwa ebuthakathaka, kwaqala ukuphuma igazi emakhaleni nasezindlebeni zakhe. Kwakunamahemuhemu obuthi ngisho nokuzibulala, kepha kungenzeka ukuthi uBoris wabulawa yizimbangela zemvelo - eminyakeni eyisithupha edlule yempilo yakhe, wayegula kaninginingi.
