Amaqiniso angama-25 ngogesi, ucwaningo lwawo nokusetshenziswa kwawo * Amaqiniso

Ugesi ungenye yezinsika zempucuko yanamuhla. Impilo engenawo ugesi kungenzeka, ngoba okhokho bethu abangaqhelile bakwenza kahle ngaphandle kwawo. "Ngizokhanyisa konke lapha ngama-Edison nama-Swann bulbs!" Kumemeze uSir Henry Baskerville ovela ku-Arthur Conan Doyle's The Hound of the Baskervilles ngenkathi eqala ukubona inqaba dreary ayezodla ifa layo. Kepha igceke lase likhona ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19.

Ugesi kanye nenqubekela phambili ehambisana nakho kunikeze isintu amathuba angakaze abonwe. Cishe akunakwenzeka ukuwabala, maningi kakhulu futhi emhlabeni jikelele. Konke okusizungezile ngandlela thile kwenziwa ngosizo lukagesi. Kunzima ukuthola okuthile okungahlobene nakho. Izinto eziphilayo? Kepha ezinye zazo zikhiqiza ugesi omningi ngokwazo. Futhi amaJapane afunde ukukhulisa isivuno samakhowe ngokuwachaya kumandla aphezulu wegesi. Ilanga? Iyazikhanyela yodwa, kepha amandla ayo asevele esetshenzwa abe ugesi. Ngokwethiyori, kwezinye izici ezithile zempilo, ungenza ngaphandle kukagesi, kepha ukwehluleka okunjalo kuzodida futhi kwenze impilo ibize kakhulu. Ngakho-ke udinga ukwazi ugesi futhi ukwazi ukuwusebenzisa.

1. Incazelo yamandla kagesi njengokugeleza kwama-electron ayilungile ngokuphelele. Ku-electrolyte yebhethri, isibonelo, okwamanje ukuhamba kwama-hydrogen ions. Futhi kumalambu we-fluorescent nokukhanya kwesithombe, ama-proton, kanye nama-electron, enza okwamanje, futhi ngesilinganiso esilawulwa ngokuqinile.

2. UThales waseMileto wayengusosayensi wokuqala ukunaka izinto ezenzeka ngogesi. Isazi sefilosofi sasendulo esingumGreki sicabanga ngeqiniso lokuthi induku yenhlaka, uma ihlikihliwe ngoboya, iqala ukuheha izinwele, kepha ayizange idlule ekucabangeni. Igama elithi "ugesi" laqanjwa udokotela waseNgilandi uWilliam Gilbert, owasebenzisa igama lesiGrikhi "amber". UGilbert naye akaqhubekanga nokuchaza umkhuba wokuheha izinwele, izinhlayiya zothuli nezinsalela zamaphepha ngenduku yenhlaka ehlikihliwe koboya - udokotela wasenkantolo weNdlovukazi u-Elizabeth wayengenaso isikhathi esikhululekile.

UThales waseMilethu

UWilliam Gilbert

3. Ukusebenza kwatholwa okokuqala nguStephen Gray. Le ndoda yaseNgilandi yayingagcini nje ngokuba yisazi sezinkanyezi nesazi semvelo. Ukhombise isibonelo sendlela esetshenzisiwe yesayensi. Uma ozakwabo bezikhawulela ekuchazeni lo mkhuba futhi, njengobuningi babo, bashicilela umsebenzi wabo, khona-ke uGrey wenza inzuzo ngokushesha ngokwenza. Ukhombise inombolo "umfana endizayo" esekisini. Umfana wayephakeme phezu kwenkundla ngezintambo zikasilika, isidumbu sakhe sabekwa icala nge-generator, kwathi amacembe acwebezelayo acwebezela akhangwa ezintendeni zezandla zakhe. Igceke laliyikhulu le-17 leminyaka, futhi "ukwanga ngogesi" kwafika ngokushesha emfashini - izinhlansi zagxuma phakathi kwezindebe zabantu ababili ababekwe i-generator.

4. Umuntu wokuqala ukuhlushwa ukukhokhiswa kukagesi okwenziwe ngusosayensi u-Ewald Jürgen von Kleist waseJalimane. Wakha ibhethri, kamuva wabiza imbiza yeLeyden, wayishaja. Ngenkathi ezama ukukhipha leli thini, u-von Kleist uthole ukwethuka okubucayi kagesi futhi waquleka.

5. Usosayensi wokuqala owashona esifundweni sikagesi kwakunguzakwethu nomngani kaMikhail Lomonosov. UGeorg Richmann. Ugijime ucingo esuka esigxotsheni sensimbi efakwe ophahleni lwendlu yakhe wahlola ugesi uma kuduma izulu. Esinye salezi zifundo siphele ngokudabukisayo. Ngokusobala, ukuduma kwezulu bekunamandla ikakhulukazi - i-arc kagesi ishelele phakathi kukaRichman nenzwa kagesi, yabulala usosayensi owayemi eduze kakhulu. UBenjamin Franklin odumile naye wangena esimweni esinjalo, kepha ubuso besikweletu semali eyikhulu saba nenhlanhla yokusinda.

Ukufa kukaGeorg Richmann

6. Ibhethri lokuqala likagesi lenziwa yi-Italian Alessandro Volta. Ibhethri lalo lalenziwe ngezinhlamvu zemali zesiliva nama-zinc disc, ngazimbili zazo ezahlukaniswa ngosawoti omanzi. UmNtaliyane udale ibhethri lakhe ngokwamandla - uhlobo lukagesi ngaleso sikhathi lwalungaqondakali. Kunalokho, ososayensi babecabanga ukuthi bayakuqonda, kodwa babecabanga ukuthi akulungile.

7. Isimo sokuguqulwa komqhubi ngaphansi kwesenzo samanje sibe uzibuthe satholwa nguHans-Christian Oersted. Isazi sefilosofi esingokwemvelo saseSweden saletha ngephutha ucingo olwalugobhozela kulo ikhampasi futhi lwabona ukuphambuka komcibisholo. Lo mkhuba wenza umbono ku-Oersted, kepha akazange aqonde ukuthi yimaphi amathuba okuzifihla ngokwawo. U-André-Marie Ampere ucwaninge ngempumelelo i-electromagnetism. UmFulentshi wathola amabhanisi amakhulu ngesimo sokuqashelwa kwendawo yonke kanye namandla wamanje aqanjwe ngaye.

8. Indaba efanayo yenzeke ngomphumela we-thermoelectric. UThomas Seebeck, owayesebenza njengomsizi waselebhu komunye weminyango eNyuvesi yaseBerlin, wathola ukuthi uma umqhubi owenziwe ngezinsimbi ezimbili eshubile, umsinga ugeleza ngawo. Uyitholile, wayibika, futhi wakhohlwa. Futhi uGeorg Ohm wayesebenza nje emthethweni ozoqanjwa ngaye, futhi wasebenzisa umsebenzi kaSeebeck, futhi wonke umuntu uyazi igama lakhe, ngokungafani negama lomsizi waselebhu yaseBerlin. U-Ohm, ngasendleleni, waxoshwa esikhundleni sakhe njengothisha we-physics yesikole ukuze enze izivivinyo - ungqongqoshe wakuthatha ukusetha ucwaningo njengodaba olungafanele usosayensi wangempela. Ifilosofi yayisefeshini ngaleso sikhathi ...

UGeorg Ohm

9. Kodwa omunye umsizi waselabhorethri, kulokhu eRoyal Institute eLondon, wabacasula kakhulu osolwazi. UMichael Faraday, 22, usebenze kanzima ukudala imoto kagesi yomklamo wakhe. UHumphrey Davy noWilliam Wollaston, abameme uFaraday njengabasizi belebhu, abakwazanga ukumelana nalolu daba. UFaraday ushintshe ama-motors akhe njengomuntu oyimfihlo.

UMichael Faraday

10. Ubaba wokusetshenziswa kukagesi ngezidingo zasekhaya nezimboni - uNikola Tesla. Kwakungusosayensi nonjiniyela ome njengeqanda owasungula imigomo yokuthola ukushintshana kwamanje, ukudluliswa kwayo, ukuguqulwa nokusetshenziswa kumadivayisi kagesi. Abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuthi inhlekelele yaseTunguska ingumphumela wesipiliyoni sikaTesla ekudlulisweni kwamandla ngokushesha ngaphandle kwezintambo.

UNikola Tesla

11. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, umDashi uHeike Onnes wakwazi ukuthola i-helium ewuketshezi. Ngenxa yalokhu, kwakudingeka ukupholisa igesi ize ifike ku -267 ° C. Lapho umbono uphumelela, u-Onnes akazange ayeke ukuhlolwa. Upholise i-mercury kulelo zinga lokushisa elifanayo futhi wathola ukuthi ukumelana kagesi kuketshezi oluqinile lwensimbi kwehlele ku-zero. Le yindlela okutholwe ngayo izinto ezihamba phambili.

UHeike Onnes - Umklomelo kaNobel

12. Amandla esiteleka sombani esimaphakathi angama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingama-50. Kungabonakala njengokuqhuma kwamandla. Kungani bengakenzi mizamo yokuyisebenzisa nganoma iyiphi indlela? Impendulo ilula - isiteleka sombani sifushane kakhulu. Futhi uma uhumusha lezi zigidi zibe ngama-kilowatt-hours, aveza ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, kuvela ukuthi kukhishwa amahora angama-1,400 kilowatt kuphela.

13. Isikhungo sokuphehla ugesi sokuqala emhlabeni sanikeza esamanje ngo-1882. NgoSepthemba 4, ama-generator aklanywa futhi akhiqizwa yinkampani kaThomas Edison axhasa amakhaya angamakhulu amaningana eNew York City. I-Russia yasalela emuva isikhathi esifushane kakhulu - ngo-1886, isitshalo samandla, esise-Winter Palace, saqala ukusebenza. Amandla ayo ayelokhu ekhula njalo, futhi ngemuva kweminyaka engu-7 amalambu angama-30,000 anikezwa amandla yiwo.

Ngaphakathi kwesikhungo sokuqala samandla

14. Udumo luka-Edison njengobuhlakani bukagesi luba nehaba kakhulu. Ngokungangabazeki wayeyimenenja ehlakaniphile futhi emkhulu kunabo bonke kuma-R & D. Kuyini kuphela uhlelo lwakhe lokusungulwa, okwenziwe empeleni! Kodwa-ke, isifiso sokusungula njalo okuthile ngosuku olubekiwe naso sasinezinhlangothi ezingezinhle. "Impi yemisinga" eyodwa kuphela phakathi kuka-Edison noWestinghouse noNikola Tesla yabiza abathengi bakagesi (futhi ngubani omunye okhokhele i-PR emnyama nezinye izindleko ezihlobene nayo?) Amakhulu ezigidi alabo abasekelwa ngama-dollar egolide. Kepha endleleni, abaseMelika bathola isihlalo sikagesi - u-Edison wacindezela ukubulawa kwezigebengu ngokushintshana kwamanje ukuze akhombise ubungozi bayo.

15. Emazweni amaningi omhlaba, amandla kagesi wamanethiwekhi kagesi angama-volts angama-220 - 240. E-United States nakwamanye amazwe amaningi, abathengi banikezwa ama-volts ayi-120. EJapan, amandla kagesi amakhulu angama-volts ayi-100. Ukushintshwa kusuka ku-voltage eyodwa kuya kwenye kubiza kakhulu. Ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe II, kwakukhona i-voltage ye-volts eyi-127 e-USSR, kwabe sekuqala ukushintshela kancane kancane kuma-volts angama-220 - ngakho, ukulahleka kumanethiwekhi kwehla izikhathi ezine. Kodwa-ke, abanye abathengi batshintshelwe kumbane omusha ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1980.

16. IJapan ihambe ngendlela yayo ekunqumeni imvamisa yamanje kunethiwekhi kagesi. Ngomehluko wonyaka ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zezwe, imishini yamaza we-50 no-60 hertz yathengwa kubaphakeli bangaphandle. Lokhu kwakubuyela emuva ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, futhi kusekhona amazinga amabili okuvama ezweni. Kodwa-ke, uma ubheka iJapan, kunzima ukusho ukuthi lokhu kungqubuzana kwezikhathi ezithile kunomthelela ngandlela thile ekuthuthukisweni kwezwe.

17. Ukwehluka kwamandla kagesi emazweni ahlukene kuholele ekutheni okungenani kunezinhlobo eziyi-13 ezihlukene zamaplagi nezisekelo emhlabeni. Ekugcineni, yonke le cacophony ikhokhwa ngumthengi othenga ama-adapters, aletha amanethiwekhi ahlukene ezindlini futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, akhokhela ukulahlekelwa ezintanjeni nakuma-transformer. Ku-Intanethi, ungathola izikhalazo eziningi ezivela kubantu baseRussia abathuthele e-United States ngokuthi ayikho imishini yokuwasha ezindlini ezifulethini - bona, ikakhulukazi, basendaweni yokuhlanza okwabelwana ngayo kwenye indawo egumbini elingaphansi. Impela ngoba imishini yokuwasha idinga ulayini ohlukile, obizayo ukufaka emafulethini.

Lezi akuzona zonke izinhlobo zezitolo

18. Kungabonakala sengathi umqondo womshini wokunyakaza ongapheli, owawufe unomphela eBose, waphila ngomqondo womshini wokukhipha amandla okugcina amandla (PSPP). Umlayezo wokuqala ozwakalayo - wokuxazulula ukushintshashintsha kwansuku zonke ekusetshenzisweni kukagesi - walethwa ezingeni lokungabi nangqondo. Baqala ukuklama nokwakha izikhala zamandla okugcina amandla empompo noma ngabe akukho ukushintshashintsha kwansuku zonke noma kuncane. Ngokunjalo, amaqabane anobuqili aqala ukusinda osopolitiki ngemibono ethandekayo. EJalimane, ngokwesibonelo, kulo nyaka kubhekwa iphrojekthi yokwakha indawo yokugcina amanzi ngaphansi kwamanzi ampontshwa olwandle. Njengoba ikhulelwe ngabadali, udinga ukufaka ibhola likakhonkolo elingenalutho ngaphansi kwamanzi. Izogcwalisa amanzi ngamandla adonsela phansi. Lapho kudingeka ugesi owengeziwe, amanzi avela ebholeni azonikezwa ophephela. Ungakhonza kanjani? Amaphampu kagesi, kunjalo.

19. Umbhangqwana onempikiswano enkulu, ukusho ngokuthobeka, izixazululo ezivela emkhakheni wamandla angajwayelekile. E-US, beza nezicathulo ezigijimayo ezikhiqiza ama-watts ama-3 kagesi ngehora (uma uhamba, kunjalo). Futhi e-Australia kunesikhungo samandla esishisayo esishisa kafushane. Ithani elilodwa nengxenye lamagobolondo liguqulwa libe u-megawatts owodwa nohhafu kagesi ngehora elilodwa.

20. Amandla aluhlaza asebenzise uhlelo lobumbano lwase-Australia esimweni sokuya "endle". Ukushoda kukagesi, okuvele ngemuva kokushintshwa kwamandla we-TPP ngezikhungo zamandla elanga nomoya, kuholele ekukhuphukeni kwentengo. Ukukhuphuka kwentengo kuholele ekutheni abantu base-Australia bafake ama-solar panel emakhaya abo, nogesi bomoya abaseduze nezindlu. Lokhu kuzoqhubekisela phambili ukungalingani kohlelo. Ama-opharetha kufanele wethule amakhono amasha, adinga imali entsha, okungukuthi, ukwanda kwamanani amasha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uhulumeni uxhasa wonke ama-kilowatt kagesi awutholayo ngemuva kwendlu, ngenkathi ebeka izimfuno nezimfuno ezingabekezeleleki kwizikhungo zikagesi zendabuko.

Isimo se-Australia

21. Wonke umuntu uyazi isikhathi eside ukuthi ugesi owuthola ovela ezitshalweni zamandla ezishisayo "ungcolile" - i-CO ikhishwa₂, ukushisa kokushisa, ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke, njll. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izazi zemvelo azithuleli ngokuthi i-СО efanayo₂ibuye ikhiqizwe ekukhiqizeni amandla elanga, i-geothermal, kanye namandla omoya (izinto ezingezona ezemvelo kakhulu ziyadingeka ukuyithola). Izinhlobo zamandla ezihlanzeke kunazo zonke amandla enuzi namanzi.

22. Kwelinye lamadolobha aseCalifornia, isibani se-incandescent, esakhanyiswa ngo-1901, siqhubeka sikhanyiswa emnyangweni wezicishamlilo. Isibani esinamandla ama-watts ama-4 kuphela senziwe ngu-Adolphe Schaie, owazama ukuncintisana no-Edison. Intambo yekhabhoni iyashuba okuphindwe kaningana kunemicu yezibani zesimanje, kepha ukuqina kwesibani sikaChaier akunqunywa yileli phuzu. Imicu yesimanje (ngokunembile, imimoya) ye-incandescence iyashisa lapho ishisa kakhulu. Imicu yamalahle esimweni esifanayo imane ikhiphe ukukhanya okwengeziwe.

Isibani somnikazi werekhodi

23. I-electrocardiogram ibizwa ngogesi nhlobo ngoba itholakala ngosizo lwenethiwekhi kagesi. Yonke imisipha yomzimba womuntu, kufaka phakathi inhliziyo, inkontileka futhi idala amandla kagesi. Amadivayisi ayawaqopha, futhi udokotela, ebheka i-cardiogram, wenza ukuxilongwa.

24. Induku yombani, njengoba wonke umuntu azi, yasungulwa nguBenjamin Franklin ngo-1752. Kuphela edolobheni laseNevyansk (manje okuyisifunda saseSverdlovsk) ngo-1725 kwaqedwa ukwakhiwa kombhoshongo onobude obungamamitha angaphezu kwama-57. Umbhoshongo waseNevyansk wawusuvele uthweswe umqhele wenduku.