ICambodia eyisimanga ilahlekile phakathi kwamahlathi aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, eshaya ngokungafani phakathi kwemvelo engathintwanga namadolobha aphithizelayo anombala ogqamile. Izwe liyaziqhenya ngamathempeli asendulo, elinye lawo i-Angkor Wat. Isakhiwo esikhulu esingcwele sigcina izimfihlo nezinganekwane zedolobha lonkulunkulu nenhloko-dolobha yoMbuso wasendulo waseKhmer.
Ukuphakama kwenxanxathela yamazinga amathathu, enziwe ngamathani ayizigidi eziningana etshe lesihlabathi, kufinyelela kumamitha angama-65. Endaweni edlula indawo yaseVatican, kunemipheme ephelele kanye namathala, imibhoshongo ebabazekayo, izingaphambili zayo ezaqala ukwakhiwa futhi zapendwa ngesandla ngaphansi kombusi oyedwa, zagcina sezivele zingaphansi komunye umbusi. Umsebenzi uthathe iminyaka engama-30.
Umlando wokwakhiwa kwethempeli lika-Angkor Wat
Inhlokodolobha yoMbuso waseKhmer yakhiwa ngaphezu kwamakhulu amane eminyaka. Abavubukuli bakholelwa ukuthi indawo yedolobha yayingamamitha-skwele angama-200. km. Eminyakeni engamakhulu amane, kuvele amathempeli amaningi, amanye awo angabonakala namuhla. I-Angkor Wat yakhiwa ngesikhathi lapho umbuso wasendulo wawuphethwe nguSuryavapman II. Inkosi yafa ngo-1150, futhi isakhiwo, esakhiwa ngokuhlonipha uNkulunkulu uVishnu, ngemuva kokufa kombusi, samyisa ethuneni.
Ngekhulu le-15, i-Angkor yathunjwa ngabakwaThais, futhi izakhamizi zakule ndawo, okwathi, ngokusho kwezazi-mlando, zazingaba yisigidi, zasuka edolobheni zaya eningizimu yezwe futhi zasungula inhlokodolobha entsha. Kwenye yezinganekwane kuthiwa uMbusi wayala ukuthi indodana yomfundisi icwiliswe echibini. UNkulunkulu wathukuthela futhi wathumela uzamcolo e-Angkor eyayichuma.
Ososayensi abaqondi namanje ukuthi kungani abanqobi bengahlali edolobheni elicebile, uma abantu bendawo belishiya. Enye inganekwane isitshela ukuthi unkulunkulukazi wasenganekwaneni, owaphenduka waba nobuhle futhi wehla evela ezulwini waya enkosini, wavele wathandana ngokungazelelwe futhi wayeka ukuza kumbusi. Ezinsukwini lapho engabonakali khona, u-Angkor wahlaselwa yishwa.
Incazelo yesakhiwo
Isakhiwo esikhulu sethempeli sihlaba umxhwele ngokuvumelana nangokushelela kwemigqa. Yakhiwa egqumeni elinesihlabathi ukusuka phezulu kuye ezansi, kusukela enkabeni kuye emaphethelweni. Igceke elingaphandle le-Angkor Wat lizungezwe umsele obanzi ogcwele amanzi. Isakhiwo esingunxande esilinganisa i-1,300 nge-1,500 m siqukethe izingqimba ezintathu, ezimele izakhi zemvelo - umhlaba, umoya, amanzi. Epulatifomu enkulu kunemibhoshongo ebabazekayo emi-5, ngayinye efanekisela enye yeziqongo zeMount Meru yasenganekwaneni, ephakeme kakhulu iphakama maphakathi nendawo. Yakhiwa njengendawo yokuhlala kaNkulunkulu.
Izindonga zamatshe eziyinkimbinkimbi zihlotshiswe ngokuqoshwa. Esigabeni sokuqala, kunemibukiso enezinhlaka ezisezingeni lohlamvu lwesiKhmer, kwesibili kunezibalo zabadansi basezulwini. Izithombe zihlanganiswe ngokumangazayo nokwakhiwa kwethempeli, ekubukekeni lapho umuntu ezwa khona ithonya lamasiko amabili - amaNdiya kanye namaShayina.
Zonke izakhiwo zitholakala ngokulingana. Ngaphandle kokuthi i-Angkor Wat izungezwe yimizimba yamanzi, le ndawo ayikaze igcwale amanzi, ngisho nangesikhathi semvula. Umgwaqo uholela ekungeneni okukhulu kwalesi sakhiwo, esisengxenyeni esentshonalanga, ezinhlangothini zombili zazo kunezithombe zezinyoka ezinamakhanda ayisikhombisa. Umbhoshongo ngamunye wesango uhambelana nengxenye ethile yomhlaba. Ngezansi kwegopura eseningizimu kunesithombe sikaVishnu.
Zonke izakhiwo zethempeli eziyinkimbinkimbi zenziwe ngokushelela kakhulu, njengokungathi ngamatshe apholishiwe, ahlanganiswe ngokuqinile. Futhi yize iKhmer ingasisebenzisanga isixazululo, akukho ukuqhekeka noma ukuthungwa okubonakalayo. Kusuka kunoma yiluphi uhlangothi umuntu engeke asondele ethempelini, ababaze ubuhle balo nobukhulu balo, akasoze abona yonke imibhoshongo emi-5, kodwa emithathu kuphela yayo. Lawa maqiniso athakazelisayo akhombisa ukuthi okuyinkimbinkimbi, okwakhiwa ngekhulu le-XII, kungubuciko bokwakha.
Amakholomu, uphahla lwethempeli kuhlotshiswe ngemifanekiso eqoshiwe, futhi izindonga zihlotshiswe nge-bas-relief. Umbhoshongo ngamunye ubunjwe njengehlumela elihle le-lotus, ukuphakama kwelinkulu kufinyelela kumamitha angama-65. Zonke lezi zakhiwo zixhunywe ngamaphaseji, futhi kusukela kumagalari ezinga elilodwa umuntu angafika kwesesibili, bese eye kwesithathu.
Emnyango wesigaba sokuqala kunemibhoshongo emi-3. Igcine amapaneli anezithombe ezivela ku-epic yasendulo, ubude bayo bucishe bube ikhilomitha. Ukubabaza okusizwayo, umuntu kufanele adabule uchungechunge lwamakholomu amahle. Uphahla lwethayi lushaya ngokuqoshwa okwenziwe ngendlela yelotus.
Imibhoshongo yezinga lesibili ixhunywe ngamaphaseji nalawo asezingeni lokuqala. Amapalati esikhaleni ake agcwala amanzi emvula futhi asebenza njengamachibi okubhukuda. Izitebhisi ezimaphakathi ziholela esigabeni sesithathu, sehlukaniswe ngezikwele ezine futhi sisekuphakameni kwamamitha angama-25.
Lesi sakhiwo asakhelwanga amakholwa avamile, kepha senzelwe abantu abaphezulu bezenkolo. Amakhosi angcwatshwa kuwo. Imvelaphi yethempeli ishiwo ngokuthakazelisayo kule nsumansumane. Isikhulu seKhmer sikwazile ukuvakashela e-Indra. Ubuhle besigodlo sakhe sasezulwini esinemibhoshongo ebabazekayo yamangaza lensizwa. Futhi uNkulunkulu wanquma ukunika u-Preah Ket okufanayo, kodwa emhlabeni.
Ukuvula isiko lomhlaba
Ngemuva kokuthi izakhamizi zishiye i-Angkor, izindela zamaBuddha zahlala ethempelini. Futhi yize isithunywa sevangeli sasePortugal samvakashela ngekhulu le-16, uHenri Muo watshela umhlaba ngesimangaliso somhlaba. Ebona imibhoshongo phakathi kwehlathi, isihambi esivela eFrance sathinteka kakhulu ngenxa yobukhazikhazi besakhiwo saze sachaza ubuhle be-Angkor Wat embikweni wayo. Ngekhulu le-19, izivakashi zaya eCambodia.
Ngezikhathi ezinzima, lapho izwe lalibuswa yiKhmer Rouge, eholwa nguPol Pot, amathempeli aqala ukutholakala kososayensi, abavubukuli nabahambi. Futhi kusukela ngo-1992 kuphela isimo sesishintshile. Imali yokubuyiselwa ivela emazweni ahlukene, kepha kuzothatha isikhathi esingaphezu kweshumi elilodwa ukubuyisa isakhiwo.
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye, isazi-mlando saseNgilandi siveze umbono wokuthi ithempeli elingcwele liwumbukiso wengxenye yeMilky Way emhlabeni. Ukubekwa kwezakhiwo kufana nokuvunguza komlaza i-Draco. Njengomphumela wesifundo sekhompyutha, kwatholakala ukuthi amathempeli wedolobha lasendulo akhombisa ngempela ukuhleleka kwezinkanyezi zeDragoni, okwakubonwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-10 eyedlule eminyakeni ye-equinox, yize kwaziwa kahle ukuthi i-Angkor Wat yakhiwa nini - ngekhulu le-XII.
Ososayensi bacabanga ukuthi izakhiwo eziyinhloko zenhloko-dolobha yoMbuso waseKhmer zazakhiwe ezakhiweni ezazivele zikhona. Ubuchwepheshe besimanje abukwazanga ukuphinda ubungangamsha bamathempeli aphethwe ngesisindo sawo, awabopheki nganoma iyiphi indlela futhi alingana kahle.
Ungafika kanjani esakhiweni sethempeli i-Angkor Wat
Lapho kutholakala khona idolobha laseSien Reap kumephu. Kusuka lapho ukuthi uhambo oluya enhlokodolobha yasendulo yoMbuso waseKhmer luqala, ibanga alikho ngaphezu kwe-6 km. Ungafika kanjani ethempelini, isivakashi ngasinye sikhetha ngokuzimela - ngetekisi noma nge-tuk-tuk. Inketho yokuqala izobiza u- $ 5, eyesibili ibe ngu- $ 2.
Ungafika eSien Reap:
- ngomoya;
- ngomhlaba;
- emanzini.
Sikukwazisa ukuthi ubheke iSonto loMsindisi ngeGazi Elichithekile.
Izindiza ezivela eVietnam, Korea, Thailand zifika esikhumulweni sezindiza sedolobha. Amabhasi asuka eBangkok nasenhlokodolobha yaseCambodia. Isikebhe esincane sisuka ePhnom Penh echibini leTonle Sap ehlobo.
Izindleko zokuvakashela lesi sakhiwo zixhomeke kulokho izivakashi ezifuna ukukubona. Intengo yethikithi eya e-Angkor iqala ku- $ 37 ngosuku, futhi umzila ungama-20 sq. Kwaphela isonto lokuhamba uzungeze idolobha lasendulo futhi ujwayelene namathempeli acishe abe ngu-3, udinga ukukhokha u- $ 72.
Kukhona njalo abahambi abaningi endaweni yase-Angkor Wat. Ukuthatha isithombe esihle, kungcono uye egcekeni bese uzama ukuhlala lapho kuze kushone ilanga. Ungazula uzungeze imibhoshongo ebabazekayo nemipheme, ependwe ngezigcawu zezimpi, uwedwa noma njengengxenye yohambo.
Umsele onamanzi azungeze inkimbinkimbi ezungeze ipherimitha wenza isiqhingi esinendawo engamahektha angama-200. Ukungena kuso, udinga ukuhamba ngamabhuloho amatshe aholela ezinhlangothini ezimbili eziphikisanayo zepiramidi enyathelwe ethempelini. Indlela yomgwaqo yamabhulokhi amakhulu ibekwe emnyango osentshonalanga, eduze kwayo kunemibhoshongo emi-3. Ngakwesokudla endlini engcwele kunesithombe esikhulu sikankulunkulu uVishnu. Ezinhlangothini zombili zomgwaqo kukhona imitapo yolwazi ephuma entshonalanga, enyakatho, empumalanga naseningizimu. Amachibi okufakelwa atholakala eduze nethempeli.
Abavakashi abakhuphuka esigabeni sesibili bazobona isithombe esimangazayo semibhoshongo eyinhloko. Ngamunye wabo angasondela ngamabhuloho amatshe amancane. Ubukhulu besigaba sesithathu senkimbinkimbi bukhombisa ukuphelela nokuzwana kokwakhiwa kweKhmer.
Ucwaningo olwenziwe ososayensi nabavubukuli ensimini yenhlokodolobha yasendulo yombuso ochumayo luzoveza izimfihlo ezintsha zethempeli eliyindida nelikhulu le-Angkor Wat. Umlando wesikhathi seKhmer uyabuyiselwa ngenxa yemibhalo eqoshiwe kubuciko nobuciko bokwakha. Amaqiniso amaningi akhombisa ukuthi abantu bahlala lapha isikhathi eside kakhulu, futhi idolobha lonkulunkulu lasungulwa yinzalo yempucuko yasendulo.
Umbono obabazekayo uzovulela abahambi abanquma ukundiza phezu kwethempeli ngendiza enophephela emhlane noma ibhaluni lomoya elishisayo. Izinkampani zezokuvakasha zikulungele ukuhlinzeka ngale nsizakalo.
