Ubusuku be-Crystal, noma Ubusuku beWindows ephukile - I-pogrom yamaJuda (uchungechunge lokuhlaselwa okuhlelekile) kulo lonke elaseJalimane lamaNazi, ezingxenyeni ezithile ze-Austria naseSudetenland ngoNovemba 9-10, 1938, okwenziwa yiziphepho zaseNingizimu Afrika kanye nezakhamizi.
Amaphoyisa agweme ukuvimbela le micimbi. Ngemuva kwalokhu kuhlasela, imigwaqo eminingi beyimbozwe ngamafasitela ezitolo, izakhiwo namasinagoge amaJuda. Yingakho igama lesibili le- "Kristallnacht" lithi "Night of Broken Glass Windows".
Inkambo yemicimbi
Isizathu salokhu kubulawa kwabantu abaningi kwakuwubugebengu obusezingeni eliphezulu eParis, obatolikwa nguGoebbels njengokuhlasela kwamaJuda aphesheya eJalimane. NgoNovemba 7, 1939, usomaqhinga waseJalimane u-Ernst vom Rath wabulawa kwinxusa laseGerman eFrance.
URath wadutshulwa ngumJuda wasePoland ogama lakhe linguHerschel Grinshpan. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ekuqaleni uHerschel oneminyaka engu-17 wayehlele ukubulala uCount Johannes von Welczek, inxusa laseJalimane eFrance, efisa ukuziphindiselela kuye ngokudingiswa kwamaJuda eJalimane ePoland.
Kodwa-ke, kwakungu-Ernst vom Rath, esikhundleni sikaWelczek, owathola uGrinszpan kwinxusa. Le nsizwa yanquma ukuqeda usomaqhinga ngokumdubula ngezinhlamvu ezi-5. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi empeleni u-Ernst wayebugxeka ubuNazi ngenxa yenqubomgomo yokulwa nobuJuda futhi wayephansi kokuqondiswa okucashile kweGestapo.
Kepha ngenkathi uHerschel enza icala lakhe, wayengazi neze ngalo. Ngemuva kokubulala, waboshwa ngokushesha ngamaphoyisa aseFrance. Ngenkathi lesi sigameko sibikwa ku-Adolf Hitler, wathumela udokotela wakhe uKarl Brandt eFrance, okusobala ukuthi welapha i-vom Rath.
Kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi azikho kulezi zinhlamvu ezi-5 ezilimaze kakhulu umzimba ka-von Rath. Ngokumangazayo, wadlula emhlabeni ngenxa yokumpontshelwa igazi okungahambelani okwenziwa nguBrandt.
Njengoba kwavela kamuva, ukubulawa kwenxusa laseJalimane kuhlelwe abezinsizakalo ezikhethekile zamaNazi, lapho "ikhasimende" kwakunguFuhrer uqobo.
UHitler wayedinga izaba ezithile ukuze aqale ukushushisa abantu abangamaJuda, ayenengeka kakhulu ngabo. Ngemuva kokubulawa, inhloko yoMbuso Wesithathu yayalela ukuthi kuvalwe zonke izincwadi zamaJuda nezikhungo zamasiko eJalimane.
Izwe lethulwa umkhankaso obucayi wokuqamba amanga ngokumelene namaJuda. Abahleli bawo abaphambili kwakunguGoebbels, Himmler noHeydrich. INational Socialist Labour Party (NSDAP), emelwe ngabakwaGoebbels, ithe ngeke izehlise isithunzi ngokuhlela noma yimiphi imibhikisho emelene namaSemite.
Kodwa-ke, uma kuyintando yabantu baseJalimane, abomthetho baseJalimane ngeke bangenelele kulesi sehlakalo.
Ngakho-ke, iziphathimandla empeleni zakuvumela ukwenziwa kokubulawa kwabantu ngamaJuda esifundazweni. AmaNazi, egqoke izingubo ezingezona ezomphakathi, aqala ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi ezitolo zamaJuda, amasinagoge nezinye izakhiwo.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi abamele i-Hitler Youth kanye namabutho okuhlasela bashintshe ngamabomu baba izingubo ezijwayelekile ukukhombisa ukuthi abahlangani neqembu nombuso. Ngokufana nalokhu, izinsizakalo ezikhethekile zaseJalimane zavakashela wonke amasinagoge ababehlela ukuwachitha, ukuze basindise amadokhumenti, aqukethe imininingwane ngamaJuda azelwe.
Ngesikhathi seKristallnacht, ngokwemiyalo ye-SD, akekho noyedwa owezizwe, okubandakanya namaJuda angaphandle, owalimala. Ama-ejensi okuphoqelela umthetho abopha amaJuda amaningi ngangokunokwenzeka emajele asendaweni.
Kakhulukazi amaphoyisa ayebopha izinsizwa ezincane. Ngobusuku bangoNovemba 9-10, kwaqubuka ukubulawa kwabantu ngamaJuda emadolobheni amaningi aseJalimane. Ngenxa yalokhu, amasinagoge ayi-9 kwayi-12 ashiswa “yizakhamizi”. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ayikho neyodwa injini yomlilo eyabamba iqhaza ekucimeni imililo.
EVienna kuphela, kwathinteka amasinagoge angaphezu kuka-40. Ukulandela amasinagoge, amaJalimane aqala ukushaya izitolo zamaJuda eBerlin - akukho neyodwa kulezi zitolo eyasinda. Ababulala abantu babulala le mpango noma bayiphonsa emgwaqweni.
AmaJuda ahlangana namaNazi endleleni ashaywa kanzima. Isithombe esifanayo besenzeka kwamanye amadolobha oMbuso Wesithathu.
Izisulu kanye nemiphumela yeKristallnacht
Ngokwezibalo ezisemthethweni, okungenani ama-91 amaJuda abulawa ngesikhathi seKristallnacht. Kodwa-ke, izazi-mlando eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi inani lokufa lalisezinkulungwaneni. Amanye amaJuda angama-30,000 athunyelwa emakamu okuhlushwa.
Impahla yangasese yamaJuda yacekelwa phansi, kepha iziphathimandla zaseJalimane zenqaba ukukhokhela umonakalo owenziwe ngumgcinimafa kahulumeni. Ekuqaleni, amaNazi adedela amaJuda aboshiwe ngombandela wokuthi azosuka eJalimane ngokushesha.
Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kokubulawa kommeli waseJalimane eFrance, amazwe amaningi emhlabeni enqaba ukwamukela amaJuda. Ngenxa yalokho, ngeshwa kwadingeka ukuthi bafune wonke amathuba okuphunyuka eMbusweni Wesithathu.
Izazi-mlando eziningi ziyavuma ukuthi okungenani abantu abayizi-2 000 bafa emasontweni okuqala emva kweKristallnacht, ngenxa yokuphathwa kabi onogada basejele.
Yize ubugebengu obunyantisayo bamaNazi baziwa emhlabeni wonke, alikho izwe elaphuma lagxeka kakhulu iJalimane. Izizwe eziholayo buthule zibukele ukubulawa kwabantu bamaJuda okwaqala eKristallnacht.
Kamuva, ochwepheshe abaningi bazomemezela ukuthi ukube umhlaba ubusabele ngokushesha kulezi zenzo zobugebengu, uHitler ubengeke akwazi ukuqala umkhankaso wokulwa namaSulumane ngokushesha okungaka. Kodwa-ke, lapho uFuhrer ebona ukuthi akekho omvimbayo, waqala ukuqothula amaJuda kakhulu.
Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi akukho nelilodwa kulawa mazwe elalifuna ukonakalisa ubudlelwano neJalimane, eyayizihlomisa ngokushesha futhi iba yisitha esiya ngokuya siyingozi.
UJoseph Goebbels wayefuna ukwakha icala elizofakazela ukuthi kukhona uzungu lwamaJuda emhlabeni wonke. Ngale njongo, amaNazi ayedinga uGrynshpan, ababehlela ukuwethula emphakathini "njengethuluzi" lezehlakalo zamaJuda.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amaNazi ayefuna ukwenza konke ngokuhambisana nomthetho, ngenxa yalokho uGrinshpan wanikezwa ummeli. Ummeli unikeze uGoebbels umugqa wokuzivikela, okusho ukuthi iwadi lakhe labulala usomaqhinga waseJalimane ngezizathu zomuntu siqu, okungukuthi, ubuhlobo bobungqingili obabukhona phakathi kwakhe no-Ernst vom Rath.
Ngisho nangaphambi kokuzama ukubulala uFom Rath, uHitler wayazi ukuthi uyisitabane. Kodwa-ke, akazange afune ukwenza leli qiniso laziwe emphakathini, ngenxa yalokho wenqaba ukuhlela inqubo yomphakathi. Lapho uGrynszpan ewela ezandleni zamaJalimane, wayiswa ekamu laseSachsenhausen, lapho afela khona.
Ukukhumbula uKristallnacht, ngoNovemba 9 minyaka yonke, kugujwa uSuku Lomhlaba Wonke Lokulwa NobuFascist, Ubuhlanga Nokulwa NamaJuda.
Izithombe zeKristallnacht
