UMark Tullius Cicero (Ngo-106 BC. Ngenxa yethalente lakhe lokufundisa, wenza umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu (waqhamuka emndenini ojwayelekile), wangena eSenate futhi waba ngummeli. Wayengomunye wabasekeli abaqhakazile bokugcina uhlelo lwe-republican, alukhokhela ngempilo yakhe.
UCicero ushiye ifa elikhulu lemibhalo, ingxenye yalo ebalulekile esasinda kuze kube namuhla. Kakade esikhathini sasendulo, imisebenzi yakhe yathola idumela njengokujwayelekile ngokwesitayela, futhi manje ingumthombo obaluleke kakhulu wolwazi ngazo zonke izici zempilo yaseRoma ngekhulu lokuqala BC. e. 
Izinhlamvu eziningi zikaCicero zaba yisisekelo sesiko lase-epistolari laseYurophu; izinkulumo zakhe, ikakhulukazi ama-Catilinaries, ziphakathi kwezibonelo ezigqame kakhulu zalolu hlobo. Izincwadi zefilosofi zikaCicero zingukuchazwa okuphelele ngokuphelele kwayo yonke ifilosofi yamaGrikhi yasendulo, eyenzelwe abafundi abakhuluma isiLatin, futhi ngalomqondo badlala indima ebalulekile emlandweni wesiko lasendulo lamaRoma.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaCicero, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane kaMark Tullius Cicero.
Umlando weCicero
UCicero wazalwa ngoJanuwari 3, 106 BC. edolobheni lasendulo laseRoma i-Arpinum. Wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini womgibeli wehhashi uMark Tullius Cicero nomkakhe uHelvia, ababenesizinda esihle.
Lapho uCicero eneminyaka engaba ngu-15 ubudala, yena nomndeni wakhe bathuthela eRoma, lapho babengathola khona imfundo enhle. Ephupha ngokuba yisikhulumi sokwahlulela, wafunda izinkondlo nezincwadi zamaGrikhi ngentshisekelo enkulu, waphinde wafunda izinkulumo ezivela kubaculi abadumile.
Kamuva, uMark wafunda umthetho waseRoma, walwazi kahle ulimi lwesiGreki futhi wajwayela imiqondo ehlukahlukene yefilosofi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi wayethanda ulimi lwesigodi - ubuciko bempikiswano.
Isikhathi esithile, uCicero wakhonza ebuthweni likaLucius Cornelius Sulla. Kodwa-ke, kamuva wabuyela esifundweni sesayensi ehlukahlukene, engenandaba ngokukhethekile nezindaba zempi.
Izincwadi nefilosofi
Okokuqala, uMark Tullius Cicero wazibonakalisa njenge-orator yesigaba sokuqala, ngakho-ke wathola inhlonipho enkulu kubantu bakubo. Ngalesi sizathu, ushicilele imisebenzi eminingi, ngandlela thile ehlobene nokukhuluma.
Emibhalweni yakhe, uCicero wanikeza iseluleko esisebenzayo sendlela yokwethula izinkulumo phambi kwezithameli nokuthi ngobuciko aveze eyakhe imibono. Izihloko ezifanayo zembulwe emibhalweni enjengethi "I-Orator", "Ekwakhiweni Kwenkulumo", "Ekutholakaleni Izinto" neminye imisebenzi.
UCicero wethule imibono eminingi emisha ehlose ukuthuthukisa izinkulumo. Ngokusho kwakhe, isikhulumi esihle asikwazi ukukhuluma kahle phambi komphakathi kuphela, kodwa futhi nokuba nolwazi oluningi, sitadisha umlando, ifilosofi kanye nezomthetho.
Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi isikhulumi sigcine umuzwa wokungacunuli futhi sixhumane nezilaleli. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukungaguquguquki kubaluleke kakhulu, okungenye yezingxenye eziyinhloko zokubhala. Uma kwenzeka ukuthi umbhali asebenzise amagama amasha noma amancane aziwayo, kufanele awasebenzise ngendlela yokuthi acace ngisho nakubantu abajwayelekile. Akukho lutho olungalungile ngokusebenzisa izingathekiso, kodwa kufanele kube ngokwemvelo.
Esinye isici esibalulekile somkhulumeli, uCicero ubize ikhono lokuphimisa amagama nemishwana ngokufanele nangokucacile. Izinkulumo eziphambi kosopolitiki noma amajaji kufanele zihleleke. Isibonelo, ukusebenzisa amahlaya kungahle kungakusizi ukudlulisa umyalezo wakho, kepha kwezinye izimo kuzokwenza inkulumo yakho ibe yemvelo ngokwengeziwe.
Umbhali kufanele “azizwe” izethameli, asebenzise ngokugcwele ithalente lakhe nolwazi oluqoqiwe. UCicero weluleke ukuthi angaqali ukukhuluma ngokudlanga kwemizwa. Ngokuphambene nalokho, imizwa kungcono ishiywe ekugcineni kokusebenza. Le yindlela ongathola ngayo imiphumela emihle kakhulu.
UMark Tullius Cicero uncoma ukuthi wonke umuntu afunde imisebenzi eminingi ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngenxa yalokhu, umuntu uthola hhayi kuphela ulwazi, kodwa futhi kwandisa izinga lokulawula igama.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi uCicero ubize umlando hhayi isayensi, kodwa uhlobo lwezincomo. Ngokubona kwakhe, ukuhlaziywa kwemicimbi eyedlule akubalulekile kangako. Uhlu lwendabuko lwezehlakalo zomlando aluvusi isithakazelo somfundi, ngoba kumnandi kakhulu kuye ukufunda ngezizathu ezenze abantu bathathe izinyathelo ezithile.
Imibono Yezombusazwe
Ababhali bezindaba zikaCicero baphawula ukunikela kwakhe okukhulu kumcabango wombuso nomthetho. Waphikisa ngokuthi zonke izikhulu kufanele zifunde ifilosofi.
Ukwenza phambi komphakathi kwaba umkhuba kuCicero eseneminyaka engama-25. Inkulumo yakhe yokuqala yanikezelwa kumashiqela uSulla. Naphezu kwengozi yokwahlulelwa, uhulumeni waseRoma akazange asilandele isikhulumi.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uMark Tullius Cicero wazinza e-Athene, lapho ahlola khona isayensi ehlukahlukene ngentshiseko enkulu. Ngemuva kokushona kukaSulla wabuyela eRoma. Lapha, abaningi baqala ukummema njengommeli enkantolo.
Imicabango yamaGrikhi yayihamba phambili emibonweni yezombusazwe kaCicero. Ngasikhathi sinye, umthetho wamaRoma wamukeleka kakhulu kuye. Encwadini yakhe ethi "On the State", isazi sefilosofi sathi umbuso ungowabantu.
Ngokusho kwale ndoda, iRiphabhulikhi yaseRoma yayidinga umbusi owayengaxazulula ngokuthula izingxabano ezaziphakathi kwabantu. Wasabela kabi ohlotsheni lwamandla olwethulwe u-Octavian Augustus. Isazi sefilosofi sasisekela uhlelo lwe-republican, imibono yalo eyayiphikisana ne-princeps.
Ngendlela, i-princeps eRiphabhulikhi yaseRoma kwakusho amasenator abalwa kuqala ohlwini lweSenate futhi abokuqala ukuvota. Ukuqala nge-Octavian, igama elithi "Princeps of the Senate" lalichaza umphathi wamandla yedwa - umbusi.
Umqondo womholi ophakeme kakhulu usashukumisa izingxoxo ezishubile phakathi kososayensi bezepolitiki. Iminyaka eminingi yobuciko bakhe, uCicero wayefuna imithetho ekahle ehlose ukulondoloza umbuso. Ukholelwe ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwezwe kwenzeka ngezindlela ezimbili - kuyafa noma kuyathuthuka.
Ukuze izwe lichume, kudingeka uhlaka olufanele lwezomthetho. Encwadini yakhe ethi "On the Laws" uCicero wethule ngokuningiliziwe ngombono womthetho wemvelo.
Kokubili abantu nonkulunkulu bayalingana phambi komthetho. UMark Tullius wabheka umthetho njengosayensi enzima okwakungeke kwenzeke ngisho nakubabhali bezomthetho. Ukuze imithetho iqale ukufana nobuciko, ababhali bayo kumele basebenzise ifilosofi nemibono yomthetho womphakathi.
UCicero uthe abukho ubulungiswa emhlabeni, nokuthi emva kokufa, umuntu ngamunye uzoba necala ngezenzo zakhe. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi isikhulumi asizange sikweluleke ukulandela umthetho ngqo, ngoba lokhu nakanjani kuholela ekungabini nabulungiswa.
Imibono enjalo yenze uCicero ukuthi afune ukuphathwa ngendlela efanele kwezigqila, akuhlukile neze kubasebenzi abaqashiwe. Ngemuva kokushona kukaCaesar, wethula inkhulumomphendvulwano ethi "On Friendship" kanye nomsebenzi othi "On Responsriers."
Kule misebenzi, isazi sefilosofi sabelana ngemicabango yaso ngokuwa kohlelo lwamaRiphabhuliki eRoma. Izinkulumo eziningi zikaCicero zahlukaniswa zaba izingcaphuno.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
UCicero wayeshade kabili. Umkakhe wokuqala kwakuyintombazane egama linguTerence. Kule nyunyana, lo mbhangqwana wawunentombazane uTullia nomfana uMark. Njengoba behlale ndawonye iminyaka engaba ngu-30, lo mbhangqwana wanquma ukuhamba.
Ngemuva kwalokho, umkhulumeli waphinde washada noPublius osemncane. Le ntombazane yayithandana kakhulu noCicero kangangokuthi wayenomona ngisho nendodakazi yakhe yokutholwa. Kodwa-ke, lo mshado washeshe wawa.
Ukufa
Ngemuva kokubulawa kukaJulius Caesar, isazi sefilosofi sazithola sisohlwini lokuvinjelwa kokuhlaselwa kwalo okujwayelekile kuMark Antony. Ngenxa yalokho, wabonwa njengesitha sabantu, futhi kwathathwa yonke impahla yakhe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kumenyezelwe umvuzo ngokubulala noma ukukhipha uhulumeni waseCicero. Isikhulumi sizamile ukubaleka, kepha asitholanga isikhathi. UMark Tullius Cicero wabulawa ngoDisemba 7, 43, eneminyaka engama-63.
Ababulali babamba umcabangi kude buduze nefa lakhe eFormia. Lapho ibona abantu bemlandela, le ndoda yayalela izigqila ukuthi zibeke i-palanquin phansi, eyayingaphakathi kuyo. Ngemuva kwalokho, uCicero wakhipha ikhanda lakhe ngaphansi kwekhethini walungisa intamo yakhe ngenkemba yalabo ababebasukela.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ikhanda elinqanyuliwe nezandla zesazi sefilosofi zayiswa ku-Antony, zabe sezibekwa endaweni yesikhulumi.
Isithombe sikaCicero
