Amalulwane cishe emhlabeni wonke ahlala eduze kwabantu, kepha, ngokumangazayo, aseqalile ukutadishwa kahle muva nje. Kwanele ukusho ukuthi emuva maphakathi nekhulu lamashumi amabili, lapho ososayensi kwamanye amagatsha esayensi base bevele behlukanisa ama-athomu ngamandla amakhulu futhi besebenzisa i-X-ray ngamandla, ozakwabo basebenzise izindlela zokufunda amakhono amalulwane ngokudonsa izintambo emzileni wendiza yabo namabhokisi ephepha anezimbobo ezifakwe emakhanda abo. ...
Imizwelo yabantu kulezi zilwane ezincane (iningi elinesisindo esifinyelela kuma-gramu ayi-10) isendaweni yokwesaba, engahlonishwa noma icishe ibe yisilwane. Indima idlalwa hhayi ukubukeka okukhanga kakhulu kwezidalwa ezinamaphiko anewebhu, nemisindo eziyenzayo, nendlela yokuphila yasebusuku, nezinganekwane ezibandayo ngamalulwane e-vampire.
Zimbalwa impela izinto ezimnandi ezilwaneni ezincelisayo kuphela ezindizayo, kepha azinaso usongo olufayo. Inkinga enkulu ehambisana namalulwane - i-biology yanamuhla ibhekisa kulo myalelo njengamalulwane - ukudluliswa kwezifo ezithathelwanayo. Amagundane ngokwawo anokuvikeleka okuhle kakhulu, kepha asabalalisa izifo ezingekho kubi kakhulu kunamagama azo angakwazi ukundiza. Akunasizathu sokulindela ingozi eqondile ezilwaneni ezisika omiyane ababanjiwe ngokudla kuphela izibopho.
Amalulwane ajwayele ukuhlala eduze nendawo yokuhlala abantu noma ngisho kuyo ngqo - ezindlini ezingaphansi kophahla, ezindlini ezingaphansi, njll. Kodwa-ke, ngokungafani nabanye abamele isilwane nomhlaba onezimpaphe, amalulwane cishe awahlangani nabantu. Lesi futhi ngesinye sezizathu esenza ulwazi lomuntu ngamalulwane lunqunyelwe. Kepha ososayensi nabaphenyi bakwazi ukusungula amaqiniso athakazelisayo.
1. Ngokuya ngolwazi oluqukethwe emithonjeni yesayensi ethandwayo, ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo basaqhubeka nokuhlukanisa amalulwane, izimpungushe, izinja nezinye izilwane ezingaboni kahle ezindiza ngosizo lwe-echolocation kanye namaphiko ane-webbed. Izici ezihlukile ezinjalo, kusobala, kuso sonke isazi semvelo, ziyasetshenziswa, njengokungabikho kozipho kuzwane lwesibili lwezingalo zangaphambili, ingxenye yobuso efushanisiwe yogebhezi, noma ukutholakala kwe-tragus ne-antigus ezindlebeni zangaphandle. Umbandela oyinhloko kuleli cala usabhekwa njengosayizi nesisindo. Uma uhlobo oluthile lwenyoni lundizela eduze kwakho, kuyilulwane. Uma lesi sidalwa esindizayo sibangela isifiso esingenakuvinjelwa sokubaleka ngosayizi waso, khona-ke unenhlanhla yokuhlangana nomunye wabamele abangavamile bamalulwane ezithelo. Izimpiko zalezi zinyoni zingafinyelela imitha elilodwa nohhafu. Abahlaseli abantu, kepha umthelela wengqondo yomhlambi wezinja ezindizayo ojikeleza ngokuyingozi kusihlwa kunzima ukuwenza ihaba. Ngasikhathi sinye, amalulwane ezithelo abukeka njengamakhophi akhulisiwe kaningi amalulwane, okuthi ezingeni lansuku zonke anikeze isizathu esithe xaxa sokuwahlanganisa kunokuwahlukanisa. Yiqiniso, ngokungafani namalulwane adla inyama, amalulwane adla izithelo adla izithelo namaqabunga kuphela.
2. Ukuqagela ukuthi amagundane anohlobo oluthile lomuzwa okhethekile obavumela ukuthi bagweme ukushayisana nezingqinamba ngisho nasebumnyameni kuvezwe nguprofesa waseNyuvesi yasePadua, u-Abbot Spallanzani ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18. Kodwa-ke, isimo sobuciko ngaleso sikhathi asizange sivumele umuntu ukuthi athole lo muzwa ngokuzama. Ngaphandle kokuthi udokotela waseGeneva uZhurine aqagele ukumboza izindlebe zamalulwane ngengcina futhi asho ukuthi cishe azinakuzisiza ngamehlo avulekile. Isazi esikhulu sezinto eziphilayo uGeorges Cuvier uthathe isinqumo sokuthi njengoba uNkulunkulu enganikanga izitho zomuntu zokubona ukuthi amalulwane azwani, khona-ke lo mbono uvela kuDeveli, futhi akunakwenzeka ukutadisha amakhono amalulwane (nakhu-ke, ithonya elingaqondile lezinkolelo-ze ezithandwayo ngenkolo kwisayensi ethuthukisiwe). Kusekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1930 kuphela lapho kwenzeka khona, kusetshenziswa imishini yesimanje, ukufakazela ukuthi amagundane asebenzisa amagagasi e-ultrasonic wemvelo ngokuphelele futhi ahlonipha uNkulunkulu.
3. E-Antarctica, kuthiwa kunezidalwa ezicishe zifane namalulwane amakhulu. Bazibiza ngama-cryones. Umhloli wamazwe waseMelika u-Alex Horwitz, impilo yakhe yathathwa yi-cryones, waba ngowokuqala ukuyichaza. AmaHorvits abona zombili izidumbu zamaqabane akhe, lapho amathambo asuswe khona, nama-cryons uqobo, noma kunalokho amehlo abo. Wakwazi ukwethusa izilo ezilingana nendoda, ezinomzimba welulwane, ngokudutshulwa kwesibhamu. AbaseMelika baphakamise ukuthi ama-cryones angaphila kuphela emazingeni okushisa aphansi kakhulu (-70 - -100 ° C). Ukushisa kuyabethusa, futhi ngisho nasekushiseni okungaba ngu-30 ° C bayazifihla njengezilwane ezinegazi elifudumele lapho kubanda. Ezingxoxweni zobuso nobuso nabahloli bamazwe baseSoviet, uHorowitz uphinde wathola ukwamukelwa okungaqondile ukuthi umlilo odumile esiteshini saseVostok ngo-1982 wabangelwa isiqhumane se-rocket esasibhekise ekhoneni. Laba baphunyukile baphunyula, irokhethi yesiginali lashaya i-hangar ye-generator kagesi, kwadala umlilo owacishe waba yingozi kubahloli bamazwe abancane. Indaba yavela yafana ne-Hollywood action movie, kepha akusikho ukuthi akekho, ngaphandle kukaHorvits, oke wabona amagundane e-Antarctic polar cryon. Akekho owabona uGorvits uqobo nasezinhlwini zabahloli bamazwe baseMelika. Abahloli bamazwe baseSoviet, abasinda ngokuyisimangaliso ebusika ngo-1982 esiteshini saseVostok ngenxa yomlilo, bahleka lapho bethola imbangela yomlilo ewubukhazikhazi. Amalulwane amakhulu ase-Antarctic kwavela kwaba yinto nje engenziwanga intatheli ehlala ingaziwa. Futhi i-Antarctica ukuphela kwezwekazi lapho ngisho namalulwane ajwayelekile engahlali khona.
4. Isazi sezindwangu sasendulo samaGrikhi u-Aesop wachaza indlela yokuphila yasebusuku yamalulwane ngendlela yasekuqaleni. Kwenye yezinganekwane zakhe, uchaze ukuhlanganyela okuhlangene phakathi kwelulwane, i-blackthorn kanye ne-dive. Ngemali ebolekwe yilulwane, i-blackthorn yathenga izingubo, kwathi i-dive yathenga ithusi. Kepha umkhumbi laba bobathathu ababedlulisela kuwo izimpahla wacwila. Kusukela lapho, ukuntywila bekulokhu kudonsela phansi njalo kufuna izimpahla eziminzile, i-blackthorn ibambelela ezingutsheni zawo wonke umuntu - ngabe bayithathile impahla yayo emanzini, kanti nelulwane livela ebusuku kuphela, besaba ababolekisi. Kwenye yezinganekwane zika-Aesop, ilulwane linobuqili obukhulu. Lapho ibanjwa yi-weasel ethi izizonda izinyoni, isidalwa esinamaphiko sibizwa ngokuthi igundane. Lapho selibanjiwe futhi, ilulwane libizwa ngokuthi inyoni, ngoba ngesikhathi sokungenelela, i-weasel ekhohlisiwe isimemezele impi namagundane.
5. Kwamanye amasiko aseYurophu naseChina, ilulwane lalithathwa njengophawu lwenhlalakahle, impumelelo empilweni, nengcebo. Kodwa-ke, abaseYurophu baziphatha lezi zimpawu ngendlela yokusebenzisa kakhulu - ukukhulisa ukukhonzwa kwelulwane, kufanele kubulawe kuqala. Ukusindisa amahhashi esweni elibi, abasePoland babethela ilulwane phezu komnyango wesitebele. Kwamanye amazwe, isikhumba noma izitho zomzimba zelulwane zazithungwa ziye ezingutsheni zangaphandle. EBohemia, iso langakwesokudla lebhethi lalifakwa ephaketheni ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukungabonakali ezenzweni ezingafanele, nenhliziyo yesilwane yathathwa ngesandla, amakhadi asebenzelana. Kwamanye amazwe, isidumbu selulwane sasingcwatshwa ngaphansi komnyango. E-China yasendulo, kwakungekhona ukuhlekwa usulu kwesilwane esasibulewe okwaletha inhlanhla, kepha isithombe selulwane, nomhlobiso ovame kakhulu ngalesi silwane kwakungu "Wu-Fu" - isithombe samalulwane amahlanu ahlanganisanayo. Bakhombisa impilo, inhlanhla, impilo ende, ukulingana kanye nengcebo.
6. Ngaphandle kokuthi amalulwane abelokhu esebenzisa i-ultrasound ukuzingela okungenani amashumi ezigidi zeminyaka (kukholakala ukuthi amalulwane ayehlala eMhlabeni ngasikhathi sinye nama-dinosaurs), izindlela zokuziphendukela kwabangaba izisulu zazo cishe azisebenzi kulokhu. Izinhlelo eziphumelelayo ze "mpi ye-elekthronikhi" yokulwa namalulwane zivele kuphela ezinhlotsheni ezimbalwa zezimvemvane. Kwaziwa isikhathi eside ukuthi amasiginali e-ultrasonic akwazi ukukhiqiza ezinye izimvemvane zebhere. Bakhe isitho esikhethekile esidala umsindo we-ultrasonic. Lolu hlobo lokudlulisa lutholakala esifubeni sevemvane. Kakade ngekhulu lama-21, ikhono lokukhiqiza amasiginali e-ultrasonic latholwa ezinhlotsheni ezintathu zama-hawk amabhu ahlala e-Indonesia. Lezi zimvemvane azinazo izitho ezikhethekile - zisebenzisa izitho zazo zangasese ukukhiqiza i-ultrasound.
7. Ngisho nezingane ziyazi ukuthi amagundane asebenzisa i-radar ye-ultrasonic ukuqondisa esikhaleni, futhi lokhu kuthathwa njengeqiniso elisobala. Kepha, ekugcineni, amagagasi e-ultrasonic ahlukile kunomsindo nje nokukhanya kuphela kumvamisa. Okuthusayo kakhulu akuyona indlela imininingwane etholwa ngayo, kepha ijubane lokucubungula kwayo. Ngamunye wethu ube nethuba lokudlula esixukwini. Uma lokhu kufanele kwenziwe ngokushesha, ukushayisana akunakugwenywa, noma ngabe wonke umuntu esixukwini uhlonipha kakhulu futhi uyasiza. Futhi sixazulula inkinga elula kunazo zonke - sihamba ngendiza. Futhi amalulwane ahamba esikhaleni se-volumetric, kwesinye isikhathi agcwaliswe ngezinkulungwane zamagundane afanayo, futhi angagcini nje ngokugwema ukushayisana, kepha futhi afinyelela ngokushesha kulokho okuhlosiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuchopho bamalulwane amaningi bunesisindo cishe esingu-0.1 amagremu.
8. Ukuqaphela okukhulu, kumakhulu ezinkulungwane nezigidi zabantu, inani lamalulwane likhombisile ukuthi abantu abanjalo okungenani baneziqalo zobuhlakani obuhlangene. Lokhu kubonakala kakhulu lapho undizela ngaphandle komshoshaphansi. Okokuqala, iqembu "lama-scouts" labantu abayishumi nambili liyabashiya. Ngemuva kwalokho indiza enkulu iqala. Ulalela imithetho ethile - uma kungenjalo, ngokuhamba ngasikhathi sinye, ngokwesibonelo, amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamalulwane, kuzoba nokufa okusongela ngokufa kwabantu abaningi. Ohlelweni oluyinkimbinkimbi nolungakafundwa, amalulwane akha uhlobo oluthile lokuvunguza, kancane kancane akhuphukela phezulu. E-United States, eCarlsbad Caves National Park edumile, kwakhiwe inkundla yezemidlalo endaweni okwakususwa kuyo amalulwane amaningi kulabo abafisa ukubabaza indiza yasebusuku. Ihlala cishe amahora amathathu (inani labantu lingabantu abacishe babe yi-800,000), kuyilapho kuphela ingxenye yabo iphuma nsuku zonke.
9. Amalulwane eCarlsbad aphethe irekhodi lokufuduka okude kakhulu kwesizini. Ekwindla, bahambela eningizimu, bahamba ibanga elingu-1,300 km. Kodwa-ke, abacwaningi baseMoscow bamalulwane bathi izilwane abazikhwezile zabanjwa eFrance, e-1,200 km ukusuka enhlokodolobha yaseRussia. Ngasikhathi sinye, inani elikhulu lamalulwane lasebusika ngokuthula eMoscow, lifihle ezindaweni zokukhosela ezifudumele - ngakho konke ukufana kwazo, amalulwane ahlala phansi futhi ayafuduka. Azikacaciswa izizathu zalokhu kwehlukana.
10. Ezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayo, amalulwane ezithelo ayahamba ngemuva kokuvuthwa kwezithelo. Indlela yokufuduka kwala malulwane amakhulu ingaba yinde kakhulu, kepha ayishayisi kakhulu. Ngokunjalo, ukudalelwa kwamasimu ezithelo amalulwane ahlangabezane nawo endleleni kubuhlungu. Abantu bendawo baphindisela amalulwane - inyama yabo ibhekwa njengesibiliboco, futhi phakathi nosuku amalulwane cishe awakwazi ukuzisiza, kulula kakhulu ukuwathola. Ukuphela kwensindiso yabo ukuphakama - balwela ukubambelela emagatsheni ezihlahla ezinde kakhulu ukulala emini.
11. Amalulwane aphila kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-15, okude kakhulu ngosayizi nangendlela abaphila ngayo. Ngakho-ke, inani labantu liyakhula hhayi ngenxa yesilinganiso sokuzalwa esisheshayo, kepha ngenxa yezinga elikhulu lokusinda kwamazinyane. Indlela yokukhiqiza iyasiza futhi. Amalulwane ahlangana ekwindla, kanti owesifazane angazala izinyane elilodwa noma amabili ngoMeyi noma ngoJuni, ngokukhulelwa izinyanga ezine. Ngokusho kokucabanga okungaqondakali, umzimba wowesifazane, kuphela ngemuva kokululama ebuthongweni futhi uqongelele konke okudingekayo ekukhulelweni, unikeza isignali, ngemuva kwalokho ukukhulelwa okubambezelekile kuqala. Kepha lolu hlobo lokuzala futhi lunezinkinga zalo. Ngemuva kokuncipha okukhulu kwamanani - ngenxa yesimo sezulu esiya siba sibi noma ukuncipha kokuphakelwa kokudla - abantu balulama kancane kakhulu.
12. Amalulwane ezingane azalwa emancane kakhulu futhi engenakuzisiza, kodwa akhula ngokushesha. kakade ngosuku lwesithathu - lwesine lokuphila, izingane zihlelwe zaba uhlobo lwenkulisa. Ngokuthakazelisayo, abesifazane bathola izingane zabo ngisho nasemaqenjini ezinqwaba zezinsana ezisanda kuzalwa. Kwaphela isonto, isisindo samawundlu siphindeka kabili. Ngosuku lwe-10 lokuphila, amehlo abo avulekile. Esontweni lesibili, kuqhuma amazinyo kuvele noboya bangempela. Ekupheleni kwesonto lesithathu, izingane sezivele ziqala ukundiza. Ngosuku lwama-25 - 35, izindiza ezizimele ziyaqala. Ezinyangeni ezimbili, i-molt yokuqala yenzeka, ngemuva kwalokho i-bat encane ingabe isakwazi ukuhlukaniswa kusuka kokuvuthiwe.
13. Inqwaba yamalulwane adla imifino noma ukudla okuncane kwezilwane (omiyane bayisibonelo esivamile kuma-latitudes aseRussia). Idumela elibi lama-vampire lalesi silwane lenziwa yizinhlobo ezintathu kuphela ezihlala eLatin naseNingizimu Melika. Abamele lezi zinhlobo zondla ngegazi elifudumele kuphela lezinyoni eziphilayo nezilwane ezincelisayo, kubandakanya nabantu. Ngaphezu kwe-ultrasound, amalulwane e-vampire nawo asebenzisa imisebe ye-infrared. Ngosizo lwe "sensor" ekhethekile ebusweni, bathola izindawo ezincane noma ezivulekile eboyeni bezilwane. Ngemuva kokuluma kuze kufike ku-1 cm ubude kuze kufike ku-5mm ukujula, ama-vampires aphuza ngesipuni segazi, esivame ukufaniswa nengxenye yesisindo sabo. Amathe eVampire aqukethe izinto ezivimbela igazi ekunqandeni nasekuphulukisweni kokusikwa. Ngakho-ke, izilwane eziningana zingadakwa ngokulunywa okukodwa. Yilesi sici, hhayi ukulahleka kwegazi, okuyingozi enkulu ebangelwa ama-vampire. Amalulwane angaba yizifo ezithwala izifo ezithathelwanayo, ikakhulukazi amarabi. Ngomuntu ngamunye omusha onamathela enxebeni, amathuba okutheleleka anda kakhulu. Mayelana nokuxhunywa kwamalulwane nezithunzela, manje okubonakala kubuyela emlandweni, baqala ukukhuluma eYurophu kuphela ngemuva kokushicilelwa kwe- "Dracula" nguBram Stoker. Izinganekwane ezimayelana namalulwane aphuza igazi lomuntu namathambo alumayo zazikhona phakathi kwamaNdiya aseMelika kanye nezinye izizwe zase-Asia, kodwa okwamanje zazingaziwa kwabaseYurophu.
14. Amalulwane ngesinye isikhathi ayehamba phambili ngamasu aseMelika empini eyayilwa neJapan ngo-1941-1945. Kubo, ucwaningo nokuqeqeshwa, ngokusho kokulinganisela okuhlukahlukene, kusetshenziswe kusuka ezigidini ezi-2 kuya kwezi-5 zamaRandi. Amalulwane, ahlulela ngolwazi olwehlisiwe, awaphendulanga isikhali esibulalayo kuphela ngenxa yebhomu le-athomu - labonwa njengelisebenza kangcono. Konke kwaqala ngeqiniso lokuthi udokotela wamazinyo waseMelika uWilliam Adams, evakashele emigedeni yaseKarslsbad, wayecabanga ukuthi ilulwane ngalinye lingaphenduka ibhomu elishisayo elinesisindo esingu-10 - 20. Izinkulungwane zamabhomu anjalo, aphonswe emadolobheni amakhulu aseJapan, angabhidliza izindlu eziningi ngisho nangaphezulu abangaba amasosha nomama bamasosha esikhathi esizayo. Umqondo ubulungile - ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, abaseMelika baphumelele ngempumelelo ama-hangar amadala amadala ngisho nemoto yenjwayelo ebuke izivivinyo zamalulwane. Amagundane aneziqukathi ze-napalm eziboshiwe akhuphukela ezindaweni okunzima ukufinyelela kuzo okwakuthatha isikhathi esiningi kakhulu ukuthola nokuqeda yonke imililo ezakhiweni zokhuni. UWilliam Adams odumele wabhala ngemuva kwempi ukuthi iphrojekthi yakhe ingasebenza kakhulu kunebhomu le-athomu, kepha ukuqaliswa kwayo kwavinjelwa yimizamo yojenene nosopolitiki ePentagon.
15. Amalulwane awazakheli imizi yawo. Bathola kalula isiphephelo esifanelekile cishe yonke indawo. Lokhu kwenziwa lula yindlela yabo yokuphila kanye nokwakheka komzimba. Amagundane abekezelela ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa lika-50 °, ngakho-ke izinga lokushisa endaweni yokuhlala, yize libalulekile, alibalulekile. Amabhethi azwela kakhulu kokungakapheli.Lokhu kuyaqondakala - ukugeleza komoya, ngisho nasezingeni lokushisa elinethezekile, kususa ukushisa ngokushesha okukhulu kunokushisa okushiswa emoyeni omile. Kepha ngakho konke ukucabanga kokuziphatha kwalezi zilwane ezincelisayo, azikwazi noma zivilapha ukuqeda okusalungiswa, noma ngabe ngenxa yalokhu udinga ukuhambisa amagatsha ambalwa noma amatshe amancane. Ososayensi abafunde ngokuziphatha kwamalulwane eBelovezhskaya Pushcha bathole ukuthi amalulwane angathanda ukubekezelela ukuthatheka okubi emgodini, ngokusobala eduze kwabo bonke abantu, kunokuthuthela emgodini ovulekile kakhudlwana oseduze nomdwebo omncane.
16. Izinhlobo ezinkulu zamalulwane zidla izinambuzane, ngaphezu kwalokho izinambuzane eziyingozi ezitshalweni. Ngawo-1960s no-1970, ososayensi baze bakholelwa ukuthi amalulwane ayenethonya elinqumayo kubantu bezilokazane ezithile. Kodwa-ke, ukubonwa kwamuva kukhombisile ukuthi ithonya lamalulwane alikwazi ukubizwa nangokuthi lilawula. Ngokwanda okuphawulekayo kwesibalo sezinambuzane eziyingozi endaweni ebonwayo, inani lamalulwane alinaso nje isikhathi sokukhula ngokwanele ukubhekana nokutheleka kwezilokazane. Isiza siheha izinyoni, ezibhubhisa izinambuzane. Yize kunjalo, kusenenzuzo evela kumalulwane - umuntu oyedwa udla omiyane abayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu ngesizini ngayinye.
