ICaucasus itholakala ekuhlanganeni kweYurophu ne-Asia phakathi kweCaspian neBlack Sea. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezindawo, isimo sezulu, isimo somzimba nobuzwe kwenza lesi sifunda sihluke. ICaucasus ngumhlaba wonke, uhlukile futhi uhlukile.
Izifunda ezinomlando ocebile, izindawo ezinhle ngokwengeziwe, noma izimo zezulu ezimnandi zingatholakala eMhlabeni. Kepha kuphela eCaucasus, imvelo nabantu bakha ingxube eyingqayizivele evumela noma yisiphi isivakashi ukuthi sithole i-zest yabo.
Uma sikhuluma ngabantu baseCaucasus, ngakho-ke akunakwenzeka ukuthi igama elithi "Caucasian" lisetshenziswe njengesici sobuzwe. Abantu abaningi bahlala eCaucasus, abanye babo bahlukile kwabanye njengezulu nomhlaba. Kukhona abantu abangamaSulumane nabamaKristu. Kunabantu abahlala ezintabeni futhi abazibandakanya kwezolimo lwendabuko nokufuya izimvu, futhi kukhona izakhamuzi zamadolobha amakhulu anamuhla. Ngisho nabahlali bezigodi ezimbili ezingomakhelwane kungenzeka bangaluqondi ulimi lomakhelwane babo futhi baziqhenye ngokuthi bamele abantu abancane kodwa abanezintaba.
Ngemuva kokuwa kwe-USSR kanye nezingxabano ezalandela, iCaucasus, ngeshwa, ihlotshaniswa nempi nobuphekula ngabaningi. Izizathu zezingxabano azihambanga ndawo. Awukho umhlaba okhulile, noma amaminerali, nokwehluka kobuzwe akukanyamalali. Noma kunjalo, ekupheleni kweminyaka eyishumi yesibili yekhulu lama-21, abaphezulu bakwazile ukuzinzisa isimo eNyakatho Caucasus kanye nasezifundeni ezisanda kuzimela zaseTranscaucasian.
Ukukhuluma ngeCaucasus, ngenxa yokwehluka kwayo okumangazayo, kungahlala isikhathi eside ngokungapheli. Zonke izizwe, yonke indawo yokuhlala, zonke izingcezu zezintaba zehlukile futhi azinakulinganiswa. Futhi izinto eziningi ezithakazelisayo zingatshelwa ngakho konke.
1. Kunamazwe amaningi kanye nama-republic azimele eCaucasus eRussia kangangokuba onke abukeka emancane. Kwesinye isikhathi lokhu kuyiqiniso - lapho usuka eGrozny uya ePyatigorsk, weqa imingcele emine yokuphatha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uhambo olusuka eningizimu yeDagestan luya enyakatho yeRiphabhuliki lungaqhathaniswa nebanga ukusuka eMoscow kuya eSt. Konke kuhlobene - iDagestan idlula iHolland neSwitzerland endaweni, futhi neRiphabhulikhi yaseChechen, encane impela ngamazinga aseRussia, inkulu ngokuphindwe kasikhombisa kuneLuxembourg. Kepha ngokujwayelekile, yiqiniso, uma ubeka izifunda zaseRussia ngensimu, khona-ke ama-republic aseCaucasian azoba ekugcineni kohlu. Encane kune-Ingushetia, North Ossetia, Karachay-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria kanye neChechnya, izifunda kuphela - amadolobha aseSevastopol, eSt. IStavropol Territory neDagestan babukeka beyizidlakela ngokuqhathaniswa nemvelaphi yabo - izindawo ezingama-45 nezama-52 ngokulandelana kuhlu lombuso.
2. AmaGeorgia, ama-Armenia kanye nama-Udins (abantu abahlala endaweni yaseDagestan) bamukela ubuKrestu njengenkolo yombuso ngekhulu le-IV. IGreater Armenia ngonyaka ka-301 yaba umbuso wokuqala wamaKrestu emhlabeni, iminyaka eyi-12 ngaphambi koMbuso WaseRoma. U-Ossetia wabhapathizwa eminyakeni engu-70 ngaphambi kukaKievan Rus. Njengamanje, amaKrestu asadlangile phakathi kwabantu baseCaucasus bebonke. ENyakatho yeCaucasus Federal District yaseRussia, kukhona ama-57% abo, kanti iGeorgia ne-Armenia amazwe amaningi angamaKristu anokukhulelwa okungabalulekile kwabamele ezinye izinkolo.
3. ESoviet Union, izinhlanganisela zamagama "itiye laseGeorgia" kanye "nama-tangerines aseGeorgia" zazivame kakhulu kangangokuba umphakathi wakha umbono wokuthi lena kwakuyimikhiqizo yaphakade yaseGeorgia. Eqinisweni, kuze kube ngawo-1930, zombili izithelo zetiye nezisawolintshi zazitshalwa eGeorgia ngezinga elincane. Ukutshalwa ngobuningi kwesihlahla setiye nezihlahla ezisawolintshi kwaqala ngokwesinyathelo sikaNobhala Wokuqala weKomidi Elikhulu Leqembu LamaKhomanisi (amaBolsheviks) waseGeorgia uLavrenty Beria. Futhi umsebenzi wawumkhulu kakhulu - indawo engaphansi kwezindawo ezishisayo endaweni eyayiyiGeorgia ngaleso sikhathi yayiyisiqeshana esincane kakhulu ngasolwandle, siphenduka kahle saba amaxhaphozi e-malaria. Amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamahektha akhanywa. Okufanayo, kuphela ngokususwa kwamatshe, kwenziwa emithambekeni yezintaba, lapho kwakutshalwa khona itiye. Imikhiqizo exotic kulo lonke elase-USSR inikeze abantu baseGeorgia impilo ephezulu. Ngemuva kokuwa kweSoviet Union kanye nokulahleka kwemakethe yaseRussia, ukukhiqizwa kwetiye kanye namawolintshi eGeorgia kwehle kakhulu.
4. INorth Caucasus yindawo yokuzalwa ye-kefir. Ngaphandle kokuthi ama-Ossetians, amaBalkars kanye neKarachais (kunjalo, ukuphonsela inselelo ukubaluleka kwabo) bebephuza i-kefir amakhulu eminyaka, engxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia bafunda ngayo engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19. Ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi i-kefir yenziwa ngengozi noma ngamabomu engeza i-enzyme ye-kumis obisini lwenkomo. I-Kumis enzyme isibe kefir, futhi manje i-kefir ikhiqizwa ngamakhulu ezinkulungwane zamalitha.
5. ENyakatho Ossetia, amakhilomitha angama-40 eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeVladikavkaz, kunomuzi oyingqayizivele iDargavs, abantu bendawo ngokwabo abawubiza ngokuthi yiDolobha Labafileyo. Sekungamakhulu eminyaka abafileyo bengangcwatshwa lapha, kepha babekwa emibhoshongweni yamatshe kuze kube yizitezi ezine eziphakeme. Ngenxa yomoya wasentabeni namazinga okushisa aphansi uma kuqhathaniswa, izidumbu zagqunywa ngokushesha futhi zagcinwa zinganyakazi. Ngesikhathi ubhadane lwezinhlupho ngekhulu le-XIV, lapho iningi lezakhamizi ze-aul liphela, yonke imindeni ngezimpawu zokuqala zesifo ngokushesha yaya emibhoshongweni ye-crypt. Ezinye izikhumbuzo zomlando zigcinwe eDargavs, ikakhulukazi, imibhoshongo lapho kwakuhlala khona okhokho bemindeni yakudala nehlonishwa kakhulu e-Ossetia. Kodwa-ke ukufinyelela kulezi zikhumbuzo kunzima - ngemuva kokunyamalala kweqhwa ngo-2002, umuntu angafika eDargavs kuphela ngezinyawo endleleni eyingozi.
6. Intaba ephakeme kunazo zonke eCaucasus futhi, ngasikhathi sinye, intaba ephakeme kunazo zonke eYurophu, yi-Elbrus (ukuphakama ngamamitha angu-5,642). Kukholakala ukuthi ukwenyuka kokuqala kuka-Elbrus ngo-1828 kwenziwa ngumqondisi wohambo lwaseRussia, uKilar Khashirov, owanikezwa umvuzo ngokufeza kwakhe ama-ruble ayi-100 nokusikwa kwendwangu. Kodwa-ke, uKhashirov uvakashele ingqungquthela eseMpumalanga yale ntaba enamakhanda amabili, engaphansi kwalena yaseNtshonalanga. Umkhankaso ohlelwe ngumongameli weLondon Alpin Club, uFlorence Grove, ube ngowokuqala ukufinyelela endaweni ephakeme kakhulu eYurophu. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1874. Ngonyaka olandelayo, uGrove, ehlabeke umxhwele ubuhle beCaucasus, washicilela incwadi ekhuluma ngohambo lwakhe.
7. Isiko lokuxabana ngegazi lisekhona eCaucasus. Mhlawumbe kungenxa yale nsalela enobudlova lapho isibalo sokubulawa okuhleliwe ngokobukhulu besibalo esivela esifundeni saseNorth Caucasian Federal sihlala endaweni yokugcina eRussia. Kodwa-ke, izikhulu zomthetho zendawo ziyavuma ukuthi umbango wegazi usekhona. Ngokwezibalo zabo, ukubulawa kwabantu abanegazi kuhlanganisa ingxenyana yesibalo esiphelele sokubulawa kwabantu. Izazi ze-Ethnologists ziqaphele ukuthi imikhuba yokuxabana ngegazi seyithambe kakhulu. Manje, uma kukhulunywa ngokufa ngobudedengu, ngokwesibonelo, engozini, abadala bangabuyisana namaqembu ngokubeka inqubo yokuphenduka nenhlawulo enkulu yezezimali.
8. "Ukuthunjwa komakoti kuyisiko lasendulo futhi elihle!" - kusho iqhawe lefilimu "Isiboshwa seCaucasus". Leli siko lihlala lisasebenza nanamuhla. Vele, wayengasho neze (futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, akusho manje) ukuboshwa okuphoqelelwe kwentombazane nomshado onobudlova ngokulinganayo. Ezikhathini zasendulo, umkhwenyana kwakudingeka akhombise ubuhlakani bakhe nokuthatha isinqumo, ehlwitha buthule othandekayo wakhe endlini kayise (futhi kunabazalwane abahlanu-abagibeli bamahhashi ababukayo). Kubazali bakamakoti, ukuthumba kungaba yindlela efanelekile yokuphuma kulesi simo uma umkhwenyana engakhokhi imali ekhokhwayo yesihlengo. Enye indlela ukushada nendodakazi encane ngaphambi kwendala, okwathi, njengoba besho eRussia, yahlala emantombazaneni. Ukuthunjwa futhi kungenzeka kwenzeke ngentando yentombazane, abazali bayo abangazange bayivumele ukuba ishade nesithandwa sayo. Cishe izizathu ezifanayo zidalwa ukuthunjwa kukamakoti manje. Vele, ukweqisa kuyenzeka futhi kuyenzeka. Kepha kulabo abafuna ukuphuca umuntu inkululeko, ngisho nothandekayo, kunodaba olukhethekile lwekhodi yobugebengu. Futhi uma kwenzeka kulimale othunjiwe, isijeziso sobugebengu somuntu onecala singaba ukubambezeleka kombango wegazi.
9. Ukungenisa izihambi okwaziwayo kwabantu baseCaucasus, ngokunengqondo, kungachazwa ngeqiniso lokuthi ezinsukwini zakudala ukunyakaza ezintabeni kwakunzima kakhulu. Isivakashi ngasinye, noma ngabe sivelaphi futhi noma ngabe besiyini, besingumthombo obalulekile wolwazi ngomhlaba wangaphandle. Ngakho kwavela isiko lokwamukela noma isiphi isivakashi ngobungako obukhulu bokungenisa izihambi. Kepha eRussia, ngokwesibonelo, emuva ngekhulu le-17 kwakunesiko lokubingelela isivakashi. Umnikazi wahlangana nesimenywa emnyango wendlu, futhi umninikhaya wasinikeza inkomishi yesiphuzo. Isiko elingadingi ukulungiswa noma izindleko. Kodwa wayebonakala eshabalala, ehlala ezincwadini kuphela. Futhi abantu baseCaucasus baligcinile isiko labo lokungenisa izihambi, yize umphakathi unamuhla.
10. Njengoba nazi, ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli - ekuqaleni kukaMeyi 1945 phezu kwesakhiwo seReichstag eBerlin, amasosha aseSoviet akha amafulegi abomvu ayishumi nambili. Ezimweni zombili ezidume kakhulu zokufakwa kwamafulegi eVictory, abomdabu baseCaucasus babandakanyeka ngqo. Ngomhla ka-1 Meyi, uMikhail Berest kanye noMeliton Kantaria waseGeorgia bamisa ifulegi lokuhlasela le-150th Order of Kutuzov II degree of the Idritsa division over the Reichstag. Futhi omunye wabalingiswa abakhulu besithombe se-canonical esigciniwe esithi "The Red Banner over the Reichstag", esathathwa ngoMeyi 2, 1945, ungowokuzalwa eDagestan Abdulkhalim Ismailov. Esithombeni sika-Evgeny Khaldei, u-Alexei Kovalyov uphakamisa isibhengezo, futhi u-Ismailov uyamsekela. Ngaphambi kokushicilela lesi sithombe, uKhaldey kwadingeka ukuthi abuyeze iwashi lesibili esandleni sika-Ismailov.
11. Ngemuva kokuwa kweSoviet Union, inani lamaRussia lehle kakhulu hhayi kuphela emazweni asanda kuzimela aseGeorgia, e-Azerbaijan nase-Armenia, kodwa naseziriphabhuliki ezizimele zaseRussia. Noma sithatha kubakaki abaseChechnya, esidlule eshumini nesigamu sesiyaluyalu nezimpi ezimbili. E-Dagestan, kumaRussia ayi-165,000, kwasala ngaphezulu nje kwe-100,000, nokukhula okuphelele kwenani labantu. E-Ingushetia encane, cishe cishe isigamu senani labantu baseRussia. Isabelo sabantu baseRussia sinciphile ngemuva kwesibalo sokwanda okujwayelekile kwenani eKabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia naseNyakatho Ossetia (lapha okungenani). Ezifundazweni zaseTranscaucasian, inani labantu baseRussia lehle kaningi: amahlandla amane e-Armenia, kathathu e-Azerbaijan nase-13 (!) Times eGeorgia.
12. Yize iNorth Caucasus Federal District ikleliswe endaweni yesi-7 kuphela phakathi kwezifunda ezi-9 zikahulumeni waseRussia ngokwezibalo zabantu, ivelela ubukhulu bayo. Ngokusho kwalesi sikhombisi, isifunda saseNyakatho seCaucasian siphansi nje kancane kuneCentral, okubandakanya iMoscow enkulu. Esifundeni Esimaphakathi, ukuminyana kwabantu ngabantu abangama-60 ngekhilomitha2, naseNyakatho yeCaucasus - abantu abangama-54 ngekhilomitha ngalinye2... Isithombe siyefana nasezifundeni. I-Ingushetia, Chechnya neNyakatho Ossetia - I-Alania ibalwa ukusuka ku-5 kuye ku-7 ohlwini lwezifunda, ngemuva kweMoscow kuphela, iSt. Petersburg, iSevastopol kanye nesifunda saseMoscow. IKabardino-Balkaria isendaweni yesi-10, kanti iDagestan ikweshumi nantathu.
13. I-Armenia akuyona indawo yamabhilikosi lapho kuzalwa khona, kepha izithelo ezinoshukela zafika eYurophu zivela kuleli zwe laseTranscaucasian. Ngokwesigaba samazwe omhlaba, ibhilikosi libizwa ngePrunus armeniaca Lin. ECaucasus, lesi sithelo siphathwa ngokuhlekisa - umuthi awuthobekile, ukhula noma yikuphi, futhi uhlala uthela izithelo ngobuningi. Imikhiqizo esetshenzisiwe inenani elingaphansi noma elingaphansi: amabhilikosi omisiwe, amabhilikosi, i-alani, izithelo eziswidi nama-marzipan.
14. Ama-Ossetian ayengabantu abanobuqhawe kakhulu eSoviet Union ngesikhathi seMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe. Abamele abangu-33 balaba bantu baseCaucasus banikezwa isihloko seHero leSoviet Union. Lesi sibalo sibonakala sincane, kepha uma kubhekwa inani elincane labantu, kusho ukuthi kubo bonke abangu-11,000 base-Ossetia, kubandakanya asebekhulile, abesifazane nezingane, kwavela iqhawe elilodwa leSoviet Union. AmaKabardian aneqhawe elilodwa kubantu abangu-23 500, kuyilapho abase-Armenia nabaseGeorgia benesilinganiso esifanayo. Ama-Azerbaijan anakho okuphindwe kabili.
15. E-Abkhazia nakwezinye izifunda zaseTranscaucasia, abantu abaningi balindele uLwesithathu ngomoya ophefumulayo. Kungolwesithathu lapho kuthunyelwa khona izimemo zemikhosi eyahlukene. Lowo othole isimemo ukhululekile ngokuphelele ukukhetha ukuthi uya emkhosini noma cha. Kepha kunoma yikuphi, ubophezelekile ukuthumela imali "yesipho". Izinga lisethwe ngokuya ngomzuzu wamanje. Isibonelo, emshadweni udinga ukunikeza ama-ruble ayi-5 000 ngomholo ophakathi kuka-10-15,000.
16. Ukwakha umndeni phakathi kwabantu abancane baseCaucasus akuhlali kufana nokufuna okude, kepha okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Kuyadingeka ngasikhathi sinye ukugwema umshado osondelene kakhulu, ogcwele ukungajwayelekile kofuzo, futhi ungamukeli abantu ongabazi ohlotsheni. Inkinga ixazululwa ngezindlela ezihlukile. E-Abkhazia, ngemuva kokuhlangana, abantu abasha bashintshana ngohlu lwamagama kagogo aba-5. Okungenani isibongo esisodwa siqondane - ubuhlobo buphela ngaphambi kokuba buqale. E-Ingushetia, izihlobo ezivela ezinhlangothini zombili zibambe iqhaza ekulungiseleleni umshado. Uhlu lozalo lomlingani wesikhathi esizayo lusetshenzwa ngokucophelela, ikhono lomakoti ongaba khona lomzimba lokuzala nokuzala ingane futhi ngasikhathi sinye ukuqhuba umkhaya kuyahlolwa.
17. Ngaphandle kwe-Armenia, abase-Armenia baphila inani elifanayo lamaJuda ngaphandle kwase-Israyeli - cishe abantu abayizigidi eziyi-8. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inani labantu base-Armenia ngokwalo lingabantu abayizigidi ezintathu. Isici esivelele kakhulu sabase-Armenia sivela kubukhulu be-diaspora. Noma yimuphi wabo, emizuzwini embalwa, uyakwazi ukufakazela ukuthi lo noma lowo muntu, okungenani, unezimpande ezikude zase-Armenia. Uma umuntu waseRussia, ezwa ibinzana elifana nelithi "iRussia yizwe lendlovu!" uma emomotheka ngokuqonda, khona-ke isimemezelo esifanayo mayelana ne-Armenia sizoqinisekiswa ngokushesha (ngokusho kwe-Armenia) ngosizo locwaningo oluncane olunengqondo.
18. Umlando wasendulo owaziwa kabanzi wabantu baseCaucasus unezilinganiso zawo. E-Georgia, ngokwesibonelo, bayaziqhenya kakhulu ngokuthi ama-Argonauts ahamba ngomkhumbi aya e-Colchis, esendaweni yase Georgia yanamuhla. Abantu baseGeorgia bathanda nokugcizelela ukuthi abantu babo, noma kunjalo, ngokomfanekiso, bayakhulunywa eBhayibhelini uqobo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kufakazelwa ukuvubukula ukuthi abantu babehlala endaweni yaseDagestan eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-2.2 edlule. Kwamanye amakamu aseDagestan aphenyiwe abantu basendulo, umlilo endaweni eyodwa wagcinwa amakhulu eminyaka kwaze kwaba yilapho abantu befunda ukuthi bangawuthola kanjani bebodwa.
19. I-Azerbaijan iyizwe elihlukile ngokwesimo sezulu. Uma abafokazi abanemibandela bezobheka isimo sezulu seMhlaba, bebengakwenza ne-Azerbaijan. Kunezindawo zezulu eziyi-9 kwezingu-11 ezweni. Isilinganiso sokushisa sikaJulayi sisuka ku- + 28 ° C kuye ku- -1 ° C, kanti izinga lokushisa likaJanawari lisukela ku- + 5 ° C kuye ku- -22 ° C. Kepha isilinganiso sokushisa somoya sonyaka kuleli zwe laseTranscaucasian siphinda ngqo izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile embulungeni futhi siyi-14.2 ° С.
20. I-cognac yangempela yase-Armenia ngokungangabazeki ingenye yeziphuzo ezidakayo ezihamba phambili ezikhiqizwa emhlabeni. Kodwa-ke, izindaba eziningi zokuthi osaziwayo babewuthanda kanjani ugologo wase-Armenia ziyizindaba eziqanjiwe. Indaba esabalele kakhulu ukuthi usuku lukaNdunankulu waseBrithani ophindaphindiwe uWinston Churchill belungapheli ngaphandle kwebhodlela lika-Dvin "wase-Armenia oneminyaka engu-10 ubudala. UCognac ngemiyalo yomuntu siqu kaStalin wathunyelwa kuye evela e-Armenia ngezindiza ezikhethekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngonyaka ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, uChurchill oneminyaka engu-89 kuthiwa waqamba igama lomkhiqizo wase-Armenia njengesinye sezizathu zokuphila kwakhe isikhathi eside. Futhi ngenkathi uMarkar Sedrakyan, owayephethe ukukhiqizwa kwama-cognac ase-Armenia, ecindezelwa, uChurchill wavele wezwa ushintsho ekunambithekeni. Ngemuva kwesikhalazo sakhe kuStalin, amakhosi e-cognac akhululwa, futhi ukunambitheka kwakhe okuhle kakhulu kwabuyela ku- "Dvin". Eqinisweni, uSadrakyan "wacindezelwa" e-Odessa unyaka owodwa ukusungula ukukhiqizwa kwe-cognac.UStalin ubaphathe ngempela abalingani abakwimbumba elwa noHitler necognac yase-Armenia, kepha akazange abanikeze ekufeni kwabo. Futhi isiphuzo esithandwa kakhulu nguChurchill, ngokususelwa kwizikhumbuzo zakhe, kwakuyi-Hine brandy.