Kakade ososayensi baseGrisi basendulo babezibuza ukuthi ngabe umuntu udale izibalo yini noma ngabe ikhona yini futhi uqondisa ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Universe ngokwayo, futhi umuntu uyakwazi ukuqonda izibalo ngezinga elithile. UPlato no-Aristotle babekholelwa ukuthi abantu abakwazi ukushintsha noma ukuthonya izibalo. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwesayensi, umbono wokuthi izibalo yinto esiyinikwe ngenhla, iqiniswe ngokudideka. UThomas Hobbes ngekhulu le-18 wabhala ngqo ukuthi i-geometry njengesayensi yahlatshelwa umuntu nguNkulunkulu. Owathola umklomelo kaNobel u-Eugene Wigner osevele ngekhulu lamashumi amabili wabiza ulimi lwezibalo ngokuthi "isipho", kodwa-ke, uNkulunkulu wayengasasebenzi, futhi ngokusho kukaWigner, sathola isipho kusengaphambili.
U-Eugene Wigner wabizwa "ngengqondo ethule"
Ukungqubuzana phakathi kokuthuthuka kwezibalo njengesayensi kanye nokuqiniswa okuthe xaxa kokukholwa esimweni somhlaba wethu, esinqunywe kusengaphambili ngenhla, kusobala nje. Uma iningi lesayensi lifunda ngomhlaba, ngokuyisisekelo, ngokwamandla - izazi zebhayoloji zithola uhlobo olusha futhi luyichaze, amakhemikhali achaza noma enza izinto, njll - bese izibalo zishiya ulwazi lokuhlola kudala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungavimbela ukukhula kwayo. Ukube uGalileo Galilei, uNewton noma uKepler, esikhundleni sokwenza umbono ngokunyakaza kwamaplanethi neziphuphutheki, babheka ngesibonakude ebusuku, babengeke bakwazi ukuthola noma yini. Ngosizo lwezibalo kuphela lapho babala khona ukuthi bangasikhomba kuphi isibonakude, bathola isiqinisekiso semicabango yabo kanye nezibalo zabo. Futhi njengoba sithole umbono ohambisanayo, omuhle ngokwezibalo wokunyakaza kwezindikimba zasezulwini, kwenzeka kanjani ukuqiniseka ngobukhona bukaNkulunkulu, owahlela indawo yonke ngempumelelo nangendlela enengqondo?
Ngakho-ke, lapho ososayensi befunda okwengeziwe ngomhlaba futhi bewuchaza ngezindlela zezibalo, kuyamangaza kakhulu ukuxhumana kwezinsiza zezibalo nemithetho yemvelo. UNewton uthole ukuthi amandla okuhlangana kwamandla adonsela phansi ngokulingana ngokulingana nesikwele sebanga eliphakathi kwemizimba. Umqondo "wesikwele", okungukuthi, ibanga lesibili, wavela ezibalweni kudala, kepha ngokuyisimangaliso wafika encazelweni yomthetho omusha. Ngezansi kunesibonelo sokusetshenziswa okumangazayo kakhulu kwezibalo encazelweni yezinqubo zebhayoloji.
1. Cishe, umqondo wokuthi umhlaba osizungezile usekelwe ezibalweni waqala ukufika emqondweni ka-Archimedes. Akukhulunywa nangebinzana elaziwa kakhulu mayelana ne-fulcrum kanye nenguquko yomhlaba. U-Archimedes, vele, akakwazanga ukufakazela ukuthi indawo yonke isuselwe kwizibalo (futhi cishe akekho umuntu ongakwazi). Isazi sezibalo sikwazile ukuzwa ukuthi yonke into emvelweni ingachazwa ngezindlela zezibalo (nansi i-fulcrum!), Futhi nokutholwa kwezibalo okuzayo sekuvele kukhona kwenye indawo emvelweni. Iphuzu ukuthola lezi ziqu kuphela.
2. Isazi sezibalo esiyiNgisi uGodfrey Hardy wayezimisele kakhulu ukuba ngusosayensi wezihlalo ezihlala emhlabeni ophakeme wokukhishwa kwezibalo ukuthi encwadini yakhe uqobo, ebizwa ngokuthi "The Apology of a Mathematician," wabhala ukuthi akukho lutho alwenzile empilweni. Kuyingozi, kunjalo, futhi - izibalo ezimsulwa kuphela. Kodwa-ke, lapho udokotela waseJalimane uWilhelm Weinberg ephenya ngezakhi zofuzo zabantu abakhwelana kubantu abaningi ngaphandle kokufuduka, wafakazela ukuthi inqubo yofuzo yezilwane ayiguquki, isebenzisa omunye wemisebenzi kaHardy. Umsebenzi wawunikelwe ezindaweni zezinombolo zemvelo, futhi umthetho wawubizwa nge-Weinberg-Hardy Law. Umbhali-ndawonye kaWeinberg ngokuvamile wayengumfanekiso ohamba phambili womqondo othi "kungcono uthule". Ngaphambi kokuqala umsebenzi kubufakazi, okuthiwa. Inkinga kanambambili yeGoldbach noma inkinga ka-Euler (noma iyiphi inombolo ngisho ingamelwa njengesamba semiklomelo emibili) uHardy uthe: noma yisiphi isiwula sizoqagela lokhu. UHardy ushone ngo-1947; ubufakazi besihloko asikatholakali.
Naphezu kokuqina kwakhe, uGodfrey Hardy wayeyisazi sezibalo esinamandla kakhulu.
3. UGalileo Galilei odumile encwadini ayibhalile "Assaying Master" ubhale ngqo ukuthi i-Universe, njengencwadi, ivulekele iso lanoma ngubani, kodwa le ncwadi ingafundwa kuphela yilabo abakwaziyo ulimi olubhalwe ngalo. Futhi kubhalwe ngolimi lwezibalo. Ngaleso sikhathi, uGalileo wayesekwazile ukuthola izinyanga zeJupiter futhi wabala imijikelezo yazo, futhi wafakazela ukuthi izindawo eziseLangeni zitholakala ngqo ebusweni benkanyezi, zisebenzisa ukwakhiwa okukodwa kwejometri. Ukushushiswa kukaGalileo yiSonto LamaKhatholika kubangelwe yinkolelo yakhe yokuthi ukufunda incwadi yoMkhathi kuyisenzo sokwazi umqondo kaNkulunkulu. UKhadinali Bellarmine, owayebheka indaba yososayensi eBandleni Elingcwelengcwele, ngokushesha wayiqonda ingozi yemibono enjalo. Kwakungenxa kanye yalengozi lapho uGalileo akhanywa khona ekwamukelweni ukuthi isikhungo sendawo yonke nguMhlaba. Ngamagama anamuhla, kwakulula ukuchaza ezintshumayelweni ukuthi uGalileo wangenelela emiBhalweni Engcwele kunokuchaza imigomo yokufundwa kwe-Universe isikhathi eside.
UGalileo ecaleni lakhe
4. Uchwepheshe we-physics yezibalo uMitch Feigenbaum wathola ngo-1975 ukuthi uma uphinda ngomshini ukubala kweminye imisebenzi yezibalo kwi-microcalculator, imiphumela yezibalo ithambekele ku-4.669 ... UFeigenbaum ngokwakhe akakwazanga ukuchaza lokhu kuxaka, kodwa wabhala i-athikili ngakho. Ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha zokubuyekezwa kontanga, lo mbhalo wabuyiselwa kuye, wameluleka ukuthi angazinaki kangako izenzakalo ezingahleliwe - izibalo. Futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwavela ukuthi izibalo ezinjalo zichaza kahle ukusebenza kwe-liquid helium lapho ishiswa ngezansi, amanzi ngepayipi aguquka abe isimo esineziyaluyalu (kulapho amanzi ephuma empompini ngamabhamuza omoya) ngisho namanzi aconsa ngenxa yompompi ovalekile.
Yini uMitchell Feigenbaum ayengayithola ukube wayene-iPhone ebusheni bakhe?
5. Ubaba wazo zonke izibalo zesimanje, ngaphandle kwezibalo, nguRene Descartes onohlelo lokuxhumanisa oluqanjwe ngaye. Ama-Descartes ahlanganisa i-algebra ne-geometry, ebaletha ezingeni elisha. Wenza i-mathematics isayensi ehlanganisa konke ngempela. I-Euclid enkulu ichaze iphuzu ngokuthile elingenanzuzo futhi elihlukaniseka izingxenye ezithile. OkweDescartes, iphuzu laba ngumsebenzi. Manje, ngosizo lwemisebenzi, sichaza zonke izinqubo ezingekho emgqeni kusuka kuphethiloli ukusetshenziswa ekushintsheni kwesisindo sakho - udinga nje ukuthola ijika elilungile. Kodwa-ke, uhla lwezintshisekelo lukaDescartes lwalubanzi kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugqama kwemisebenzi yakhe kwafika ngesikhathi sikaGalileo, kanti uDescartes, ngokwesitatimende sakhe uqobo, wayengafuni ukukhipha igama elilodwa eliphikisana nemfundiso yesonto. Futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, naphezu kwemvume kaKhadinali Richelieu, waqalekiswa ngamaKatolika namaProthestani. UDescartes washiya indawo yefilosofi emsulwa wabe eseshona ngokuzumayo eSweden.
URene Descartes
6. Kwesinye isikhathi kubonakala sengathi udokotela waseLondon no-antiquarian uWilliam Stukeley, obhekwa njengomngani ka-Isaac Newton, bekufanele ngabe wenzelwa ezinye zezinqubo ezivela enqolobaneni ye-Holy Inquisition. Kwakungenxa yesandla sakhe sokukhanya lapho inganekwane ye-apula laseNewtonia yazungeza umhlaba. Njengokuthi, ngandlela thile ngiza kumngane wami u-Isaac ngehora lesihlanu, siphuma siye engadini, lapho ama-apula awe khona. Thatha u-Isaac, ucabange: kungani ama-apula awela phansi kuphela? Wazalwa kanjalo umthetho wamandla adonsela phansi emhlabeni phambi kwenceku yakho ethobekile. Ukuhlambalaza okuphelele kocwaningo lwesayensi. Eqinisweni, uNewton encwadini yakhe ethi "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" wabhala ngokuqondile ukuthi ngokwezibalo wawathola amandla adonsela phansi ezintweni zasezulwini. Isilinganiso sokutholwa kukaNewton manje kunzima kakhulu ukusicabanga. Ngemuva kwakho konke, manje sesiyazi ukuthi konke ukuhlakanipha komhlaba kuyangena ocingweni, futhi kusazobakhona indawo. Kepha ake sizibeke ezicathulweni zendoda yekhulu le-17, eyakwazi ukuchaza ukuhamba kwezindikimba ezingabonakali zasesibhakabhakeni nokuhlangana kwezinto ngezinto ezilula zezibalo. Veza intando yaphezulu ngamanani. Imililo yeNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki yayingasacimi ngaleso sikhathi, kodwa ngaphambi kobuntu kwakukhona okungenani eminye iminyaka eyi-100. Mhlawumbe uNewton ngokwakhe wayethanda ukuthi kubantu kwakungukukhanya kwaphezulu okufana ne-apula, futhi akazange ayiphikise le ndaba - wayengumuntu othanda inkolo ngokujulile.
Isakhiwo sakudala yiNewton ne-apula. Iminyaka kasosayensi ikhonjiswe kahle - ngesikhathi sokutholwa, uNewton wayeneminyaka engama-23 ubudala
7. Kaningi ungahlangabezana nesilinganiso ngoNkulunkulu yisazi sezibalo esivelele uPierre-Simon Laplace. Ngenkathi uNapoleon ebuza ukuthi kungani uNkulunkulu engashiwongo ngisho nakanye emiqulwini emihlanu yeCelestial Mechanics, uLaplace waphendula wathi wayengayidingi inkolelo enjalo. ULaplace empeleni wayengakholwa, kepha impendulo yakhe akufanele ichazwe ngendlela yokuthi uNkulunkulu akekho. Esimweni sokuhlukumezeka kwesinye isazi sezibalo, uJoseph-Louis Lagrange, uLaplace wagcizelela ukuthi umbono wokucabanga uchaza konke, kepha awubikezeli lutho. Isazi sezibalo sagcizelela ngokwethembeka: sichaze isimo sezinto esivele sikhona, kepha ukuthi sithuthuka kanjani nokuthi siphokophelephi, asikwazanga ukubikezela. Futhi uLaplace wabona umsebenzi wesayensi ngokunembile kulokhu.
UPierre-Simon Laplace
