Emqondweni wabantu baseRussia, iParis ithatha indawo ekhethekile, endaweni ethile eduze koMbuso Wezulu. Inhlokodolobha yaseFrance ibhekwa njengenhlokodolobha yomhlaba nendawo okumele ibonwe ohambweni lwaphesheya kwezilwandle. "Bheka iParis ne-Die!" - kangakanani okunye! Izigidi zabantu bakwamanye amazwe zahlala enhlokodolobha yaseFrance iminyaka namashumi eminyaka, kepha ibinzana elingenhla lafika engqondweni yomuntu waseRussia kuphela.
Isizathu sokuthandwa kweParis phakathi kwabantu baseRussia silula futhi siyisibambiso - ukugxila kwabafundi, abanamakhono, noma abazibheka njengabantu abanjalo. Uma eRussia umuntu ophucukile (noma ngabe yikuphi okuqukethwe okufakwe kuleli gama) ukuze axhumane nohlobo lwakhe, kwakudingeka agudluke enqoleni noma ahambise amashumi ngamamayela ukuya edolobheni lesifundazwe noma eSt. Petersburg, eParis inqwaba yabantu abanjalo babehlala kuyo yonke ikhefi. Ukungcola, ukunuka, ubhadane, 8-10 sq. amamitha - konke kwashabalala ngaphambi kokuthi uRabelais wayehleli kulelo tafula, futhi kwesinye isikhathi kufika uPaul Valerie lapha.
Izincwadi zaseFrance nazo zengeza uphethiloli emlilweni. Amaqhawe ababhali baseFrance azulazula yonke le "ryu", "ke" neminye "imidanso", bezisakazela ubumsulwa nobuhle (kuze kungene uMaupassant odelelekile). Ngesizathu esithile, u-D'Artagnan no-Count of Monte Cristo balwela ukunqoba iParis! Amagagasi amathathu okuthuthela kwelinye izwe engeza ekushiseni. Yebo, bathi, amakhosana ayesebenza njengabashayeli bamatekisi, kanti amakhosazana agcina e "Moulin Rouge", kepha ngabe lokhu ukulahlekelwa uma kuqhathaniswa nethuba lokuphuza ikhofi elihle nge-croissant enhle ngokulinganayo e-cafe yomgwaqo? Futhi eceleni kwayo kukhona izimbongi zeSilver Age, ama-avant-gardists, ama-cubist, uHemingway, baya kuLilya Brik ... Izibalo zegagasi lesithathu lokufuduka zaphumelela kakhulu ekukhuliseni iParis. Kwakungadingeki ukuthi basebenze njengabashayeli bamatekisi - "inhlalakahle" yabavumela ukuba bathathe izincazelo "zenhlokodolobha yomhlaba" ngobuqotho.
Futhi lapho ithuba lokuvakashelwa ngokukhululekile eParis livuleka, kwavela ukuthi cishe yonke into kulezi zincazelo iyiqiniso, kepha kukhona elinye iqiniso ngeParis. Idolobha lingcolile. Baningi abakhongi, abakhongi nabantu abalungile okuthe izivakashi zakwamanye amazwe ziwumthombo wemali engenayo yobugebengu. Amamitha ayi-100 ukusuka eChamps Elysees, kunezitebele zemvelo ezinezimpahla zaseTurkey ezihamba phambili. Izindleko zokupaka kusuka kuma-euro ama-2 ngehora. Amahhotela asenkabeni, ngisho angcolile kakhulu, alengisa izinkanyezi ezi-4 ebhodini lokusayina futhi adabula imali eningi kuzivakashi.
Ngokuvamile, lapho kuchazwa izinzuzo, umuntu akufanele akhohlwe ngokubi. IParis ifana nesidalwa esiphilayo, esithuthukiswa kwaso siqinisekiswa ngumzabalazo wokuphikisana.
1. "Umhlaba uqala, njengoba wazi, kusuka eKremlin", njengoba sikhumbula kusukela ezinsukwini zesikole. Ukube amaFrance ayenoVladimir Mayakovsky wawo, esikhundleni seKremlin, isiQhingi SaseCité sasizovela kulayini ofanayo. Lapha, kutholakala izinsalela zemizi yasendulo, lapha eLutetia (njengoba indawo leyo yayibizwa kanjalo ngaleso sikhathi), amaCelt ahlala, lapha amakhosi amaRoma nawaseFrance enza ukwahlulela nokujezisa. I-elite ye-Knights Templar yabulawa ku-Cité. Ugu oluseningizimu lwalesi siqhingi lubizwa ngokuthi iJewelers 'Embankment. Igama lesiFulentshi lalesi sigxobo - iQuet d'Orfevre liyaziwa kubo bonke abalandeli bakaGeorges Simenon noKhomishani Maigret. Lo mgogodla ngempela uyindlunkulu yamaphoyisa aseParis - uyingxenye yeSigodlo Sezobulungiswa esikhulu. ICité yakhiwe kakhulu ngezakhiwo zomlando, futhi, uma ufisa, ungazula esiqhingini usuku lonke.
Ngokombono wenyoni, iCite Island ibukeka njengomkhumbi
2. Akunandaba ukuthi umuntu angathanda ukuhlobanisa kangakanani igama elithi "Lutetia" negama lesiLatini elithi lux ("ukukhanya"), ngeke kwenzeke ukukwenza ngokubonakala okuncane kokuphokophela. Igama lalesi sakhiwo seGallic kwesinye seziqhingi ezisenkabeni maphakathi yeSeine, ngokunokwenzeka kakhulu, livela kwelithi Celtic "lut" elisho "ixhaphozi". Isizwe saseParis esasihlala eLutetia naseziqhingini ezisogwini nasogwini asizange sithumele amasekela aso emhlanganweni waseGallic owawubizwe nguJulius Caesar. Umbusi wesikhathi esizayo wenza ngomoya wokuthi "noma ngubani ongafihli, anginacala." Wanqoba abaseParis futhi wabeka ikamu esiqhingini sabo. Yiqiniso, wayemncane kakhulu kangangokuba kwakukhona kuphela indawo eyanele yekamu lamasosha. Amabhavu nenkundla yezemidlalo, okungukuthi iColosseum, kwakudingeka kwakhiwe ogwini. Kepha ikusasa leParis lalisekude nenhloko-dolobha - maphakathi nesifundazwe saseRoma kwakuyiLyon.
3. IParis yanamuhla ingokubili kokuthathu umsebenzi wezandla nengqondo kaBaron Georges Haussmann. Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19, lo mbusi wesifunda saseSeine, esekelwa uNapoleon III, wabuguqula ngokuphelele ubuso beParis. Inhlokodolobha yaseFrance iphendukile edolobheni lasendulo yaba idolobha elikhulu elilungele ukuhlala nokuhambahamba. U-Osman wayengeyena umklami wezakhiwo; manje usezobizwa ngokuthi umphathi ophumelelayo. Wakushaya indiva ukubaluleka komlando wezakhiwo ezingama-20 000 ezazibhidliziwe. Esikhundleni sokunikeza ngezinto zasendulo njenge-cesspool, abaseParis bathola idolobha elihlanzekile nelikhanyayo, eliwele izitaladi ezibanzi eziqondile, ama-boulevards nezindlela. Kwakukhona uhlelo lokuphakelwa kwamanzi nokuthuthwa kwendle, ukukhanyiswa kwasemgwaqweni kanye nezikhala eziningi eziluhlaza. Vele u-Osman wagxekwa nhlangothi zonke. UNapoleon III waze waphoqeleka ukuthi amxoshe. Kodwa-ke, umfutho owanikezwa ukwakhiwa kabusha kweParis nguBaron Haussmann wawunamandla kangangokuba umsebenzi ezinhlelweni zakhe waqhubeka engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lama-20.
UBaron Osman - owesibili ukusuka kwesokudla
4. Azikho nhlobo izakhiwo zesikhathi samaRoma eParis, kodwa-ke, indawo yeziningi zazo isungulwe ngokunembile. Isibonelo, indawo enkulu yezemidlalo yayisendaweni yesiphambano seRue Racine neBoulevard Saint-Michel. Ngo-1927, kwakukule ndawo lapho uSamuel Schwarzbard adubula khona uSimon Petliura.
5. Ngokuvamile, i-toponymy yaseParis ayikwazi ukushintsha. Futhi amaFulentshi mancane kakhulu athambekele ekucabangeni kabusha ngomlando - kahle, bekunomcimbi onjalo esikhathini esidlule, futhi kulungile. Kwesinye isikhathi baze bagcizelele - bathi, ngemuva kuka-1945, kwaguqulwa amagama emigwaqo emithathu kuphela eParis! Indawo yePaul de Gaulle ibingaphinde iqanjwe igama ithi Indawo uCharles de Gaulle, futhi manje iphethe igama elilula, elisheshayo nelibizwa kalula ngokuthi uCharles de Gaulle Étoile. Lokhu kugcinwa kwegama elingaziwa akuzange kuthinte umgwaqo iSt. Petersburg esifundeni iVIII eParis. Yavulwa futhi yaqanjwa ngegama lenhlokodolobha yaseRussia ngo-1826. Ngo-1914, njengomuzi, waqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi iPetrogradskaya. Ngo-1945, lo mgwaqo waba iLeningradskaya, kwathi ngo-1991 igama lawo lokuqala labuyiselwa.
6. Njengoba kwaziwa kusukela maphakathi nawo-1970, "Endlini yangasese yomphakathi yaseParis kunemibhalo ebhalwe ngesiRashiya". Kodwa-ke, amagama aseRussia awabonwa kuphela ezindlini zangasese zaseParis. Enhlokodolobha yaseFrance kunemigwaqo eqanjwe ngoMoscow noMfula iMoskva, iPeterhof ne-Odessa, iKronstadt neVolga, i-Evpatoria, iCrimea neSevastopol. Isiko laseRussia eParis toponymy limelwe ngamagama kaL. Tolstoy, P. Tchaikovsky, k. URachmaninov, V. Kandinsky, I. Stravinsky noN. Rimsky-Korsakov. Kukhona nemigwaqo kaPeter the Great no-Alexander III.
7. INotre Dame Cathedral iqukethe esinye sezipikili uKristu abethelwa ngazo. Sekukonke, kunezipikili ezinjalo ezingaba ngu-30, futhi cishe zonke zenze izimangaliso noma, okungenani, azigqwali. Isipikili e-Notre Dame de Paris cathedral rusts. Kuyinketho yomuntu wonke ukuthi akubheke lokhu njengobufakazi bobuqiniso noma ubufakazi bomgunyathi.
8. Indawo eyingqayizivele yaseParis yisikhungo sezobuciko namasiko, esiqanjwe ngegama likaGeorges Pompidou, uMongameli waseFrance, owaqala ukwakhiwa kwalesi Sikhungo. Isakhiwo esiyizakhiwo, esifana nendawo yokucwenga uwoyela, sivakashelwa izigidi zabantu minyaka yonke. Isikhungo iPompidou sineNational Museum of Modern Art, umtapo wolwazi, amabhayisikobho kanye namahholo emidlalo yaseshashalazini.
9. INyuvesi yaseParis, ngokulandela okuvela enkomeni kaPope Gregory IX, yasungulwa ngonyaka we-1231. Kodwa-ke, ngisho nangaphambi kokuba kunikezwe isikhundla esisemthethweni, i-Latin Quarter yamanje yayivele isisingethe ukuhlakanipha. Kodwa-ke, izakhiwo zamanje zaseSorbonne azihlangene nezindawo zokulala zasekolishi izinkampani zabafundi ezazakhela zona eNkathini Ephakathi. ISorbonne yamanje yakhiwa ngekhulu le-17 ngokwe-oda likaDuke waseRichelieu, ongowozalo lukakhadinali odumile. Umlotha wabaningi baseRichelieu ungcwatshwe kwesinye sezakhiwo zaseSorbonne, kubandakanya naleso izakhamuzi zase-Odessa ezivele zimbize ngokuthi “uMbusi” - u-Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis de Richelieu wakhonza njengombusi wase-Odessa isikhathi eside.
10. I-Saint Genevieve ibhekwa njengomphathi weParis. Wahlala ekhulwini lesi-5 kuya kwele-6 AD e. futhi waduma ngokuphulukiswa okuningi kwabagulayo nangosizo lwabampofu. Ukukholelwa kwakhe kwavumela abaseParis ukuthi bavikele idolobha ekuhlaselweni kwamaHuns. Izintshumayelo zikaSaint Genevieve zaqinisekisa uKing Clovis ukuthi abhapathizwe futhi enze iParis inhloko-dolobha yakhe. Izinsalela zeSaint Genevieve zigcinwa esitsheni esiyigugu, esasihlotshiswe yiwo wonke amakhosi aseFrance. Ngesikhathi seFrance Revolution, bonke ubucwebe obuvela ethempelini babuhlanjululwa futhi bancibilika phansi, futhi umlotha waseSaint Genevieve washiswa ngomkhosi ePlace de Grève.
11. Imigwaqo yaseParis yayiphoqelekile ukuba negama elifanele kuphela ngesinqumo sasebukhosini sango-1728. Ngaphambi kwalokho, abantu basemadolobheni babebiza imigwaqo, ikakhulukazi ngamabika athile noma igama lomnikazi wendlu ohloniphekile, kepha amagama anjalo awazange abhalwe phansi noma kuphi, kufaka phakathi nezindlu. Futhi ukubalwa kwezindlu nakanjani kwaqala ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19.
12. IParis, edume ngamakhekhe ayo, isasebenzisa ababhaki bezandla abangaphezu kwama-36,000. Vele, inani labo liyancipha kancane kancane, hhayi kuphela ngenxa yokuncintisana nabakhiqizi abakhulu. Abantu baseParis bamane behlisa njalo ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwesinkwa nempahla ebhakwe. Uma ngeminyaka yama-1920 amaParis ajwayelekile adla ama-gramu ayi-620 esinkwa kanye nama-roll ngosuku, ngekhulu lama-21 leli nani lancipha kane.
13. Umtapo wolwazi wokuqala ovulwe eParis ngo-1643. UKhadinali Mazarin, empilweni yakhe obengafani nhlobo nomfanekiso we-caricatured owenziwe ngu-Alexander Dumas ubaba kule noveli ethi "Twenty Years Later", unikeze umtapo wolwazi wakhe omkhulu weKolishi Lezizwe Ezine elasungulwa. Ikolishi alibanga khona isikhathi eside, futhi umtapo walo wezincwadi, ovulekele zonke izivakashi, usasebenza, futhi izindlu zangaphakathi zangesikhathi esidlule cishe zigcinwe ngokuphelele. Umtapo wezincwadi usengxenyeni esempumalanga yeSigodlo seFrench Academy, cishe endaweni lapho kwakumi khona iNelsky Tower, edume ngomunye umbhali ovelele, uMaurice Druon.
14. IParis inemigede yayo yokungcwaba. Umlando wabo, yebo, awuthakazelisi njengomlando wamabanjwa aseRoma, kepha konke kanye neParis engaphansi komhlaba kunokuthile okuziqhayisa ngakho. Ubude obuphelele bemibukiso yamathuna amathuna aseParis bungaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayi-160. Indawo encane ivulekile ukuvakashelwa. Izinsalela zabantu abavela emathuneni amaningi “zayiswa” emangcwabeni ngezikhathi ezehlukene. Imigodi ithole izipho ezicebile phakathi neminyaka yenguquko, lapho izisulu zobuphekula nezisulu zomzabalazo wokulwa nobuphekula zilethwa lapha. Endaweni ethile emigodini kulele amathambo eRobespierre. Futhi ngo-1944, uColonel Rol-Tanguy wakhipha umyalelo owawusuka emigedeni yamathuna wokuba kuqalwe ukuvukela umbuso waseParis omelene nokuhlaselwa kwamaJalimane.
15. Amaqiniso amaningi nemicimbi ethokozisayo ihlotshaniswa nepaki elidumile laseParis iMontsouris. Isikhathi lapho ipaki lavulwa - kwathi iMontsouris yacekelwa phansi umyalo kaNapoleon III - yasibekelwa inhlekelele. Usonkontileka owathola ekuseni ukuthi amanzi anyamalele echibini elihle elinezinyoni zamanzi. Futhi uVladimir Lenin wayeyithanda kakhulu ipaki laseMontsouris. Wayevame ukuhlala endaweni yokudlela yokhuni eseceleni kolwandle esekhona kuze kube namuhla, futhi wayehlala eduzane efulethini elincane manje eliguqulwe laba umnyuziyamu. EMontsouris, uphawu lwe-meridian eyinhloko lwasungulwa "ngokwesitayela esidala" - kwaze kwaba ngu-1884 i-French prime meridian yadlula eParis, futhi kuphela lapho yadluliselwa eGreenwich futhi yenziwa yonke indawo.
16. Imetro kaMasipala waseParis ihluke kakhulu kweyaseMoscow. Iziteshi zisondele kakhulu, izitimela zihamba kancane, ukumenyezelwa kwezwi nokuvula iminyango okuzenzakalelayo kusebenza kuphela kwinani elincane lezimoto ezintsha. Iziteshi zisebenza ngokweqile, azikho imihlobiso. Kukhona abakhongi abanele kanye nama-clochards - abangenamakhaya. Uhambo olulodwa lubiza ama-euro angu-1.9 ngehora nesigamu, futhi ithikithi linokucabanga okukhona jikelele: ungahamba ngemetro, noma ungahamba ngebhasi, kodwa hhayi kuyo yonke imigqa nemizila. Uhlelo lwezitimela lubukeka sengathi lwenzelwe ukudida abagibeli ngamabomu. Inhlawulo yokuhamba ngaphandle kwethikithi (okungukuthi, uma ngephutha wagibela isitimela kolunye ulayini noma ithikithi liphelelwe yisikhathi) ngama-euro angama-45.
17. I-Human Beehive isebenze eParis iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu. Kwavela enhlokodolobha yaseFrance ngenxa ka-Alfred Boucher. Kunesigaba samakhosi ezobuciko okuthiwa enzelwe ukwenza imali, hhayi ukufuna udumo emhlabeni wonke. UBoucher wayengomunye walabo. Wayehlanganyela ebaziwe, kodwa akazange aqophe lutho olungaphezu kwemvelo. Kepha wayazi ukuthi angayithola kanjani indlela yokuxhumana namakhasimende, wayemangaza futhi enobungani, futhi ethola imali eningi. Ngolunye usuku wazulazula emaphethelweni eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeParis wayophuza ingilazi yewayini ethaveni enesizungu. Ukuze angathuli, wabuza umnikazi ngamanani omhlaba wendawo. Uphendule ngomoya ukuthi uma othile emnikeza okungenani i-franc ngaye, uzokubheka njengesivumelwano esihle. Ngokushesha uBoucher wathenga ihektha lomhlaba kuye. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, lapho kubhidlizwa amatende weWorld Exhibition ka-1900, wathenga inkundla yewayini nokunye okuningi kwemfucumfucu eyakhayo njengamasango, izakhi zensimbi, njll. Kusuka kukho konke lokhu, kwakhiwa inxanxathela yamakamelo ayi-140, elungele izindlu kanye nemihlangano yokucobelelana ngolwazi yabaculi - odongeni ngalunye lwangemuva kwakukhona iwindi elikhulu. UBoucher waqala ukuqasha la magumbi ngamanani aphansi kubaculi abahlwempu. Amagama abo manje aphefumulelwe ochwepheshe bezinkomba ezintsha zokudweba, kodwa, ukusho ngokusobala, "i-Beehive" ayizange inikeze uRaphael noLeonardo omusha esintwini. Kepha unikeze isibonelo sesimo sengqondo sokungabi nasithakazelo kozakwabo nomusa olula womuntu. UBoucher uqobo wayehlala impilo yakhe yonke ekotishi elincane eliseduze ne- "Ulya". Ngemuva kokufa kwakhe, lesi sakhiwo siseyindawo yabampofu bokudala.
18. Umbhoshongo i-Eiffel wawungabukeka uhlukile - kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi kwakhiwe noma ngabe kwenziwa i-guillotine. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kubizwe ngokuhlukile - "iBonicausen Tower". Leli bekuyigama langempela likanjiniyela osayine amaphrojekthi akhe ngegama elithi "Gustave Eiffel" - eFrance kade baphathwa, ukusho kancane, ukungabethembi abantu baseJalimane, noma abantu abanezibongo ezifana nezaseJalimane. U-Eiffel ngesikhathi somncintiswano wokwakha into enjalo, efanekisela iParis yanamuhla, wayesevele engunjiniyela ohlonishwa kakhulu. Usebenzise amaphrojekthi afana namabhuloho aseBordeaux, eFlorac naseCapdenac kanye ne-viaduct eGarabi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Eiffel-Bonikausen waklama futhi wahlanganisa ifreyimu yeSitembu Sokukhululeka. Kepha, okubaluleke kakhulu, unjiniyela wafunda ukuthola izindlela ezinhliziyweni zabaphathi besabelomali. Ngenkathi ikomidi lezokuncintisana lihlekisa ngalolu hlelo, izibalo zamasiko (Maupassant, Hugo, njll.) Zaphenduka zaba “abangaphansi” ngaphansi kwezicelo zokubhikisha, nezikhulu zebandla zamemeza zithi umbhoshongo uzophakama kuneNotre Dame Cathedral, u-Eiffel waqinisekisa ungqongqoshe ophethe umsebenzi wokubaluleka iphrojekthi yakho. Baphonsa ithambo kubaphikisi: umbhoshongo wawuzosebenza njengesango le-World Exhibition, bese uqedwa. Ukwakhiwa okubiza ama-franc ayizigidi ezingama-7.5 sekukhokhelwe kakade ngesikhathi sombukiso, bese kuthi abaninimasheya (u-Eiffel uqobo utshale imali eyizigidi ezintathu ekwakhiweni) kuphela abaphathe (futhi basenesikhathi sokubala) inzuzo.
19. Kunamabhuloho angama-36 phakathi kwamabhange aseSeine neziqhingi. Elihle kakhulu ibhuloho eliqanjwe ngeTsar Russian Alexander III. Ihlotshiswe ngezithombe zezingelosi, i-pegasus nama-nymphs. Ibhuloho lenziwa laphansi ukuze kungafihlwa i-panorama yaseParis. Leli bhuloho, eliqanjwe ngegama likayise, lavulwa ngu-Emperor Nicholas II. Ibhuloho lendabuko, lapho abashadayo besakaza khona izingidi, yiPont des Arts - kusuka eLouvre kuya e-Institut de France. Ibhuloho elidala kunawo wonke eParis yiNew Bridge. Ingaphezulu kweminyaka engama-400 ubudala futhi iyibhuloho lokuqala eParis ukuthathwa izithombe.Endaweni lapho kumi khona ibhuloho le-Notre Dame manje, amabhuloho amile kusukela ngesikhathi samaRoma, kepha adilizwa yizikhukhula noma ukusebenza kwamasosha. Ibhuloho lamanje lizoba neminyaka eyi-100 likhona ngo-2019.
20. ICity Hall yaseParis isosebeni olungakwesokudla lwaseSeine esakhiweni esibizwa ngeHôtel de Ville. Emuva ngekhulu le-XIV, umphathi wabathengisi (induna, abathengisi, ababengenamalungelo omphakathi, bakhetha ukuxhumana okuthembekile nenkosi), u-Etienne Marcel wathenga indlu yemihlangano yabahwebi. Eminyakeni engama-200 kamuva, uFrancis I wayala ukuba akhe isigodlo seziphathimandla zaseParis. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yemicimbi ethile yezepolitiki neyezempi, ihhovisi lemeya laqedwa kuphela ngaphansi kukaLouis XIII (wona lowo obehlala ngaphansi kwawo amaMusketeers kaDumas ubaba), ngo-1628. Lesi sakhiwo siwubone wonke umlando obhalwe ngokuningiliziwe waseFrance. Babopha uRobespierre, bathweswa umqhele uLouis XVIII, bagubha umshado kaNapoleon Bonaparte, bamemezela iParis Commune (futhi ngasikhathi sinye bashisa isakhiwo) futhi benza okunye kokuhlasela kwamaphekula kokuqala kwamaSulumane eParis. Vele, yonke imikhosi yesizotha yedolobha ibanjelwa ehhovisi lemeya, kufaka phakathi ukunikezwa kwabafundi abafunde kahle.
