Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezine, amaphiramidi agqugquzela inhlonipho nokwesaba ame emihlabathini yaseGibhithe. Amathuna ofaro abukeka njengabafokazi abavela kwelinye izwe, aqhathanisa kakhulu nemvelo ezungezile futhi isilinganiso sawo sikhulu kakhulu. Kubukeka kungakholeki ukuthi eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eyedlule abantu babekwazi ukwakha izakhiwo zobude obungathi, ngokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe besimanje ngaleso sikhathi, kwakwenzeka ukuthi zidlule kuphela ngekhulu le-19, futhi azange zidlule ngevolumu kuze kube manje.
Vele, imibono mayelana "neminye" imvelaphi yamaphiramidi ayikwazanga ukuvela. Onkulunkulu, abafokazi, abamele impucuko eyanyamalala - noma ngubani ongazange adunyiswe ngokwakhiwa kwalezi zinhlaka ezinkulu, endleleni enikeza izakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu kubo.
Eqinisweni, amaphiramidi awumsebenzi wezandla zomuntu. Esikhathini sethu somphakathi onama-athomu, lapho ukujoyina imizamo yabantu abayishumi nambili ngenhloso yokufeza inhloso efanayo sekuvele kubonakala kuyisimangaliso, ngisho namaphrojekthi amakhulu wokwakha wekhulu lama-20 abukeka emangalisa. Futhi ukucabanga ukuthi okhokho babekwazi ukubumbana okunjalo eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eyedlule, udinga ukuba nomcabango ezingeni lomlobi oqanjiwe wesayensi. Kulula ukufaka konke kubafokazi ...
1. Uma namanje ubungakwazi lokhu, izindunduma zamaSkithe ziyimibhoshongo yabampofu. Noma ukuthi ubukeka kanjani: amaphiramidi ayiziduli zabampofu emhlabeni. Uma kwakwanele ukuba abahambahambayo badonsele inqwaba yomhlaba bayiyise ethuneni, khona-ke abaseGibhithe kwakudingeka baphathe izinkulungwane zamabhulokhi amatshe - izindunduma zesihlabathi zazizoshaywa ngumoya. Kodwa-ke, umoya wamboza nama-pyramid ngesihlabathi. Ezinye bekufanele zimbiwe. Imibhoshongo emikhulu yaba nenhlanhla enkulu - yambozwa nesihlabathi, kodwa kancane kancane. Ngakho-ke, isihambi saseRussia ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 sathi kudayari yaso iSphinx yayimbozwe isihlabathi esifubeni sayo. Ngakho-ke, iPhiramidi laseKhafre, elalimi eduze kwalo, kwabonakala ngathi liphansi.
2. Inkinga yokuqala enkulu emlandweni wamaphiramidi nayo ixhunywe nemikhuba yesihlabathi. UHerodotus, owazichaza futhi wazilinganisa, akasho nelilodwa igama ngeSphinx. Abaphenyi banamuhla bachaza lokhu ngokuthi izibalo zazimbozwe isihlabathi. Kodwa-ke, izilinganiso zikaHerodotus, yize zinamaphutha amancane, zivumelana nezanamuhla, ezenziwa lapho imipiramidi isuswa esihlabathini. Kungenxa kaHerodotus ukuthi sibiza iphiramidi enkulu kunazo zonke ngokuthi "iPhiramidi lamaCheops". Kunembile kakhulu ukuyibiza ngokuthi "iPhiramidi likaKhufu".
3. Njengoba kwenzeka kaningi kubahambi noma izazi-mlando zakudala, emisebenzini kaHerodotus umuntu angafunda okuningi ngobuntu bakhe kunamazwe nezinto azichazayo. Ngokusho kwesiGreki, uCheops, ngesikhathi engenayo imali eyanele yokwakha indawo yakhe yokungcwaba, wathumela indodakazi yakhe endaweni yezifebe. Ngasikhathi sinye, wakhela udadewabo iphiramidi elincane elihlukile, elihlanganisa imithwalo yemfanelo yendima nendima yomunye wamakhosikazi eCheops.
Heterodyne
4. Inani lamaphiramidi, ngokungajwayelekile, liyaguquguquka. Eminye yayo, ikakhulukazi emincane, ayigcinwanga kahle noma imele inqwaba yamatshe, ngakho-ke abanye ososayensi bayenqaba ukuyithatha njengama-pyramid. Ngakho-ke, inani labo lihluka kusuka ku-118 kuye ku-138.
5. Uma kungenzeka ukuqaqa imipiramidi eyisithupha emikhulu ibe ngamatshe bese usika amathayili kulawa matshe, bekuyokwanela ukuhlahla umgwaqo osuka eMoscow uye eVladivostok ngamamitha ayi-8 ububanzi.
6. UNapoleon (ngaleso sikhathi owayengeyena uBonaparte), ngokulinganisela umthamo wamapiramidi amathathu aseGiza, wabala ukuthi etsheni elitholakala kuzo kungenzeka ukuzungeza ipherimitha laseFrance ngodonga olungamasentimitha angama-30 ubukhulu namamitha ama-3 ukuphakama. Futhi iphedi lokwethulwa kwamarokhethi wesikhala wanamuhla angangena ngaphakathi kwephiramidi yeCheops.
UNapoleon ukhonjiswa umama
7. Ukufanisa ubukhulu bamaphiramidi-amathuna kanye nendawo ababekuyo. Ngakho-ke, nxazonke zepiramidi ye-Djoser kwakukhona udonga lwamatshe (manje selubhujisiwe futhi lumbozwe isihlabathi), olwalubiyela indawo eyihektha elilodwa nohhafu.
8. Akuwona wonke amaphiramidi ayekhonza njengamathuna ofaro, ngaphansi kwengxenye yawo. Ezinye zenzelwe amakhosikazi, izingane, noma zinenhloso yenkolo.
9. IPhiramidi lamaCheops lithathwa njengeliphezulu kakhulu, kepha ukuphakama kwamamitha ayi-146.6 kwabelwa lona ngamandla - lokhu bekungaba njalo ukube ubuso bebusindile. Ukuphakama uqobo kwePhiramidi yeCheops kungaphansi kwamamitha ayi-139. Ku-crypt yale phiramidi, ungalingana ngokuphelele amafulethi amabili amaphakathi amakamelo amabili, abekwe elinye ngaphezulu kwelinye. Ithuna libhekene namatshe amakhulu e-granite. Zilingana kahle kangangokuba inaliti ayingeni esikhaleni.
IPhiramidi lamaCheops
10. Iphiramidi endala yakhelwe uFaro Djoser maphakathi nenkulungwane yesithathu yeminyaka BC. Ukuphakama kwayo kungamamitha angama-62. Ngaphakathi kwiphiramidi, kutholwe amathuna ayi-11 - wawo wonke amalungu omndeni kafaro. Abaphangi beba umama kaDjoser uqobo ezikhathini zasendulo (iphiramidi labanjwa inkunzi kaningana), kepha izinsalela zamalungu omndeni, kubandakanya nengane encane, zisindile.
Iphiramidi kaJjer
11. Ngenkathi kuzalwa impucuko yasendulo yamaGrikhi, amaphiramidi ayemi iminyaka eyinkulungwane. Ngesikhathi sokusungulwa kweRoma, babeneminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbili ubudala. Ngenkathi uNapoleon ngobusuku bangaphambi kwe- “Battle of the Pyramids” wababaza ngokudabukisayo: “Masosha! Bakubuka amakhulu amane eminyaka! ”, Wayenephutha iminyaka engaba ngu-500. Ngokwamazwi ombhali waseCzechoslovakia uVojtech Zamarovsky, amaphiramidi ayema lapho abantu bethatha inyanga njengonkulunkulu, futhi aqhubeka nokuma lapho abantu behla enyangeni.
12. AbaseGibhithe lasendulo babengayazi ikhampasi, kepha amaphiramidi aseGiza abheke ngokusobala emaphuzu amakhulu. Ukuphambuka kukalwa ngezingxenyana zezinga elithile.
13. AbaseYurophu bokuqala bangena emibhoshongweni ngekhulu lokuqala AD. e. Usosayensi waseRoma onamakhono amaningi uPliny kube yinhlanhla. Uchaze ukubonakala kwakhe kumqulu we-VI womlando wakhe odumile "Wezemvelo". UPliny wabiza amaphiramidi ngokuthi "ubufakazi bokuthile okungenangqondo." USaw Pliny noSphinx.
Imigqa
14. Kuze kuphele iminyaka eyinkulungwane yokuqala AD. yimipiramidi emithathu kuphela eGiza eyayaziwa. Amapiramidi avulwa kancane kancane, futhi ipiramidi iMenkaur yayingaziwa kwaze kwaba ngekhulu le-15.
Iphiramidi leMenkaur. Indlela yokuhlaselwa kwama-Arabhu ibonakala ngokucacile
15. Ngokushesha ngemuva kokwakhiwa kwamapiramidi kwaba mhlophe - babebhekene nelimestone emhlophe epholishiwe. Ngemuva kokunqotshwa kweGibhithe, ama-Arabhu alazisa ikhwalithi yezingubo. Ngenkathi uBaron d'Anglure evakashele eGibhithe ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-14, wayesabona inqubo yokuqeda itshe elibheke ukwakhiwa eCairo. Utshelwe ukuthi i-limestone emhlophe "seyimbiwe" ngale ndlela iminyaka eyinkulungwane. Ngakho-ke ukugqokwa akuzange kunyamalale emibhoshongweni ngaphansi kwethonya lamandla emvelo.
16. Umbusi wama-Arab waseGibhithe, uSheikh al-Mamun, enquma ukungena kumbhoshongo waseCheops, wasebenza njengomholi wamasosha evimbezela le nqaba - udonga lwale phiramidi lwalugutshulwe ngezinqama zokubhaka. Umbhoshongo awuzange udikibale kwaze kwatshelwa isheikh ukuthi athele uviniga obilayo etsheni. Udonga lwaqala ukuhamba kancane, kepha umbono wesheikh wawungeke ube yimpumelelo, uma wayengenayo inhlanhla - ikhefu laqondana ngengozi nokuqala kwalokhu okuthiwa. Igalari enhle. Kodwa-ke, ukunqoba kwamdumaza u-al-Mansur - wayefuna ukuzuza engcebweni yoFaro, kepha wathola amatshe ambalwa kuphela ayigugu ku-sarcophagus.
17. Kusasabalala amahlebezi mayelana "nesiqalekiso esithile sikaTutankhamun" - noma ngubani onukubeza ukungcwatshwa kukaFaro uzofa kungekudala. Baqala ngawo-1920. UWoward Carter, owavula ithuna likaTutankhamun, encwadini ayibhalela ihhovisi labahleli bephephandaba, etshela ukuthi yena namanye amalungu omkhankaso sebeshonile, wathi ngomqondo ongokomoya, abantu besikhathi sakhe abayi kude nabaseGibhithe lasendulo.
UWoward Carter uyamangala ngezindaba zokufa kwakhe okubuhlungu
18. UGiovanni Belzoni, umgadli wase-Italy owazulazula kulo lonke elaseYurophu, ngo-1815 wenza isivumelwano ne-British Consul eGibhithe, okusho ukuthi uBelzoni waqokwa njengommeleli osemthethweni weBritish Museum eGibhithe, kanti i-Consul Salt yathembisa ukuthenga kuye amanani atholakele iBritish Museum. AbaseBrithani, njengenjwayelo, bakhipha ama-chestnut emlilweni ngezandla zomunye umuntu. UBelzoni wangena emlandweni njengomphangi wamathuna, futhi wabulawa ngo-1823, kanti iBritish Museum “yagcina impucuko” ingcebo eningi yaseGibhithe. KwakunguBelzoni okwazile ukuthola umnyango wepiramidi waseKhafre ngaphandle kokuphula izindonga. Esilindele isisulu, wangena ethuneni, wavula i-sarcophagus futhi ... waqinisekisa ukuthi alinalutho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekukhanyeni okuhle, wabona umbhalo odongeni, owenziwe ama-Arabhu. Kulandele lapho ukuthi abatholanga nengcebo leyo.
19. Cishe cishe isigamu sekhulu leminyaka ngemuva komkhankaso kaNapoleon waseGibhithe, amavila kuphela angazange aphange imipiramidi. Kunalokho, abaseGibhithe ngokwabo baphanga, bethengisa izinsalela abazithola ngentengo encane. Kwanele ukusho ukuthi ngemali encane, izivakashi bezingabuka umbukwane omibalabala wokuwa kwamadwala abhekene nawo avela ezingxenyeni ezingenhla zamapiramidi. NguSultan Khediv Said kuphela ngo-1857 owenqabela ukuphanga amapiramidi ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe.
20. Isikhathi eside, ososayensi babekholelwa ukuthi abafaka izidumbu ababecubungula izidumbu zikafaro emva kokufa bazi ezinye izimfihlo ezikhethekile. Kuphela ngekhulu lama-20, ngemuva kokuthi abantu beqale ukungena ngamandla ezingwadule, kwacaca ukuthi umoya oshisayo owomile ugcina izidumbu kangcono kakhulu kunezisombululo zokugqumisa. Izidumbu zabampofu, ezilahlekile ogwadule, zahlala zifana nezidumbu zikafaro.
21. Amatshe okwakhiwa kwamaphiramidi ayembiwa ngokuqoshwa okungasho lutho. Ukusetshenziswa kwezingodo zokhuni, okwakudabula itshe lapho selimanzi, kuyimpicabadala kunokwenziwa nsuku zonke. Amabhulokhi aholelwayo akhishelwa ngaphandle futhi apholishwa. Ochwepheshe abakhethekile bababala eduze kwenkwali. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngokulandelana okunqunywe yizinombolo, ngemizamo yamakhulu abantu, amabhlogo ahudulelwa eNayile, alayishwa emikhunjini ayiswe lapho kwakhiwa khona amaphiramidi. Izinto zokuhamba zenziwa emanzini aphakeme - amamitha angaphezulu kwamakhulu ezokuthutha ngomhlaba enweba ukwakhiwa izinyanga. Ukugaya kokugcina kwamabhulokhi kwenziwa ngenkathi kusendaweni yephiramidi. Izinsalela zemikhondo yamabhodi apendiwe, abheke ikhwalithi yokugaya, nezinombolo kwamanye amabhlogo.
Kusenezikhala ...
22. Abukho ubufakazi bokusetshenziswa kwezilwane ekuthwaleni amabhlokhi nasekwakhiweni kwemipiramidi. AbaseGibhithe lasendulo babefuya ngenkuthalo imfuyo, kepha izinkunzi ezincane, izimbongolo, izimbuzi kanye neminyuzi ngokusobala akulona uhlobo lwezilwane ezingaphoqelelwa ukwenza umsebenzi onzima kakhulu nsuku zonke. Kepha iqiniso lokuthi ngesikhathi kwakhiwa amapiramidi, izilwane zayofuna ukudla emihlambini kusobala impela. Ngokwezibalo ezahlukahlukene, kusuka kubantu abayi-10 kuya ku-100,000 basebenze ngasikhathi sinye ekwakhiweni kwemipiramidi.
23. Noma ngezikhathi zikaStalin babazi ngemigomo yokusebenza kwabaseGibhithe ekwakheni imipiramidi, noma izakhamizi zeNayile Valley zakha uhlelo oluhle lokusebenzisa umsebenzi ophoqelelwe, kepha ukuwohloka kwemithombo yabasebenzi kubukeka kufana ngokumangazayo. EGibhithe, abakhi bamaphiramidi babehlukaniswe ngamaqembu abantu abafinyelela ku-1 000 ngemisebenzi enzima kakhulu futhi engenamakhono (efana nekamu laseGulag). La maqembu wona abehlukaniswa aba ngamashifu. Kwakukhona abaphathi "abakhululekile": abakhi bezakhiwo (ochwepheshe bezenhlalo), ababonisi (VOKhR) nabapristi (umnyango wezepolitiki). Hhayi ngaphandle "kweziwula" - abagawuli bamatshe nababazi bemifanekiso babesesimweni esikhethekile.
24. Ukushayelwa amakhwela phezu kwamakhanda ezigqila nokufa okwesabekayo ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwamapiramidi kungukuqanjwa kwezazi-mlando eziseduze nesikhathi samanje. Isimo sezulu saseGibhithe sasivumela abalimi abakhululekile ukuthi basebenze emasimini abo izinyanga ezimbalwa (ethafeni iNayile bathatha izitshalo ezi-4 ngonyaka), futhi babekhululekile ukusebenzisa "isikhathi esingenzi lutho" sokwakhiwa. Kamuva, ngokwanda kosayizi bamaphiramidi, baqala ukuhehwa ezindaweni zokwakha ngaphandle kwemvume, kodwa ukuze kungabikho muntu ozobulawa yindlala. Kepha ngesikhathi sekhefu lokulima amasimu nokuvuna isivuno, izigqila zazisebenza, zazingaba ikota yabo bonke abaqashiwe.
25. UFaro wasebukhosini besi-6 uPiopi II akazange achithe isikhathi sakhe ezintweni ezingenamsebenzi. Wayala ukuba azakhele imibhoshongo eyisi-8 ngasikhathi sinye - azenzele yena, enzele omunye nomunye wabafazi namasiko ama-3. Omunye wabashadikazi, ogama lakhe lalingu-Imtes, wakhohlisa inkosi futhi wajeziswa kanzima - waphucwa iphiramidi yakhe. Futhi uPiopi II wayesadlula uSenusert I, owakha amathuna ayi-11.
26. Kakade sekuphakathi nekhulu le-19, "i-pyramidology" ne "pyramidography" zazalwa - izazi zembumbulu ezivula amehlo abantu ngokubaluleka kwamaphiramidi. Ngokuhumusha imibhalo yaseGibhithe nezenzo ezahlukahlukene zezibalo kanye ne-algebra ezinosayizi wamaphiramidi, bakhombise ngokugculisayo ukuthi abantu babengeke bakwazi ukwakha imipiramidi. Ukuphela kweminyaka eyishumi yesibili yekhulu lama-21, isimo asikashintshi kakhulu.
26. Musa ukulandela odokotela bamaphiramidi futhi udidanise ukunemba kwamatshe amakhulu egwadle amathuna nokulingana kwamabhulokhi angaphandle amatshe. Ama-slabs we-claddings angaphakathi (hhayi konke!) Afakwe kahle impela. Kepha ukubekezelelana kwamamilimitha ekwakhiweni kwamatshe angaphandle kuyimicabango yabahumushi abangenangqondo. Kunezikhala, futhi ezibaluleke impela, phakathi kwamabhulokhi.
27. Ngokulinganisa amaphiramidi ngaphesheya nangaphesheya, izazi zamaphiramidi zafika esiphethweni esimangazayo: abaseGibhithe lasendulo babelazi inani π! Ukuphindaphinda okutholakele kwalolu hlobo, okokuqala kusuka encwadini kuya encwadini, bese kusuka kusayithi kuya kusiza, kusobala ukuthi ochwepheshe abakhumbuli, noma abakatholi izifundo zezibalo kwelinye lamabanga aphansi esikole saseSoviet. Lapho, izingane zazinikezwa izinto eziyindilinga ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene kanye nentambo. Okwamangaza izingane zesikole ukuthi isilinganiso sobude bentambo, esasetshenziswa ukusonga izinto eziyindilinga, kububanzi bezinto, cishe asizange sishintshe, futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi sasiba ngaphezu kuka-3.
28. Ngaphezulu kokungena kwehhovisi lenkampani yezokwakha yaseMelika iThe Starrett Brothers no-Eken kulenga isiqubulo lapho inkampani eyakha i-Empire State Building ithembisa khona ukuthi izokwakha ikhophi elilingana nempilo yePhiramidi iCheops ngokucela kwekhasimende.
29. Isakhiwo sokuzijabulisa iLuxor eLas Vegas, esivame ukuvela kumafilimu aseMelika nakuchungechunge lwe-TV, akuyona ikhophi yombhoshongo waseCheops (yize inhlangano “iphiramidi” - “iCheops” iyaqondakala futhi iyaxoleka). Ekwaklanyweni kweLuxor, kusetshenziswe imingcele yePhiramidi ePinki (eyesithathu ngobukhulu) nePramidi eBroken, eyaziwa ngamaphethelo ayo aphukile.
