Usosayensi omkhulu nomsunguli uNikola Tesla (1856 - 1943) washiya ngemuva ifa elicebile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le epithet ayithinti kuphela amadivayisi asetshenzisiwe, amadivayisi nobuchwepheshe, kepha nefa elisesimweni samakhasi ayizinkulungwane eziningi zemibhalo, enyamalale ngokwengxenye, futhi ngokwengxenye, njengoba kucatshangwa, kwahlukaniswa ngemuva kokushona komsunguli.
Isitayela sikaTesla sokucwaninga sibonakala ngokusobala kumadayari asindile, imibhalo kanye namanothi ezinkulumo zikaTesla. Wanaka kancane kakhulu ekurekhodeni ngokunembile inqubo yokuhlola. Usosayensi wayenesithakazelo esikhulu kakhulu emizweni yakhe. Wayethembele kakhulu ku-intuition nokubona kusengaphambili. Ngokusobala, yingakho usosayensi obucayi evame ukumangaza labo abaseduze kwakhe ngama-quirks asendle: ukuhlala emahhotela lapho inombolo yegumbi ihlukaniswa khona ngabangu-3, ukuzonda amacici namapentshisi, nokuphindaphinda njalo ngobuntombi bakhe, obusiza kakhulu emsebenzini wesayensi (yebo, lokhu akuyona into esungulwe ngu-Anatoly Wasserman) ... Le nhlanganisela yesitayela sokubhala nokuziphatha kwenza uTesla abe nedumela lokufihla okuthile. Futhi indlela yakhe yokusebenza yedwa noma enabasizi abambalwa yayimangalisa. Akumangalisi ukuthi emva kokufa kwakhe, usosayensi waqala ukusho izinto ezinhle kakhulu njengenhlekelele yaseTunguska.
Lonke lolu zungu, empeleni, lungachazwa. Ukweba isifiso sokuzivikela ekwebeni kwento esunguliwe. Ngemuva kwakho konke, into esemqoka akuyena owasungula okuthile, kepha yilowo obhalise ilungelo lobunikazi lale nto. I-Brevity of Notes - UTesla uphumelele kakhulu ekubalweni kwezinyathelo eziningi kakhulu ekhanda lakhe futhi akudingeki ukuthi akubhale phansi. Isifiso sokusebenza ngokuzimela futhi siqede abantu - kodwa phela, ilabhoratri yakhe enezinto ezibiza kakhulu enkabeni yeNew York, kuFifth Avenue, yasha. Futhi ama-quirks awagcini nje kuphela kwabahlakaniphile, kepha futhi naphakathi kwabantu abalula kakhulu.
Futhi uTesla wayengasebenzi impela, kepha wayeyisazi. Cishe bonke ubunjiniyela bakagesi besimanje bususelwa kuzinto azisungulile nakwizinto azithole. Sisebenzisa imisebenzi kaTesla lapho sikhanyisa ugesi, siqala imoto, sisebenza kwikhompyutha noma sikhuluma ocingweni - lawa madivayisi asuselwa kokwenziwe nguTesla. Uma ucabanga ukuthi eminyakeni eyishumi edlule yempilo yakhe, usosayensi wasebenza kakhulu, kepha akazange enze ilungelo lobunikazi noma angenise noma yini ekukhiqizeni, angaqonda ukucabanga ngokuqamba kwakhe i-superweapon noma ubuchwepheshe bokuhamba kwesikhathi.
1. UNikola Tesla wazalwa ngoJulayi 10, 1856 emndenini wompristi waseSerbia edolobhaneni elikude laseCroatia. Kakade esikoleni, wamangaza wonke umuntu ngobuhlakani bakhe nangokwazi ukubala ngokushesha emqondweni wakhe.
2. Ukwenza indodana yakhe ikwazi ukuqhubeka nezifundo zayo, umndeni wathuthela edolobheni laseGospić. Kwakukhona isikole esinakho konke lapho umsunguli wesikhathi esizayo athola ulwazi lwakhe lokuqala ngogesi - isikole sasinebhange iLeiden ngisho nemoto kagesi. Futhi umfana wakhombisa ikhono elikhulu lokufunda izilimi zakwamanye amazwe - ngemuva kokuqeda isikole, uTesla wayazi isiJalimane, isiNtaliyane nesiNgisi.
3. Ngelinye ilanga abaphathi bedolobha banikeza umnyango wezomlilo ipompo entsha. Ukugunyazwa kwepompo kucishe kwehla ngenxa yokungasebenzi kahle okuthile. UNicola wabona ukuthi yini inkinga futhi walungisa ipompo, ngasikhathi sinye ethela indiza enamandla phezu kwengxenye yalabo ababekhona.
4. Ngemuva kokuqeda isikole, uTesla wayefuna ukuba ngunjiniyela kagesi, kanti ubaba wakhe wayefuna indodana yakhe ilandele ezinyathelweni zakhe. Ngokumelene nesizinda sokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe, uTesla wagula, njengoba kubonakala kuye, ngekholera. Ngeke sikwazi ukuthola kahle ukuthi ngabe yikholera yini, kepha lesi sifo saba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu: ubaba wakhe wavumela uNikola ukuthi afunde njengonjiniyela, kanti uTesla ngokwakhe wathola ukulangazelela okubuhlungu kwenhlanzeko. Kuze kube sekupheleni kwempilo yakhe, wayegeza izandla njalo ngemuva kwengxenye yehora futhi ngokucophelela ahlole isimo emahhotela nasezitolo zokudlela.
5. UNikola waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe eHigher Technical School eGraz (manje eyi-Austria). Wayezithanda kakhulu izifundo zakhe, ngaphezu kwalokho uTesla wathola ukuthi udinga amahora amabili kuya kwamane kuphela ukulala. KwakuseGraz lapho aqala khona ukuqhamuka nomqondo wokusebenzisa ukushintshana kwamanje ezimotweni zikagesi. Uthisha wephrofayili uJacob Peschl wayehlonipha uTesla, kepha wamtshela ukuthi lo mbono awusoze wagcwaliseka.
6. Icebo lemoto kagesi ka-AC lafika emqondweni kaTesla eBudapest (lapho asebenza khona enkampanini yezingcingo ngemuva kokuthweswa iziqu). Wayehamba nomngani wakhe ekushoneni kwelanga, wabe esememeza: "Ngizokwenza ujikele kolunye uhlangothi!" futhi waqala ukudweba ngokushesha okuthile esihlabathini. UComrade wayecabanga ukuthi sikhuluma ngeLanga, futhi ekhathazekile ngempilo kaNikola - wayesanda kugula kakhulu - kodwa kwavela ukuthi kwakumayelana nenjini nje.
7. Ngenkathi esebenzela i-Continental Company yakwa-Edison, uTesla wenza ukuthuthuka okuningi kuma-DC motors futhi waletha ukwakhiwa kwesiteshi samandla esiteshini sesitimela eStrasbourg, eFrance, ngaphandle kwenkinga. Ngalokhu, wathenjiswa umklomelo wama- $ 25,000, okwakuyimali enkulu. Abaphathi baseMelika benkampani bakubheka njengokungenangqondo ukukhokhela onjiniyela abathile lolo hlobo lwemali. UTesla wesula esikhundleni engatholanga ngisho isenti.
8. Ngemali yokugcina uTesla waya e-USA. Omunye wabasebenzi beNkampani Yezwekazi wamnika incwadi yokwethulwa kuThomas Edison, ngaleso sikhathi owayengumkhanyisi womhlaba kwezobunjiniyela kagesi. U-Edison waqasha uTesla, kepha wayepholile ngemibono yakhe yokushintshana kwamanje ngezinombolo eziningi. Ngemuva kwalokho uTesla uhlongoze ukuthuthukisa izinjini ezikhona zeDC. U-Edison wagxumela kulokhu kunikezwa futhi wathembisa ukukhokha u- $ 50,000 uma ephumelela. Ethintwe yizinga lokuthembisa - uma abangaphansi baseYurophu "bephonsa" uTesla ngama-25,000, umphathi wabo ukhohlise kabili, yize uTesla enze izinguquko ekwakhiweni kwezinjini ezingama-24. "Amahlaya aseMelika!" - wachaza u-Edison.
UThomas Edison wayekwazi ukwenza amahlaya abiza u- $ 50,000
9. Ngokwesithathu, uTesla wakhohliswa yinkampani yamasheya ahlangene, eyenzelwe ukwethula amalambu amasha e-arc awasungula. Esikhundleni sokukhokha, umsunguli wathola ibhulokhi lamasheya angenanzuzo nokuhlukunyezwa emaphephandabeni, elalimsola ngokuhaha nokuzimela.
10. UTesla wasinda ngokulambisa ebusika bango-1886/1887. Wayengasebenzi - enye inkinga yayishubile e-United States. Wayebambelele kunoma yimuphi umsebenzi futhi wesaba kakhulu ukugula - lokhu kwakusho ukufa okuqinisekile. Ngenhlanhla, unjiniyela u-Alfred Brown wathola ngesiphetho sakhe. Igama likaTesla lalivele laziwa, futhi uBrown wamangala ukuthi wayengawutholi umsebenzi. UBrown uxhume umsunguli nommeli uCharles Peck. Wayengaqiniseki ngezici zikaTesla noma ngamazwi akhe, kepha ngesipiliyoni esilula. UTesla ucele umkhandi wensimbi ukuthi aqumbe iqanda lensimbi alimboze ngethusi. UTesla wenze ucingo olubiyele iqanda. Lapho kudluliswa umsinga oshintshana ngokusebenzisa igridi, iqanda laliphotha futhi lime kancane liqonde.
11. Inkampani yokuqala yomqambi yabizwa nge- "Tesla Electric". Ngokwesivumelwano, umqambi kwakufanele akhiqize imibono, uBrown wayephethe ukwesekwa ngezinto ezibonakalayo nezobuchwepheshe, kanti uPeck wayephethe ezezimali.
12. UTesla wathola amalungelo akhe obunikazi okuqala wezinjini ze-multiphase AC ngoMeyi 1, 1888. Cishe ngokushesha, amalungelo obunikazi aqala ukwenza imali. UGeorge Westinghouse uphakamise uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi: wakhokha ngokwehlukana ukuze azi ukwaziswa ngamalungelo obunikazi, bese ekuthengeni kwabo, amaroyalithi ngamandla wehhashi ngalinye enjini akhiqizwayo, futhi adlulisele amasheya enkampani yakhe angama-200 eTesla ngezinga lesabelo esinqunyiwe. Isivumelwano silethele uTesla nabalingani bakhe cishe ama- $ 250,000, hhayi isigidi semali khona manjalo, njengoba ungafunda.
Enye yezinjini zokuqala zeTesla
13. Ekwindla ka-1890 kwavela enye inkinga, kulokhu eyasezimalini. Wayinyakazisa inkampani yaseWestinghouse, eyayiseduze kokuwa. UTesla usizile. Wanikela ngama-royalties akhe, ngaleso sikhathi ayeseqoqwe cishe ama- $ 12 million, ngaleyo ndlela wasindisa inkampani.
14. UTesla wanikeza inkulumo yakhe edumile, lapho akhombisa khona amalambu angenayo intambo nezintambo eziya kubo, ngoMeyi 20, 1891. Wayekholisa kakhulu ezibikezelweni zakhe zokuthola amandla cishe ndawo yonke okwenza ukuthi bonke abakhona bakholelwe kulokhu okungenzeka, ngaphandle kweqembu elincane lezitha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenza kososayensi kubukeka kufana nenombolo yekhonsathi ende kunenkulumo.
15. UTesla uphinde wasungula amalambu we-fluorescent. Kodwa-ke, ubheke ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwabo ngobuningi kuyindaba yesikhathi esizayo esikude, futhi akazange afake i-patent. Ngokucabangela iqiniso lokuthi izibani ze-fluorescent zaqala ukusetshenziswa kabanzi ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1930, umsunguli wayenephutha ekubikezelweni kwakhe.
16. Ngo-1892, ososayensi baseSerbia abazange bakhethe uTesla njengelungu elihambelanayo le-Academy of Sciences. Bakwenza kuphela ngokuzama kwesibili eminyakeni emibili kamuva. Futhi uTesla waba isazi semfundo ephakeme kuphela ngo-1937. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njalo lapho efika ezweni lakhe, wayebingelelwa yizinkumbi zabantu abayizinkulungwane.
17. NgoMashi 13, 1895, kwaqubuka umlilo esakhiweni esasihlala ihhovisi kanye namalabhorethri kaTesla. Izitezi zokhuni zishe ngokushesha. Yize izicishamlilo zifike ngokushesha, isitezi sesine nesesithathu sikwazile ukuwela kwesesibili, sachitha yonke imishini. Umonakalo weqe ama- $ 250,000. Yonke imibhalo nayo ilahlekile. UTesla wavuselelwa. Uthe ugcina konke enkumbulweni, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi wavuma ukuthi ngisho nesigidi ngeke simkhokhele ngokulahleka kwakhe.
18. AbakwaTesla baklama futhi basiza emhlanganweni wama-generator weSiteshi Sikagesi Samanzi SaseNiagara, esivulwe ngo-1895. Ngaleso sikhathi, le phrojekthi yayiyiyona enkulu kunazo zonke embonini yamandla kagesi emhlabeni.
19. Umsunguli akazange abonwe maqondana nowesifazane, yize ngokubukeka kwakhe, ubuhlakani, isikhundla sezezimali nokuthandwa kwakhe, wayeyizisulu ezifiselekayo zokuzingela amasocialist amaningi. Wayengeyena umuntu okhuluma kabi ngabantu besifazane, wayekhulumisana ngenkuthalo nabesifazane, futhi lapho eqasha onobhala, wamemezela ngokusobala ukuthi ukubukeka kubalulekile kuye - uTesla wayengabathandi abesifazane abakhuluphele ngokweqile. Naye wayengeyena umuntu okhohlakele, khona-ke lobu bubi babaziwa, kepha wahlala eningi labalahliwe. Mhlawumbe wayekholelwa ngempela ukuthi ukungayi ocansini kulola ubuchopho.
20. Esebenza ngokuzikhandla ekuthuthukiseni imishini ye-X-ray, usosayensi wathwebula izithombe zomzimba wakhe futhi kwesinye isikhathi wayehlala ngaphansi kwemisebe amahora. Lapho ngelinye ilanga esha esandleni sakhe, wehlisa ngokushesha inani nesikhathi sezikhathi. Into ethakazelisa kakhulu ukuthi imithamo emikhulu yemisebe ayizange ibangele ukulimala okukhulu empilweni yakhe.
21. Embukisweni kagesi ngo-1898, uTesla wakhombisa umkhumbi-ngwenya omncane olawulwa ngomsakazo (wasungula ukuxhumana komsakazo ngaphandle kuka-Alexander Popov noMarconi). Isikebhe senza imiyalo eminingi, kuyilapho uTesla engasebenzisanga ikhodi yeMorse, kodwa nolunye uhlobo lwesiginali esingalaziwa.
22. UTesla wamangalela uMarconi isikhathi eside futhi engaphumeleli, ekhombisa ukubaluleka kwakhe ekusungulweni komsakazo - wathola amalungelo obunikazi kwezokuxhumana emsakazweni ngaphambi kukaMarconi. Kodwa-ke, umNtaliyane omnandi wayesesimweni esingcono sezezimali, futhi wakwazi nokuheha izinkampani eziningi zaseMelika ukuba zize ngakuye. Ngenxa yokuhlaselwa okunamandla nokwathatha isikhathi eside, i-US Patent Office yakhansela amalungelo obunikazi kaTesla. Futhi kuphela ngo-1943, ngemva kokufa umsunguli ubulungiswa.
UGuillermo Maokoni
23. Ekupheleni kuka-1899 no-1900, uTesla wakha ilabhorethri eColorado, lapho azama khona ukuthola indlela yokudlulisa amandla ngaphandle kwentambo eMhlabeni. Ukufakwa akwenzile esebenzisa isiphepho kukhipha amandla kagesi angama-volts angama-20 wezigidi. Amamayela azungeze amahhashi ashaqeka ngezicathulo zehhashi, kanti uTesla nabasizi bakhe, yize izingcezu zenjoloba eziboshelwe ematheni, bezwa umthelela wamasimu anamandla. UTesla wathi uthole "amagagasi amile" akhethekile eMhlabeni, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi lokhu kutholakala akuqinisekiswanga.
24. UTesla usho kaninginingi ukuthi uthole amasiginali avela kuMars eColorado, kepha akakaze akwazi ukubhala ukwamukelwa okunjalo.
25. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, uTesla waqala ukusebenzisa iphrojekthi enkulu. Wakhulelwa ukudala inethiwekhi yezintambo zikagesi ezingaphansi komhlaba ezingenantambo, lapho kungadluliswa ugesi kuphela, kepha futhi nokuxhumana ngomsakazo nangocingo, izithombe nemibhalo kudlulisiwe. Uma sisusa ukuhanjiswa kwamandla, singathola i-Intanethi engenantambo. Kepha uTesla wayengenayo imali eyanele. Ukuphela kwento ayengayenza ukuthusa izethameli endaweni eseduze nelabhorethri yakhe iWardencliffe ngokubuka kwesiphepho esinamandla esenziwe ngabantu.
26. Muva nje, kuye kwavela eziningi ngisho nokuqagela, kepha uphenyo olunzulu, abalobi balo abathi inhlekelele yaseTunguska ingumsebenzi kaTesla. Njengaye, wenza lolu cwaningo, futhi waba nethuba. Mhlawumbe wayenakho, kepha esikhathini esidlule - ngo-1908, lapho okuthile kwaqhuma echibini laseTunguska, ababolekisi basebevele sebethathe konke okuyigugu kuWardencliff, kanti ababukeli babekhuphuka embhoshongweni wamamitha angama-60.
27. Ngemuva kokuthi uWardencliff uTesla aqale ukubukeka ngokufana nomkhandi wezakhi odumile uPolesov. Uthathe ukwakhiwa kwama-turbine - akuphumelelanga, futhi inkampani anikeze ngayo ama-turbine akhe indlela yakhe yokwakha futhi waba ngumholi wemakethe yomhlaba. UTesla wayebandakanyeka ekwakhiweni kwamadivayisi wokuthola i-ozone. Isihloko besithandwa kakhulu kuleyo minyaka, kepha indlela kaTesla ayinqobanga imakethe. Kubukeka sengathi umsunguli uphinde wadala i-radar engaphansi kwamanzi, kepha, ngaphandle kwezindatshana zephephandaba, akukho ukuqinisekiswa kwalokhu. UTesla uthole ilungelo lobunikazi lokwenziwa kwemoto ye-aeronautical emile mpo - futhi lo mbono waphinde wasetshenziswa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngabanye abantu. Kubukeka sengathi wahlanganisa imoto kagesi, kepha akekho noyedwa owabona imoto noma amapulani.
28. Ngo-1915, amaphephandaba aseMelika abika ukuthi uTesla no-Edison bazothola umklomelo weNobel. Ngemuva kwalokho izinto zaqhubeka - uTesla wabonakala emukela umklomelo enkampanini enjalo. Eqinisweni - kepha kwembulwa emashumini eminyaka kamuva - uTesla akazange aqokelwe ngisho nomklomelo, kanti u-Edison wathola ivoti elilodwa kuphela kwilungu lekomidi leNobel. Kodwa uTesla waklonyeliswa nge-Edison Medal eminyakeni emibili kamuva, eyasungulwa yi-Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
29. Ngawo-1920, uTesla wabhala kakhulu emaphephandabeni nakomagazini. Kodwa-ke, ngenkathi enikezwa ithuba lokuthi akhulume kwesinye seziteshi zomsakazo, wenqatshwa ngokuphelele - wayefuna ukulinda kuze kube yilapho inethiwekhi yakhe yokudlulisa amandla ihlanganisa umhlaba wonke.
30. Ngo-1937, uTesla oneminyaka engu-81 ubudala washayiswa yimoto. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa wayebonakala ukuthi useluleme, kepha iminyaka yaba nomthelela. NgoJanuwari 8, 1943, incekukazi yaseNew Yorker Hotel, ngokuzibeka engcupheni nokuzibeka engcupheni (uTesla wayenqatshelwe ngokuphelele ukungena kuye ngaphandle kwemvume), wangena ekamelweni wathola umsunguli omkhulu eseshonile. Impilo kaNikola Tesla, egcwele amahlahlandlela, yaphela ngama-87.