UMao Zedong

UMao Zedong (1893-1976) - Inguquko yaseShayina, isikhulu sikahulumeni, umholi wezepolitiki kanye neqembu wekhulu lama-20, isazi esiphambili sobuMaoism, umsunguli wombuso waseChina wanamuhla. Kusukela ngo-1943 kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwempilo yakhe, waba ngusihlalo weqembu lamaKhomanisi lamaShayina.

Wenza imikhankaso eminingana esezingeni eliphezulu, edume kakhulu kuyo kwakuyi- "Great Leap Forward" kanye ne "Cultural Revolution", eyadlula nemiphefumulo yezigidi eziningi zabantu. Ngesikhathi sokubusa kwakhe, iChina yacindezelwa, okwadonsa ukugxekwa emphakathini wamazwe omhlaba.

Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaMao Zedong, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.

Ngakho-ke, nayi i-biography emfushane kaZedong.

Umlando we-Mao Zedong

UMao Zedong wazalwa ngoDisemba 26, 1893 esigodini saseChina iShaoshan. Wakhulela emndenini wabampofu onemali.

Uyise, uMao Yichang, wayezibandakanya kwezolimo, engumlandeli weConfucianism. Umama wesopolitiki wakusasa, uWen Qimei, wayengumBuddha.

Ubuntwana nentsha

Njengoba inhloko yomndeni yayingumuntu oqinile nonenkani, uMao wasichitha sonke isikhathi nomama wakhe, ayemthanda kakhulu. Elandela isibonelo sakhe, naye waqala ukukhonza uBuddha, yize anquma ukuyeka ubuBuddha esemusha.

Imfundo yakhe yamabanga aphansi wayithola esikoleni esijwayelekile, lapho ukunakwa okukhulu kwanikezelwa ezimfundisweni zikaConfucius nokutadisha okwakudala kwaseChina. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi yize uMao Zedong echitha sonke isikhathi sakhe samahhala nezincwadi, wayengathandi ukufunda imisebenzi yasendulo yefilosofi.

Ngenkathi uZedong eneminyaka engaba ngu-13 ubudala, wayeka isikole, ngenxa yobunzima obukhulu bukathisha, owayevame ukushaya abafundi. Lokhu kuholele ekutheni umfana abuyele ekhaya labazali.

Ubaba wajabula kakhulu ngokubuya kwendodana yakhe, njengoba wayedinga i-au pair. Kodwa-ke, uMao wayegwema wonke umsebenzi wezandla. Esikhundleni salokho, wayefunda izincwadi ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu, le nsizwa yaxabana kakhulu noyise, ingafuni ukushada nentombazane eyayiyikhethile. Ngenxa yezimo, uZedong waphoqeleka ukuba abaleke ekhaya.

Umnyakazo wezinguquko wango-1911, lapho ubukhosi bakwaQing buchithwa khona, ngomqondo othile waba nomthelela emlandweni kaMao oqhubekayo. Wachitha izinyanga eziyisithupha ebusosheni njengomshayeli wesiginali.

Ngemuva kokuphela kwenguquko, uZedong uqhubeke nemfundo yakhe esikoleni esizimele, bese ekolishi lothisha. Ngalesi sikhathi, wayefunda imisebenzi yezazi zefilosofi ezidumile kanye nezombusazwe. Ulwazi olutholakele luthonye ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kobuntu bomfana.

Kamuva, uMao wasungula inhlangano yokuvuselela impilo yabantu, eyayisekelwe emibonweni yeConfucianism neKantianism. Ngo-1918, elawulwa nguthisha wakhe, wathola umsebenzi komunye wemitapo yolwazi eBeijing, lapho aqhubeka khona nokuzifundisa.

Kungekudala, uZedong wahlangana nomsunguli weChinese Communist Party Li Dazhao, ngenxa yalokho wanquma ukuxhumanisa impilo yakhe nobukhomanisi kanye neMarxism. Lokhu kumholele ekutheni acwaninge ngemisebenzi eyehlukene yama-pro-communist.

Umzabalazo wenguquko

Eminyakeni eyalandela yomlando wakhe, uMao Zedong waya ezifundazweni eziningi zaseChina. Wazibonela mathupha ukungabi nabulungisa kwesigaba nokucindezelwa kwabantu bakubo.

KwakunguMao owafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi ukuphela kwendlela yokushintsha izinto kwaba ngoguquko olukhulu. Ngaleso sikhathi, iRussia Revolution (1917) eyayidumile yayisivele isidlulile eRussia, eyajabulisa umholi wakusasa.

UZedong usethe ukusebenza ukudala amaseli wokumelana eChina ngamunye ngamunye. Ngokushesha wakhethwa njengonobhala weqembu lamaKhomanisi lamaShayina. Ekuqaleni, amakhomanisi asondelana neqembu lobuzwe laseKuomintang, kepha ngemuva kweminyaka embalwa i-CCP neKuomintang baba izitha ezifungelwe.

Ku-1927, ngaphakathi kwedolobha laseChangsha, uMao Zedong wahlela ukubhukuqwa kwe-1 futhi wamemezela ukusungulwa kweRiphabhulikhi YamaKhomanisi. Uyakwazi ukuthola ukwesekwa kwabalimi, kanye nokunikeza abesifazane ilungelo lokuvota nokusebenza.

Igunya likaMao phakathi kozakwabo lakhula ngokushesha. Ngemuva kweminyaka emi-3, esebenzisa isikhundla sakhe esiphakeme, wenza ukuhlanza kokuqala. Abaphikisi bamakhomanisi kanye nalabo ababegxeka izinqubomgomo zikaJoseph Stalin bawela ngaphansi kwengcindezelo.

Ngemuva kokuqeda bonke abaphikisi, uMao Zedong wakhethwa njengenhloko ye-1st Soviet Republic of China. Kusukela lapho ku-biography yakhe, umashiqela wazibekela umgomo wokusungula ukuhleleka kweSoviet kulo lonke elaseChina.

Ukunyuka okukhulu

Izinguquko ezalandela zaholela empini enkulu yombango eyadlula iminyaka eyishumi kwaze kwaba ukunqoba kwamakhomanisi. Abaphikisi bakaMao nabasekeli bakhe babengabalandeli bobuzwe - iqembu laseKuomintang eliholwa nguChiang Kai-shek.

Kube nezimpi ezishubile phakathi kwezitha, kuhlanganisa nezaseJinggan. Kepha ngemuva kokwehlulwa ngo-1934, uMao Zedong waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye lesi sifunda kanye nebutho lamakhomanisi elinamandla elaliyi-100,000.

Esikhathini 1934-1936. imashi eyingqophamlando yamabutho amakhomanisi aseChina ayenzeka, eyayihlanganisa amakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-10 000! Amasosha kwakudingeka anqamule ezindaweni ezinzima ukufika kuzo ezintabeni, ebhekene nezinselelo eziningi.

Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ngesikhathi kulo mkhankaso, amasosha angaphezu kuka-90% ashonile. Ukuhlala eSifundazweni saseShanxi, yena namaqabane akhe asindile bakha umnyango omusha weCCP.

Ukwakhiwa kwenguquko ye-PRC kanye noMao Zedong

Njengoba besindile ekuhlaselweni ngamasosha aseJapan neChina, empini lapho kwaphoqeleka khona ukuba amaKhomanisi kanye neKuomintang bahlangane, lezi zitha ezimbili ezifungelwe zaqhubeka zilwa zodwa. Ngenxa yalokho, ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-40s, ibutho likaChiang Kai-shek lehlulwa kulo mzabalazo.

Ngenxa yalokhu, ngo-1949, iPeople's Republic of China (PRC) yamenyezelwa kulo lonke elaseChina, iholwa nguMao Zedong. Eminyakeni eyalandela, u- "Great Helmsman," njengoba abantu bakubo babebiza uMao, waqala ukuhlangana ngokukhululekile nomholi waseSoviet, uJoseph Stalin.

Ngenxa yalokhu, i-USSR yaqala ukunikeza amaShayina usizo oluhlukahlukene kumninikhaya nasemikhakheni yezempi. Ngenkathi yeSedong, imibono yeMaoism, ayengumsunguli wayo, yaqala ukuthuthuka.

IMaoism yathonywa yiMarxism-Leninism, Stalinism nefilosofi yendabuko yamaShayina. Kwaqala ukuvela iziqubulo ezahlukahlukene embusweni ezaphoqa abantu ukuthi basheshise ukuthuthukiswa komnotho babe sezingeni lamazwe achumile. Umbuso weGreat Helmsman wawususelwe ekwakhiweni kobuzwe bayo yonke impahla yangasese.

Ngoku-oda kukaMao Zedong, amakhoma aqala ukuhlelwa eChina lapho konke kwakuvamile: okokugqoka, ukudla, impahla, njll. Emzameni wokuzuza kwezimboni ezisezingeni eliphezulu, lo sopolitiki uqinisekise ukuthi wonke amakhaya aseChina anesithando somlilo esincibilikayo sokuncibilikisa insimbi.

Insimbi yensimbi ngaphansi kwalezo zimo yayisezingeni eliphansi kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezolimo zawela ekonakaleni, okwaholela ekutheni kulambe ngokuphelele.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi isimo seqiniso sezindaba esifundazweni sasifihliwe kuMao. Izwe likhulume ngempumelelo enkulu yamaShayina kanye nomholi wawo, kanti empeleni konke bekuhlukile.

Ukuhamba Okukhulu Phambili

IGreat Leap Forward kwakuwumkhankaso wezomnotho nezepolitiki eChina phakathi konyaka we-1958 nowe-1960, owawubhekiswe kwezimboni nasekuvuseleleni umnotho, kwaba nemiphumela emibi.

UMao Zedong, ozame ukuthuthukisa ezomnotho ngokuhlanganisa kanye nomdlandla odumile, uholele izwe ukuba lehle. Ngenxa yamaphutha amaningi, kufaka phakathi izinqumo ezingalungile emkhakheni wezolimo, abantu abayizigidi ezingama-20 bafa eChina, futhi ngokweminye imibono - abantu abayizigidi ezingama-40!

Iziphathimandla zinxuse bonke abantu ukuthi babhubhise amagundane, izimpukane, omiyane nondlunkulu. Ngakho-ke, uhulumeni wayefuna ukwandisa isivuno emasimini, angafuni "ukuhlanganyela" ukudla nezilwane ezahlukahlukene. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuqothulwa okukhulu kondlunkulu kwaholela emiphumeleni emibi.

Isivuno esilandelayo sadliwa sihlanzekile yizibungu, okwaholela ekulahlekelweni okukhulu. Kamuva, iGreat Leap Forward yathathwa njengenhlekelele enkulu kunazo zonke emphakathini ngekhulu lama-20, ngaphandle kweMpi Yezwe II (1939-1945).

Impi ebandayo

Ngemuva kokushona kukaStalin, ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-USSR neChina bonakala kakhulu. UMao ugxeka ngokusobala isenzo sikaNikita Khrushchev, esola owokugcina ngokuphambuka enkambweni yenhlangano yamakhomanisi.

Ukuphendula lokhu, umholi waseSoviet ukhumbula bonke ochwepheshe nososayensi abasebenzela inzuzo yeChina. Ngasikhathi sinye, u-Khrushchev wayeka ukuhlinzeka ngosizo lwezinto ezibonakalayo ku-CPC.

Cishe ngaso leso sikhathi, uZedong wabamba iqhaza ezingxabanweni zaseKorea, lapho axhasa khona iNorth Korea. Lokhu kuholela ekuxabaneni ne-United States iminyaka eminingi.

Amandla amakhulu enuzi

Ngo-1959, ngaphansi kwengcindezi yomphakathi, uMao Zedong washiya isikhundla sokuba yinhloko yezwe kuLiu Shaoqi futhi waqhubeka nokuhola i-CPC. Ngemuva kwalokho, impahla yangasese yaqala ukwenziwa eChina, nemibono eminingi kaMao yachithwa.

I-China iyaqhubeka nokulwa iMpi Yomshoshaphansi neMelika kanye ne-USSR. Ngo-1964, amaShayina amemezela ukuba khona kwezikhali ze-athomu, okwabangela ukukhathazeka okukhulu kuKhrushchev nakubaholi bamanye amazwe. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukungqubuzana kwamasosha kwenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile emngceleni weSino-Russian.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukungqubuzana kwaxazululwa, kodwa lesi simo sashukumisela uhulumeni waseSoviet ukuba aqinise amandla akhe ezempi kuwo wonke umkhawulo wemingcele neChina.

Ukuguquka kwesiko

Kancane kancane, izwe laqala ukusukuma, kepha uMao Zedong akazange abelane ngemibono yezitha zakhe. Wayesenodumo oluphakeme kubantu bakubo, kwathi ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-60s wanquma ukuthatha esinye isinyathelo senkulumo-ze yamakhomanisi - i- "Cultural Revolution".

Kwakusho uchungechunge lwemikhankaso yezombangazwe nezombusazwe (1966-1976), eholwa uqobo nguMao. Ngaphansi kwebhaxa lokuphikisa “ukubuyiselwa kongxiwankulu” okungenzeka kube khona e-PRC, izinhloso zokudicilela phansi nokucekela phansi ukuphikisana kwezepolitiki zagcwaliseka ukuze kuzuzwe amandla kaZedong nokudlulisela amandla kunkosikazi wakhe wesithathu uJiang Qing.

Isizathu esiyinhloko seNguquko Yesiko kwaba ukwehlukana okwavela kuCCP ngemuva komkhankaso weGreat Leap Forward. AmaShayina amaningi athatha uhlangothi lukaMao, ayejwayelene neziphakamiso zale nhlangano entsha.

Ngesikhathi salolu shintsho, abantu abayizigidi eziningana bacindezelwa. Izinhlaka "zezihlubuki" zaphahlaza yonke into, zachitha imidwebo, ifenisha, izincwadi nezinto ezahlukahlukene zobuciko.

Ngokushesha, uMao Zedong wabona imiphumela egcwele yale nhlangano. Ngenxa yalokho, washesha wasusa wonke umthwalo ngalokho okwenzeka kumkakhe. Ngama-70s okuqala, waya eMelika futhi ngokushesha wahlangana nomholi wayo uRichard Nixon.

Impilo yomuntu siqu

Eminyakeni eminingi yobuciko bomuntu siqu, uMao Zedong wayenezindaba eziningi zothando, futhi wayeshade kaninginingi. Unkosikazi wokuqala kwakungumzala wakhe wesibili uLuo Igu, okufanayo noyise ayemkhethele yena. Ingafuni ukuhlala nayo, le nsizwa yeqa ekhaya ngobusuku bomshado wayo, ngaleyo ndlela yahlaza ngokweqile uMthetho.

Kamuva, uMao washada noYang Kaihui, owayesekela umyeni wakhe ezindabeni zezepolitiki nezempi. Kule nyunyana, lo mbhangqwana wawunabafana abathathu - u-Anying, u-Anqing no-Anlong. Ngesikhathi sempi nebutho likaChiang Kai-shek, intombazane namadodana ayo bathunjwa izitha.

Ngemuva kokuhlukunyezwa isikhathi eside, uYang akazange amkhaphele noma amshiye uMao. Ngenxa yalokho, wabulawa phambi kwezingane zakhe. Ngemuva kokushona komkakhe, uMao washada no-He Zizhen, owayeneminyaka engu-17 emdala. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi lo sopolitiki wayenobudlelwano no-He ngenkathi esashade noYang.

Kamuva, abasanda kushada baba nezingane ezinhlanu, okwakufanele bazinike abantu abangabazi ngenxa yempi ephelele yamandla. Impilo enzima yathinta impilo yakhe, kwathi ngo-1937 uZedong wamthumela e-USSR ukuze ayolashwa.

Lapho wagcinwa esibhedlela sabagula ngengqondo iminyaka eminingana. Ngemuva kokukhishwa emtholampilo, lo wesifazane waseChina wasala eRussia, kwathi ngemuva kwesikhashana wasuka waya eShanghai.

Unkosikazi wokugcina kaMao kwakungumculi waseShanghai uLan Ping, owathi kamuva washintsha igama lakhe waba nguJiang Qing. Wazala indodakazi ka "Great Helmsman", ehlala ezama ukuba yinkosikazi enothando.

Ukufa

Kusukela ngo-1971, uMao wayegula kakhulu futhi engavamile ukuvela emphakathini. Eminyakeni eyalandela, waqala ukuthuthukisa isifo sikaParkinson. UMao Zedong ushone ngoSepthemba 9, 1976 eneminyaka engama-82. Ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe, wahlaselwa isifo senhliziyo kabili.

Isidumbu sombusazwe sagqunyiswa sabekwa emangcwabeni. Ngemuva kokushona kukaZedong, ukushushiswa komkakhe nabalingani bakhe kwaqala ezweni. Abaningi abebehamba noJiang babulawa, kwathi usizo lwenziwa kowesifazane ngokumbeka esibhedlela. Lapho wazibulala eminyakeni embalwa kamuva.

Ngesikhathi sokuphila kukaMao, kwashicilelwa izigidi zemisebenzi yakhe. Ngale ndlela, incwadi yezingcaphuno kaZedong yathatha indawo yesi-2 emhlabeni, ngemuva kweBhayibheli, ukusakazwa okuphelele kwamakhophi angama-900,000,000.