Amagciwane avele eMhlabeni ngaphambili kakhulu kunabantu futhi azohlala emhlabeni wethu noma ngabe isintu siyanyamalala. Sifunda ngobukhona bazo (uma kungewona umsebenzi wethu ukucwaninga ngamagciwane) kuphela lapho sigula. Futhi lapha kuvela ukuthi le nto encane, engabonakali ngisho nangemicroscope ejwayelekile, ingaba yingozi kakhulu. Amagciwane abanga izifo ezahlukahlukene kusuka emkhuhlaneni nasezifweni ze-adenovirus kuya ku-AIDS, hepatitis kanye nomkhuhlane owophayo. Futhi uma abamele amanye amagatsha e-biology emsebenzini wabo wansuku zonke bemane bafunde "izigceme" zabo, khona-ke ama-virologists kanye nama-microbiologists ahamba phambili emzabalazweni wezimpilo zabantu. Ayini amagciwane futhi kungani eyingozi kangaka?
1. Ngokusho komunye wemicabango, impilo yamaselula eMhlabeni yaqala ngemuva kokuba igciwane lingene kuma-bacteria, kwakheka i-cell cell. Kunoma ikuphi, amagciwane ayizidalwa zasendulo kakhulu.
2. Amagciwane kulula kakhulu ukudidanisa namagciwane. Empeleni, ezingeni lasekhaya, awukho umehluko omkhulu. Sihlangabezana nabo bobabili nalabo lapho sigula. Awabonakali amagciwane noma amagciwane ngeso lenyama. Kepha ngokwesayensi, umehluko phakathi kwamagciwane namagciwane mkhulu kakhulu. Igciwane liyisidalwa esizimele, yize livame ukuba neseli elilodwa. Igciwane alifinyeleli ngisho nasengqamuzaneni - kumane kuyisethi yama-molecule egobolondweni. Amagciwane abangela ukulimala eceleni, ngenkathi ekhona, nakumagciwane, ukushwabadela umzimba onegciwane ukuphela kwendlela yokuphila nokuzala.
3. Ososayensi basaphikisana ngokuthi amagciwane angabhekwa njengezinto eziphilayo ezigcwele ngokuphelele. Ngaphambi kokungena kumaseli aphilayo, afile njengamatshe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, banefa. Izihloko zezincwadi ezithandwayo zesayensi ezimayelana namagciwane ziyimpawu: "Ukucabanga kanye nezimpikiswano ngamagciwane" noma "Ingabe leli gciwane lingumngani noma liyisitha?"
4. Kwatholakala amagciwane ngendlela ecishe ifane neplanethi eyiPluto: esihlokweni sophaphe. Usosayensi waseRussia uDmitry Ivanovsky, ecwaninga ngezifo zikagwayi, wazama ukuhlunga amabhaktheriya e-pathogenic, kepha wehluleka. Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwesibonakhulu, usosayensi wabona amakristalu ngokusobala ukuthi kwakungewona amabhaktheriya e-pathogenic (lawa kwakuyinqwaba yamagciwane, kamuva aqanjwa ngo-Ivanovsky). Ama-pathogenic agents afile lapho evutha. U-Ivanovsky wafinyelela esiphethweni esinengqondo: lesi sifo sibangelwa yisidalwa esiphilayo, esingabonakali ngemicroscope ejwayelekile yokukhanya. Futhi amakristalu akwazi ukuhlukaniswa kuphela ngo-1935. U-American Wendell Stanley wathola umklomelo weNobel ngabo ngo-1946.
5. Uzakwethu kaStanley, waseMelika uFrancis Rows kwadingeka alinde isikhathi eside ukuthola uMklomelo kaNobel. URose wathola isimo segciwane lomdlavuza ngo-1911, futhi wathola umklomelo kuphela ngo-1966, futhi nangaleso sikhathi kanye noCharles Huggins, owayengahlangene nomsebenzi wakhe.
6. Igama elithi "virus" (Latin "poison") lafakwa ekusakazweni kwesayensi ngekhulu le-18. Ngisho noma kunjalo, ososayensi babenenkolelo yokuqagela ukuthi kukhona izinto ezincane, isenzo sazo esifana nesenzo sikashevu. UmDashi uMartin Bijerink, owenza izivivinyo ezifanayo nezika-Ivanovsky, wabiza abenzeli abangabonakali ababanga izifo "ngamagciwane".
7. Amagciwane aqale ukubonakala kuphela ngemuva kokuvela kwama-microscopes e-electron maphakathi nekhulu lama-20. IVirology yaqala ukuchuma. Izinkulungwane zitholakale ngamagciwane. Kwachazwa ukwakheka kwaleli gciwane kanye nomgomo wokukhiqizwa kwalo. Kuze kube manje, sekutholwe amagciwane angaphezu kwezi-6,000. Cishe, lena yingxenye encane kakhulu yazo - imizamo yososayensi igxile kumagciwane e-pathogenic abantu nezilwane ezifuywayo, futhi amagciwane akhona kuyo yonke indawo.
8. Noma yiliphi igciwane liqukethe izingxenye ezimbili noma ezintathu: ama-molecule e-RNA noma e-DNA, nemvilophu eyodwa noma ezimbili.
9. Ama-Microbiologists ahlukanisa ama-virus ngesimo abe yizinhlobo ezine, kepha lesi sigaba singekho ngaphandle - sikuvumela ukuba uhlukanise amagciwane njengokuvunguza, okuyi-oblong, njll. Amagciwane aqukethe ne-RNA (iningi kakhulu) ne-DNA. Sekukonke, kunezinhlobo eziyisikhombisa zamagciwane.
10. Cishe u-40% we-DNA yomuntu kungaba izinsalela zamagciwane asezimpandeni zabantu ezizukulwaneni eziningi. Emangqamuzaneni omzimba womuntu kukhona nokwakheka, okungenziwa imisebenzi yakhona. Zingaba futhi amagciwane agxilile.
11. Amagciwane aphila futhi anda kuphela kumaseli aphilayo. Imizamo yokubethula njengamagciwane emhluzi wezakhi ehlulekile. Futhi ama-virus akhetha kakhulu amaseli aphilayo - noma ngaphakathi komzimba ofanayo, angaphila ngokuqinile kumaseli athile.
12. Amagciwane angena esitokisini ngokucekela phansi udonga lwawo, noma ngokujova i-RNA ngolwelwesi, noma avumele iseli ukuthi lizidonsele kulo. Ngemuva kwalokho inqubo yokukopisha i-RNA iyaqala bese igciwane liqala ukwanda. Amanye amagciwane, kufaka phakathi i-HIV, akhishwa kuseli elinegciwane ngaphandle kokulimaza.
13. Cishe zonke izifo ezibucayi ezibangelwa amagciwane esintu zidluliselwa ngamaconsi asemoyeni. Okuhlukile yi-HIV, hepatitis ne-herpes.
14. Amagciwane nawo angaba wusizo. Lapho onogwaja beba inhlekelele kazwelonke esongela lonke ezolimo e-Australia, kwakuyigciwane elikhethekile elasiza ukubhekana nokutheleleka okwenziwe okhalweni. Leli gciwane lalethwa ezindaweni lapho omiyane banqwabelana khona - kwavela ukuthi alinabungozi kubo, futhi bathelele onogwaja ngaleli gciwane.
15. Ezwenikazi laseMelika, ngosizo lwamagciwane akhuliswe ngokukhethekile, alwa ngempumelelo nezinambuzane zezitshalo. Amagciwane angenabungozi kubantu, ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni afuthwa ngesandla nangezindiza.
16. Igama lesidakamizwa esidumile sokulwa namagciwane i-Interferon livela egameni elithi "ukuphazamiseka". Leli yigama lokuthintana kwamagciwane kuseli elifanayo. Kwavela ukuthi amagciwane amabili esitokisini esisodwa akuyona into embi ngaso sonke isikhathi. Amagciwane angacindezelana. Futhi i-interferon yiprotheni ekwazi ukuhlukanisa igciwane "elibi" kokungenangozi futhi lisebenze kulo kuphela.
17. Emuva ngo-2002, kwatholakala igciwane lokuqala lokufakelwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, angaphezu kwama-2,000 amagciwane emvelo asethulwe ngokuphelele futhi ososayensi bangakwazi ukuwafaka kabusha elabhoratri. Lokhu kuvula amathuba abanzi wokukhiqizwa kwemithi emisha nokwakhiwa kwezindlela ezintsha zokwelashwa, nokwakhiwa kwezikhali zebhayoloji ezisebenza kahle kakhulu. Ukuqubuka kwe-banal futhi, njengoba kwamenyezelwa, ingxibongo ehluleke kudala emhlabeni wamanje iyakwazi ukubulala izigidi zabantu ngenxa yokuntuleka kokuzivikela komzimba.
18. Uma sihlola ukufa kwabantu ezifweni ezibangelwa amagciwane ngokomlando, incazelo yangenkathi ephakathi yezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane njengoba isihlava sikaNkulunkulu siyacaca. Ingxibongo, isifo esiwumshayabhuqe ne-typhus kwakuhlala kwehlisa abantu baseYurophu ngesigamu, kushabalalisa wonke amadolobha. AmaNdiya aseMelika awazange aqothulwe ngamasosha empi ejwayelekile noma ngamadoda aziqatha ezinkomo aphethe amaColts ezandleni zawo. Ababili kwabathathu bamaNdiya babulawa yingxibongo, lapho abantu baseYurophu abaphucukile bafakwa ngayo ukuze bathelele izimpahla ezithengiselwe abakwaRedskins. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kusukela kwabangu-3 kuya kwaba-5% bezakhamizi zomhlaba babulawa umkhuhlane. Ubhadane lwengculaza luyaqhubeka, naphezu kwayo yonke imizamo yodokotela, phambi kwamehlo ethu.
19. Amafilovirus ayingozi kakhulu namuhla. Leli qembu lamagciwane litholakale emazweni ase-equatorial naseningizimu ye-Afrika ngemuva kokuqubuka kweziqubu zemikhuhlane ekopha - izifo lapho umuntu esheshe aphelelwe amanzi emzimbeni noma aphume igazi. Ukuqhamuka kokuqala kwabhalwa ngawo-1970. Izinga lokufa kwabantu abaphila nemikhuhlane ebulalayo lingama-50%.
20. Amagciwane ayisihloko esivundile sababhali nabenzi bamafilimu. Itulo lokuthi ukugqashuka kwesifo segciwane esingaziwa libhubhisa kanjani inqwaba yabantu ladlalwa nguStephen King noMichael Crichton, uKir Bulychev noJack London, uDan Brown noRichard Matheson. Kunenqwaba yamafilimu nezinhlelo ze-TV esihlokweni esifanayo.
