Umsele waseMariana (noma iMariana Trench) yindawo ejule kakhulu emhlabeni. Itholakala emaphethelweni asentshonalanga oLwandlekazi iPacific, amakhilomitha angama-200 empumalanga yeMariana Archipelago.
Kuyindida ukuthi isintu sazi okuningi kakhulu ngezimfihlo zesikhala noma iziqongo zezintaba kunezokujula kolwandle. Futhi enye yezindawo eziyimfihlakalo kakhulu nezingahloliwe emhlabeni wethu yiMariana Trench. Ngakho-ke yini esiyaziyo ngaye?
UMariana Trench - phansi komhlaba
Ngo-1875, iqembu le-corvette yaseBrithani i-Challenger lathola indawo ePacific Ocean lapho kwakungekho phansi khona. Ikhilomitha ngekhilomitha intambo yenkatho yadlulela olwandle, kepha kwakungekho phansi! Futhi kuphela ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-8184 ukwehla kwentambo kumile. Nakhu ukuthi kwavulwa kanjani ukuqhekeka okujule kakhulu ngaphansi komhlaba eMhlabeni. Yaqanjwa ngokuthi uMsele waseMariana ngemuva kweziqhingi eziseduze. Kwakunqunywe ukwakheka kwayo (ngendlela yocezwana) kanye nendawo okujule kuyo indawo, ebizwa nge- "Challenger Abyss". Itholakala e-340 km eningizimu yesiqhingi saseGuam futhi ixhumanisa i-11 ° 22 ′ s. lat., 142 ° 35 'empumalanga njll.
Kusukela lapho, lokhu kucindezeleka okujulile kolwandle kuye kwabizwa ngokuthi "isigxobo sesine", "isibeletho sikaGaia", "phansi komhlaba". Sekuyisikhathi eside abalobi bezilwandle bezama ukuthola ukujula kwangempela. Ucwaningo eminyakeni edlule lunikeze izincazelo ezahlukahlukene. Iqiniso ngukuthi ekujuleni okukhulu kangaka, ubukhulu bamanzi buyakhuphuka njengoba buya ezansi, ngakho-ke izakhiwo zomsindo ovela kuzwakala we-echo kuwo nazo ziyashintsha. Kusetshenziswa ndawonye nama-echo sounders ama-barometer nama-thermometer emazingeni ehlukene, ngo-2011 inani lokujula ku- "Challenger's Abyss" labekwa kumamitha ayi-10994 ± 40. Lokhu ukuphakama kweNtaba i-Everest kanye namanye amakhilomitha amabili ukusuka phezulu.
Ingcindezi engezansi komsele ongaphansi kwamanzi icishe ibe yi-1100 atmospheres, noma i-108.6 MPa. Iningi lezimoto ezijule olwandle zenzelwe ukujula okuphezulu kwamamitha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-6-7. Ngesikhathi esidlulile selokhu kwatholakala umhosha ojule kakhulu, bekukwazi ukufinyelela ngempumelelo ezansi zawo amahlandla amane kuphela.
Ngo-1960, i-Trieste yasolwandle olujulile olwandle olujulile okokuqala emhlabeni yehlela ezansi kweMariana Trench e-Challenger Abyss enabagibeli ababili: US Navy uLieutenant Don Walsh kanye nomlobi wezolwandle waseSwitzerland uJacques Picard.
Ukubona kwabo kwaholela esiphethweni esibalulekile ngokuba khona kwempilo ezansi komhosha. Ukutholakala kokugeleza kwamanzi okuphezulu nakho kwakubalulekile emvelweni: ngokususelwa kukho, amandla enuzi enqaba ukulahla imfucumfucu enemisebe ezansi kweMariana Gap.
Ngama-90s, iphenyo elingenamuntu laseJapan "uKaiko" lahlola i-gutter, eyayiletha kusuka kumasampula aphansi edaka, lapho kutholakala khona amabhaktheriya, izikelemu, izimfanzi, kanye nezithombe zomhlaba ongaziwa kuze kube manje.
Ngo-2009, irobhothi laseMelika uNereus lanqoba kwalasha, laphakamisa amasampula kasilika, amaminerali, amasampula ezilo zasolwandle olujulile nezithombe zabantu abahlala ekujuleni okungaziwa kusuka phansi.
Ngo-2012, uJames Cameron, umbhali weTitanic, i-Terminator ne-Avatar, wehlela kwalasha yedwa. Uchithe amahora ayisithupha ngezansi eqoqa amasampula omhlabathi, amaminerali, izilwane, kanye nokuthatha izithombe nokuqopha ividiyo nge-3D. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, ifilimu ethi "Inselelo eya kwalasha" yadalwa.
Ukutholwa okumangalisayo
Emseleni, ekujuleni okungaba amakhilomitha ama-4, kune-volcano esebenzayo yaseDaikoku, ekhipha isibabule samanzi, esibila ku-187 ° C ngokucindezela okuncane. Okuwukuphela kwechibi lesibabule samanzi elatholakala enyangeni kaJupiter - Io.
Kumakhilomitha ama-2 ukusuka ebusweni "ababhemayo abamnyama" bayazungeza - imithombo yamanzi e-geothermal ane-hydrogen sulphide nezinye izinto, ezihlangana namanzi abandayo, ziphenduka zibe ama-sulphides amnyama. Ukuhamba kwamanzi e-sulphide kufana nentuthu yomusi omnyama. Izinga lokushisa lamanzi lapho selikhululiwe lifinyelela kuma-450 ° C. Ulwandle oluzungezile alubilisi kuphela ngenxa yobuningi bamanzi (izikhathi eziphakeme izikhathi eziyi-150 kunaphezulu).
Enyakatho yomhosha, kukhona "ababhemayo abamhlophe" - amagiza akhipha uketshezi olungu-carbon dioxide emazingeni okushisa angama-70-80 ° C. Ososayensi basikisela ukuthi “kuma-boilers” anjalo afudumele lapho umuntu kufanele abheke khona imvelaphi yokuphila eMhlabeni. Iziphethu ezishisayo "zifudumeza" amanzi aneqhwa, zisekela impilo kwalasha - izinga lokushisa ezansi kweMariana Trench likububanzi obungu-1-3 ° C.
Impilo ngaphandle kwempilo
Kungabonakala sengathi esimweni sobumnyama ngokuphelele, ukuthula, ukubanda okubandayo nengcindezi engabekezeleleki, impilo ekucindezelekeni imane ingacabangi. Kepha izifundo zokucindezeleka zifakazela okuphambene: kunezinto eziphilayo ezicishe zibe amakhilomitha ayi-11 ngaphansi kwamanzi!
Ingaphansi lomgodi limbozwe ungqimba olujiyile lwamafinyila asezinhlakeni zezinto eziphilayo ebezilokhu zehla ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu zolwandle amakhulu ezinkulungwane zeminyaka. I-Mucus yindawo enhle kakhulu yokuzalanisa amabhaktheriya e-barrophilic, akha isisekelo sokondleka kwama-protozoa kanye nezinto eziphilayo ezinamaseli amaningi. Amagciwane wona abe ngukudla kwezinto eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe.
Isimo semvelo somhosha ongaphansi kwamanzi sihlukile ngempela. Izinto eziphilayo zikwazile ukujwayela indawo enobudlova, ebhubhisayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu, ukungabi khona kokukhanya, i-oxygen encane kanye nokuxinana okuphezulu kwezinto ezinobuthi. Ukuhlala ezimweni ezinjalo ezingabekezeleleki kunikeze izakhamuzi eziningi zakwalasha ukubukeka okwesabisayo nokungakhangi.
Izinhlanzi zasolwandle olujulile zinomlomo ongakholeki, ohlezi ngamazinyo abukhali amade. Ingcindezi ephezulu yenze imizimba yabo yaba mincane (2 to 30 cm). Kodwa-ke, kukhona futhi izinhlobo ezinkulu, njenge-amoeba-xenophyophora, efinyelela ku-10 cm ububanzi. Ushaka othosiwe no-goblin shark, abahlala ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-2000, ngokuvamile bafinyelela kumamitha ayi-5-6 ubude.
Abamele izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinto eziphilayo bahlala ekujuleni okuhlukile. Lapho abahlali balasha bajula, kulapho izitho zabo zokubona ziba ngcono, okubavumela ukuthi babambe ukukhanya okuncane emzimbeni wesilwane ebumnyameni obuphelele. Abanye abantu ngokwabo bayakwazi ukukhiqiza ukukhanya okuqondisayo. Ezinye izidalwa azinazo ngokuphelele izitho zokubona, zithathelwa indawo izitho zokuthinta ne-radar. Ngokujula okukhulayo, izakhamuzi ezingaphansi kwamanzi ziya ngokuya zilahlekelwa umbala wazo, imizimba yabaningi babo icishe ibe sobala.
Emithambekeni lapho kuhlala khona "ababhemayo abamnyama", kuhlala ama-mollusk, afunde ukudambisa ama-sulphides ne-hydrogen sulfide, okuyingozi kuwo. Futhi, okuhlala kuyimfihlakalo kososayensi, ngaphansi kwezimo zengcindezi enkulu ezansi, ngandlela thile bakwazi ukuphatha ngokuyisimangaliso igobolondo labo lezimbiwa phansi. Ezinye izakhamuzi zaseMariana Trench zikhombisa amakhono afanayo. Ukufundwa kwamasampula ezilwane kukhombisa ukweqisa okuningi kwezinga lemisebe nezinto ezinobuthi.
Ngeshwa, izidalwa zasolwandle ezijulile ziyafa ngenxa yezinguquko zengcindezi kunoma imuphi umzamo wokuziletha ngaphezulu. Sibonga kuphela izimoto zanamuhla zasolwandle olujulile lapho kube nokwenzeka khona ukutadisha izakhamuzi zokudangala endaweni yazo yemvelo. Sebemenyezelwe abamele izilwane ezingaziwa ngesayensi.
Izimfihlo nezimfihlakalo "zesibeletho sikaGaia"
Ulasha oluyimfihlakalo, njenganoma isiphi isenzakalo esingaziwa, lusitshekelwe yinqwaba yezimfihlo nezimfihlakalo. Yini ayifihla ekujuleni kwakhe? Ososayensi baseJapan bathi ngenkathi besondla oshaka, babona ushaka ongamamitha angama-25 ubude ushwabadela imikhovu. I-monster yalolu sayizi kungaba yi-megalodon shark kuphela, eyaqothuka cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezimbili edlule! Lokhu kufakazelwa ukutholakala kwamazinyo e-megalodon eduze neMariana Trench, iminyaka yayo isukela eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyi-11 kuphela. Kungacatshangwa ukuthi izinhlobo zalezi zilo zisalondolozwe ekujuleni komgodi.
Kunezindaba eziningi mayelana nezidumbu zezilo ezinkulu eziphonswe ogwini. Ngenkathi wehlela kwalasha wemikhumbi-ngwenya yaseJalimane i- "Highfish", ukuntywila kumise amakhilomitha ayi-7 ukusuka ebusweni. Ukuqonda isizathu, abagibeli be-capsule bakhanyisa amalambu futhi bathuka kakhulu: i-bathyscaphe yabo, njengenadi, yayizama ukuququda isibankwa sangaphambi komlando! Ukushaya ngamandla kwamandla kagesi kuphela esikhunjeni sangaphandle okwakwazi ukwethusa lesi silo.
Ngesinye isikhathi, lapho obekucwiliswa emanzini waseMelika ecwilisiwe, ukugaya insimbi kwaqala ukuzwakala ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ukwehla kwamiswa. Lapho kuhlolisiswa okokusebenza okuphakanyisiwe, kwavela ukuthi ikhebula lensimbi le-titanium lalingu-sawn uhhafu (noma waququnwa), kanti imishayo yemoto engaphansi kwamanzi yayigobile.
Ngo-2012, ikhamera yevidiyo yemoto yasemoyeni engagunyaziwe "iTitan" esuka ebangeni elingamakhilomitha ayi-10 yadlulisa isithombe sezinto ezenziwe ngensimbi, mhlawumbe iUFO. Ngokushesha uxhumano nedivayisi laphazanyiswa.
Sikukwazisa ukuthi ufunde ngeHalong Bay.
Ngeshwa, abukho ubufakazi obubhaliwe balawa maqiniso athakazelisayo, wonke asekelwe kuphela kuma-akhawunti ofakazi bokuzibonela. Indaba ngayinye inabalandeli bayo nabangabazayo, izimpikiswano zayo zokuphikisana nokuphikisana nazo.
Ngaphambi kokuntywila okuyingozi emseleni, uJames Cameron wathi wayefuna ukubona ngamehlo akhe okungenani ingxenye yezimfihlakalo zeMariana Trench, okukhona ngazo amahemuhemu nezinsumansumane eziningi. Kepha akabonanga lutho oluzodlula imingcele yokwaziwa.
Ngakho-ke yini esiyaziyo ngaye?
Ukuze uqonde ukuthi iMariana Underwater Crevice yakhiwa kanjani, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi imisele enjalo (imisele) ivame ukwakheka emaphethelweni olwandle ngaphansi kwethonya lamapuleti e-lithospheric ahambayo. Amapuleti ase-Oceanic, amadala futhi anzima, "angena" ngaphansi kwamazwekazi, akha ukucwilisa okujulile emajoyini. Okujule kakhulu ukuhlangana kwamacwecwe ama-tectonic asePacific nasePhilippines eduze kwaseMariana Islands (Mariana Trench). Ipuleti lasePacific lihamba ngejubane lamasentimitha angu-3-4 ngonyaka, okuholela ekwandeni kwentaba-mlilo kuzo zombili izingqimba zayo.
Kubude bonke balolu diphu olujule kakhulu, kwatholakala amane okuthiwa amabhuloho - amabanga ezintaba awele - atholakala. Amaphethelo akhiwa mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuhamba kwe-lithosphere nomsebenzi wentaba-mlilo.
Indawo emise okwe-V yonkana, ikhula ngokuqinile phezulu futhi yehle iye phansi. Ububanzi obumaphakathi bomhosha engxenyeni engenhla ngamakhilomitha angama-69, engxenyeni ebanzi kunazo zonke - kuze kufike kumakhilomitha angama-80. Ububanzi obumaphakathi baphansi phakathi kwezindonga ngamakhilomitha ama-5. Umthambeka wezindonga ucishe ume mpo futhi ungu-7-8 ° kuphela. Ukudangala kusuka enyakatho kuye eningizimu ngamakhilomitha angama-2500. Umsele unokujula okuphakathi kwamamitha ayi-10,000.
Abantu abathathu kuphela abavakashele ezansi noMariana Trench kuze kube manje. Ku-2018, okunye ukuntywila okunamanzi kuhlelwe "phansi komhlaba" esigabeni saso esijule kakhulu. Ngalesi sikhathi, isihambi esidumile saseRussia uFyodor Konyukhov kanye nomhloli wamazwe we-polar u-Artur Chilingarov bazozama ukunqoba ukucindezeleka futhi bathole ukuthi kufihlelani ekujuleni kwawo. Njengamanje, kwenziwa i-bathyscaphe yasolwandle olujulile futhi kwenziwa nohlelo locwaningo.
