Ogwini oluseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeCrimea, lugezwe amagagasi oLwandle Olumnyama, kuphakama iTheric Chersonesos yasendulo, lapho isivakashi sihlangana khona nomlando wekhulu lama-25 wedolobha elikhulu. Ngisho namanxiwa alesi siGreki sasendulo, iRoma lasendulo, ipolishi yaseByzantine ikhombisa ngokuvela kwayo.
Izimfihlo zeTauric Chersonesos
ICheronesos yanamuhla isendaweni yedolobha lasendulo elingcwatshwe futhi lanyamalala ngaphansi kongqimba lomhlaba. NgesiGreki kusho ukuthi "inhlonhlo yaseTaurus", izizwe ezilwayo ezazihlala lapha. Abahlali bokuqala eCape of Heracles kwakungamaGreki. Ikoloni lakhula laqina; emuva kwalokho, ngezingxoxo, nezimpi zokunqoba, waphumelela futhi wazuza ukuchuma. IChersonesus Tauride ingufakazi emlandweni wamandla amakhulu amathathu, okuyiwona:
- impucuko yasendulo yamaGreki, iHellas;
- iRoma enamandla;
- I-Christian Byzantium.
Ngaphansi kokubusa kwamaGrikhi, ukubusa ngentando yeningi kwahlanganiswa nezisekelo zokuphatha izigqila. Iphoyisa eliqinile ngokwezomnotho ngaphansi kwesandla sika-Artemis ophakeme labamba iqhaza emikhosini, emikhosini, nasemincintiswaneni yezemidlalo. Umbhali wezindaba uSirisk (III century BC) wahlanganisa incazelo yeChersonesos, inqubomgomo yezangaphandle maqondana nombuso weBosporus kanye namakholoni esifunda soLwandle Olumnyama. Isikhathi seBosporus sasiphawuleka ngeriphabhulikhi ngokwehla komnotho, ukuvinjelwa kwenkululeko yentando yeningi.
Iminyaka eyikhulu edlule BC e. idolobha lasendulo laziwa njengesisekelo soMbuso WaseRoma. Izenzo ezinolaka ziyaqhubeka emazweni aseduze. Inqubomgomo yeziphathimandla isuselwa kumgomo we-oligarchy.
Ukuqala kwenkathi entsha kuphawulwa ngokwethulwa kancane kancane kobuKristu ngaphansi kwethonya leByzantium. Ngemuva kwamakhulu amane eminyaka, le mfundiso yamukelwa ngokusemthethweni. Phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi, i-polis yaba inhloko-dolobha yobuKristu, igcwele izindlu zezindela, amasonto, ama-hermitages, izindawo zokuhlala ngaphansi komhlaba. Inqaba, imigqa emibili yezindonga ezivikelayo ivikele izakhamuzi ekuhlaselweni izitha. Kodwa-ke, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIV, abaholayo abangamaTatar bachitha idolobha, futhi izinsalela zalo zagcwala umlotha nomhlaba.
Kamuva (ngekhulu le-XVIII), idolobha laseSevastopol lasungulwa budebuduze nendawo yamaphoyisa anyamalalayo. Ngo-1827, ucwaningo lokuqala lokuvubukula lwaqala. Imiphumela iveze kancane kancane emhlabeni kabusha izakhiwo zokuhlala, izikwele, imigwaqo namasonto.
Ngokwesisekelo semivubukulo e-1892, i-Archaeological Museum yadalwa; ineminyaka engu-126 ubudala. Ukumba kusaqhubeka kuze kube namuhla. Umhlaba uphethe izimfihlo nobufakazi bakudala. Ososayensi abavela emazweni aphesheya bakhombisa intshisekelo ocwaningweni. Izinto zakudala zichaza iTauric Chersonesos njengesikhungo esithuthukisiwe samasiko, ezepolitiki, nesomnotho esifundeni soLwandle Olumnyama.
Imihlangano yokucobelelana ngolwazi yezingcweti, i-mint ne-acropolis yavulelwa amehlo esikhathi sangaleso sikhathi. Inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini, ama-basilicas abhujisiwe, izingcezu zezindonga zenqaba ziphinde zakhiwa. Imibukiso esezindaweni ezivulekile ifakazela impilo yabantu basemadolobheni. Abavubukuli abangaphansi kwamanzi bathole i-amphorae, izingxenye zemikhumbi eshonile, amapayipi, amabhilidi asogwini lolwandle, amahange aphansi olwandle. Izinto zobuciko eziyigugu kakhulu zikhonjiswa eHermitage yaseSt.
Insimu yaseChersonesos yi-Historical and Archaeological State Museum-Reserve. Kubhalwe njengendawo eyiGugu Lomhlaba le-UNESCO, kepha kusukela ngo-2014 ubuqotho bayo abukabhekwa.
Amaqiniso anokuqonda, athakazelisayo
Imicimbi eminingi enelukuluku, iziqephu "zokuvelele" zixhunywe neChersonesos Tauride:
- Lezi zindawo zavakashelwa yiNdlovukazi yamaGrikhi u-Olga Konstantinovna, umzukulu kaNicholas I, iGrikhi Prince George.
- Ngo-988 isikhulu saseKiev Vladimir sabhapathizwa lapha.
- Umbuso wezepolitiki waseConstantinople wathumela lapha uPapa uClement I noMartin I owayedumele, uMbusi uJustinian II, kanye nembangi yakhe uF. Vardan.
- UCatherine II, umlandeli wesiko lamaGrikhi, esayina isimemezelo sokwakhiwa kwedolobha eDnieper, wamnika igama lokuthi uKherson ngokuhlonipha igama lasendulo. Lesi kwakuyisikhathi seCrimea Khanate.
- UTsars Alexander II onenkosi, u-Alexander III kanye nombusi wokugcina uNicholas II babambe iqhaza ekuhlelweni kwesigodlo.
- I-Bell edumile iboniswa ku-movie mayelana nokuzidela kukaPinocchio, lapho abalingiswa befika eMkhakheni Wezimangaliso. Kubonakala kumafilimu "Spetsnaz", "Ukufa Kwezinhloli", "Uthando Esiqhingini Sokufa".
- IChersonese Tauric ukuphela kwekoloni laseDorian enhlonhlweni, idolobha lasendulo lapho impilo ingazange ime khona kuze kube sekhulwini le-XIV.
Yini eheha isiqiwu?
Izikhumbuzo ezikhethekile zamasiko nezenzelwa isikhathi zimangaza umcabango wezivakashi, iTauric Chersonesos yembula umhlaba ongaqondakali wasendulo. Okuheha okuyinhloko kwalesi sakhiwo:
I-Agora - isikwele lapho izinqumo zazinqunywa khona
Itholakala maphakathi, emgwaqweni omkhulu, eyakhiwe ngekhulu lesi-5 BC. e. Abantu basekhaya baxazulula izingqinamba ezicindezelayo zokuphila kwansuku zonke lapha. Lapha bakhonza izithombe zonkulunkulu, bavakashela amathempeli, ama-altare. Ngokusungulwa kobuKristu, kwamiswa amasonto ayi-7 ku-agora. Kamuva, lapha kwakhiwa isonto elikhulu lokuhlonipha iNkosana uVladimir Svyatoslavovich.
Itiyetha
Inkundla yaseshashalazini yasendulo kuphela eRussia. Lapha, ukubukwa okumibalabala kwabantu abayizinkulungwane ezintathu, amaholide, imikhosi, imihlangano yabahlali yabanjwa. Yakhiwa ekuhlanganeni kwekhulu lesi-3 nelesi-4 BC. e. Ngesikhathi sokubusa kweRoma, izimpi zamagiladiator zazibanjelwa enkundleni yemidlalo. Inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yasendulo yayinezindawo ezinamasitezi angu-12, inkundla ye-orchestra nokudansa, nesiteji.
Ngokufika kobuKristu, imicimbi yokuzijabulisa neyokuzijabulisa yaphela, le nkundla yemidlalo yawa kancane kancane, kwakhiwa amasonto ama-2 obuKristu endaweni yawo. Izinsalela zomunye zisindile - "iThempeli elinomKhumbi".
Basilica eBasilica
Ithempeli lasendulo linamabhilidi amabili. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ithempeli lesibili lakhiwa phezu kwamanxiwa e-first. Ama-basilica angaphandle nangaphakathi abuyiselwe yimisebenzi yabavubukuli. Ngo-2007, abahlaseli balimaza amakholomu emabula ngemidwebo eseziphambanweni naphansi.
Umbhoshongo Wombusi WaseByzantium uZeno
Lokhu ukwakhiwa okuqinile kwezokuvikela komgwaqo ongakwesokunxele, into egcinwe kahle. Umbhoshongo wawuhlanganisa izindlela, wahlasela amabutho esitha, wawunenani lokuzivikela, uvame ukuqedwa futhi uthuthukiswe. Ngekhulu le-10, ukuphakama kwayo kwakungu-9 m, ububanzi bayo bufinyelela ku-23 m.
Insimbi yenkungu
E-Quarantine Bay, insimbi ekhangayo, eyenziwe ngezibhamu zaseTurkey ezithathiwe, ilenga phakathi kwezinsika ezimbili. Ekuqaleni yayihloselwe iSevastopol Church yaseSt. UNicholas. Abangcwele uNicholas noFoka aboniswe kuso bavikela amatilosi. Ekupheleni kweMpi YaseCrimea, lo mbukiso wayiswa eFrance, eParis Notre Dame. Ngo-1913, yabuyiselwa endaweni yayo, yasebenza njengesibani sesibonakaliso. Manje izivakashi ziyayibiza, yenza izifiso futhi ithatha izithombe zememori. I- "The Bell of Wishes" iyindawo ethandwa kakhulu yiholide yezivakashi.
IVladimirsky Cathedral
Ithempeli elibabazekayo lama-Orthodox, elisebenza kusukela ngo-1992. Lakhiwa ngo-1861 endaweni lapho kuthiwa isikhulu saseKiev sathola isiko lokubhapathizwa. Esitezi esiphansi sethempeli kukhona iSonto likaMama Ongcwele kaNkulunkulu, esigabeni esiphezulu - u-Alexander Nevsky noVladimir.
Ensimini ye-Tauric Chersonesos kukhona izinto zedolobha ezibhujisiwe - i-smithy, indlu yamasiko, i-winery, indlu yokugeza. Kanye nendawo yokuhlala, ikomkhulu, ichibi lokubhukuda, i-mausoleum nezinye izakhiwo ezisukela ezikhathini ezahlukahlukene. Ngaphezu kwamanxiwa asendulo, imibukiso yale ndawo yokulondolozwa ihlanganisa inqaba yasemgedeni yasendulo iKalamita eduze kwaseSevastopol.
Qaphela isivakashi
Ukuphi: Idolobha laseSevastopol, umgwaqo iDrevnyaya, 1.
Amahora okusebenza: ngesikhathi esifudumele (kusuka ekupheleni kukaMeyi kuya kuSepthemba) 2018 - kusuka emahoreni ayi-7 kuye kwangama-20 izinsuku eziyisikhombisa ngesonto, ebusika - kusuka ku-8: 30 kuye ku-17: 30. Ukungena kule ndawo kuphela isigamu sehora ngaphambi kwesikhathi sokuvala. Ukungena kukhululekile. Amahholo eMnyuziyamu avulwa ngo-9 ekuseni kuya ku-6 ntambama.
Ufika kanjani lapho: kulula ukushayela imoto yakho ukuya eTaurida ngasebhulohweni laseCrimea. Lapho uhamba ngesitimela, fika eSimferopol. Ukusuka lapha, thatha ibhasi eliya eSevastopol, lapho amabhasi agijima khona esiteshini sebhasi eya esiqiwini. Kusuka edolobheni ibhasi №22-A lizokusa esitobhini "Chersonesos Tavricheskiy".
I-Antiquity imema abanelukuluku
Uhambo lokubuka indawo oluthokozisayo olunomhlahlandlela luhambo oluthakazelisa lwemivubukulo lwakudala. Intengo yamathikithi abantu abadala ingama-ruble angama-300, ezingane, abafundi, abahlomulayo - ama-ruble ayi-150.
Sincoma ukubheka amadolobha ayizipoki eRussia.
Ukubuyekezwa kuthatha okungenani amahora we-1.5-2. Amanxiwa wedolobha lasendulo, imininingwane egciniwe yezakhiwo zasendulo zihambisana nezakhiwo ezintsha. Isivakashi sithanda ukuhlala ngasolwandle, silalele ukukhala kwensimbi, sithathe izithombe ezihlaba umxhwele ngesizinda sasendulo, okwesikhashana siziveza njengoHellen ozacile, oqhoshayo.
Akukho okuzokuvimbela ekuhloleni ama-Tauric Chersonesos ongcwele. Emnyango kukhona umdwebo obonisa izindawo zezinto. Ukujwayelana nemibukiso yendawo yokuhlala yasendulo kuyindlela enhle yokusebenzisa isikhathi sokuphumula. Insimu ifakwe amabhentshi, imibhede yezimbali, izindlu zangasese, imisebenzi yokuphepha. Ungaba nesidlwana ku-cafe. I-excursionist ivunyelwe ukubamba iqhaza ekumbeni futhi ithole amakhono we-archaeologist. IChersonesus Tauride izonothisa isivakashi ngolwazi olusha, okuvelayo, kukhona okumangazayo, okubabazayo nokumangazayo.
