Ugwadule i-Atacama lwaziwa ngemvula yalo engandile ngokweqile: kwezinye izindawo belingazange line iminyaka engamakhulu ambalwa. Izinga lokushisa lapha liphakathi impela futhi kuvame ukuba nenkungu, kepha ngenxa yokoma kwayo, izitshalo nezilwane azicebile. Kodwa-ke, abantu baseChile bafunde ukubhekana nezinto ezihlukile zogwadule lwabo, bakhipha amanzi futhi bahlele ukuvakasha okujabulisayo kwezindunduma zesihlabathi.
Izici eziyinhloko zoGwadule lwase-Atacama
Abaningi bazwile ukuthi i-Atacama idume ngani, kepha abazi ukuthi ikuphi nendawo futhi yakhiwa kanjani. Indawo eyomile kakhulu eMhlabeni isuka enyakatho iye eningizimu entshonalanga yeNingizimu Melika futhi iphakathi kwePacific Ocean ne-Andes. Le ndawo enendawo engaphezu kwamakhilomitha-skwele ayizinkulungwane eziyi-105 ingeyaseChile futhi inemingcele yePeru, iBolivia ne-Argentina.
Ngaphandle kokuthi leli yihlane, isimo sezulu lapha asikwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi sultry. Ukushisa kwemini nobusuku kuyashintshashintsha ebangeni elilinganisiwe futhi kuyahlukahluka ngokuphakama. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Atacama ingabizwa nangokuthi ihlane elibandayo: ehlobo alikho ngaphezu kwe-15 degrees Celsius, kanti ebusika izinga lokushisa likhuphukela kuma-degree angama-20. Ngenxa yomswakama womoya ophansi, izinguzunga zeqhwa azakheli phezulu ezintabeni. Umehluko wokushisa ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene zosuku ubangela inkungu ejwayelekile, lesi simo sijwayele kakhulu ebusika.
Ugwadule lwaseChile luwele umfula owodwa kuphela iLoa, umgudu wawo osengxenyeni eseningizimu. Kusukela kweminye imifula, kusele iminonjana kuphela, bese kuthi, ngokusho kososayensi, bekungekho manzi kuyo iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyikhulu. Manje lezi zindawo ziyiziqhingi, ama-oases, lapho kutholakala khona izitshalo eziqhakazayo.
Izizathu zokwakhiwa kwendawo eyihlane
Umsuka Wogwadule i-Atacama kungenxa yezizathu ezimbili eziyinhloko ezihlobene nendawo okuyo. Ezwekazini, kunomugqa omude we-Andes, ovimbela amanzi ukuba angene engxenyeni esentshonalanga yeNingizimu Melika. Iningi leziduli ezakha i-Amazon Basin zibhajwe lapha. Ingxenyana encane yazo kwesinye isikhathi ifinyelela engxenyeni esempumalanga yogwadule, kepha lokhu akwanele ukucebisa yonke indawo.
Olunye uhlangothi lwesifunda esomile lugezwa yi-Pacific Ocean, lapho kungabonakala khona ukuthi umswakama kufanele uthole, kepha lokhu akwenzeki ngenxa yamandla abandayo ePeruvia. Kule ndawo, into efana nokuguquguquka kokushisa kuyasebenza: umoya awupholisi ngokukhuphuka okuphakeme, kepha kuyafudumala. Ngakho-ke, umswakama awuhwamuki, ngakho-ke, imvula ayinandawo yokwenza, ngoba ngisho nemimoya yomile lapha. Kungakho ugwadule olomile lungenamanzi, ngoba luvikelwe kumswakama ezinhlangothini zombili.
Izimbali nezilwane e-Atacama
Ukuntuleka kwamanzi kwenza le ndawo ingahlali muntu, ngakho-ke zimbalwa izilwane nohlaza olungeluhle. Kodwa-ke, i-cacti yezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene itholakala cishe yonke indawo endaweni eyomile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ososayensi babala izinhlobo eziningana ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi izinhlobo zemvelo, ngokwesibonelo, abamele uhlobo lweCopiapoa.
Izimila ezahlukahlukene kakhulu zitholakala kuma-oases: lapha, eceleni kwemibhede yemifula eyomile, kukhula iziqeshana zamahlathi amancane, aqukethe ikakhulu izihlahla. Zibizwa ngegalari futhi zakhiwa ngezihlahla ze-acacias, cacti kanye ne-mesquite. Maphakathi nogwadule, lapho lomile khona kakhulu, ngisho necacti incane, futhi ungabona ulele obuminyene nokuthi i-tillandsia iqhakaze kanjani.
Amakoloni wonke ezinyoni atholakala eduze nolwandle, okuhlala kuzo emadwaleni nokuthola ukudla olwandle. Izilwane zingatholakala lapha kuphela eduze nezindawo zokuhlala abantu, ikakhulukazi, nazo zizalanisa. Izinhlobo ezithandwa kakhulu oGwadule i-Atacama ngama-alpaca nama-llamas, angabekezelela ukushoda kwamanzi.
Ukuthuthukiswa kogwadule ngumuntu
Abantu baseChile abesabi ukungabi khona kwamanzi e-Atacama, ngoba abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi bahlala endaweni yayo. Vele, iningi labantu likhetha ama-oases njengendawo yabo yokuhlala, lapho kwakhiwa khona amadolobha amancane, kepha ngisho nezindawo ezomileyo sezifundile ukuhlakulela nokuthola isivuno esingasho lutho kuzo. Ikakhulu, ngenxa yezinhlelo zokunisela, utamatisi, ukhukhamba, iminqumo ikhula e-Atacama.
Eminyakeni edlule behlala ogwadule, abantu bafunde ukuzihlinzeka ngamanzi ngisho nomswakama omncane. Beza nezinsiza ezihlukile lapho bathatha khona amanzi. Babebizwa ngokuthi ngabasusa inkungu. Isakhiwo siqukethe isilinda esingamamitha amabili ukuphakama. Ukucacile kulele esakhiweni sangaphakathi lapho kutholakala khona imicu yenayiloni. Ngesikhathi senkungu, amaconsi omswakama anqwabelana kuwo, awela emgqonyeni kusuka ngezansi. Le mishini isiza ukukhipha amalitha ayi-18 amanzi ahlanzekile ngosuku.
Phambilini, kuze kube ngu-1883, le ndawo kwakungeyaseBolivia, kepha ngenxa yokwehlulwa kwezwe empini, ihlane ladluliselwa kubantu baseChile. Kusekhona izingxabano maqondana nale ndawo ngenxa yobukhona bamadiphozithi anothe kuyo. Namuhla, i-Atacama imayini yethusi, i-saltpeter, iodine, i-borax. Ngemuva kokuhwamuka kwamanzi amakhulu ezinkulungwane zeminyaka edlule, kwakhiwa amachibi kasawoti endaweni yase-Atacama. Manje lezi yizindawo lapho kutholakala khona imali enothe kakhulu kasawoti wetafula.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngogwadule lwase-Atacama
Ugwadule lwe-Atacama luyamangalisa kakhulu emvelweni, ngoba ngenxa yezici zalo ezihlukile, lungaveza isimanga esingajwayelekile. Ngakho-ke, ngenxa yokushoda komswakama, izidumbu aziboli lapha. Izidumbu ziyoma ngokoqobo ziphenduke izidumbu. Ngesikhathi kwenziwa ucwaningo ngale ndawo, ososayensi bavame ukuthola ukungcwatshwa kwamaNdiya, izidumbu zawo ezashwabana eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane edlule.
NgoMeyi 2010, kwenzeka isimanga kulezi zindawo - iqhwa beliwa ngamandla kangangokuba kwaqhamuka imikhuba emikhulu yeqhwa emadolobheni, okwenza kwaba nzima ukuhamba emgwaqeni. Ngenxa yalokhu, kwaba nokuphazamiseka ekusebenzeni kwezikhungo zokuphehla ugesi nendawo yokubuka. Akekho owake wabona into enjalo lapha, futhi akukwazanga ukuchaza izizathu zayo.
Sikukwazisa ukuthi ufunde ngogwadule lwaseNamib.
Maphakathi ne-Atacama kunengxenye eyomile yomgwadule, ebizwa nge-Valley of the Moon. Ukuqhathanisa okunjalo kwanikezwa kuye ngenxa yokuthi izindunduma zifana nesithombe sobuso besathelayithi yoMhlaba. Kuyaziwa ukuthi isikhungo sokucwaninga ngesikhala senze izivivinyo ze-rover kule ndawo.
Eduze ne-Andes, ugwadule luphenduka ithafa elinenye yezinsimu ezinkulu zegiza emhlabeni. I-El Tatio ivele ngenxa yomsebenzi wentaba-mlilo we-Andes futhi isibe enye ingxenye emangalisayo yogwadule oluyingqayizivele.
Izimpawu zomhlaba eziwugwadule zaseChile
Okuhehayo okuyinhloko koGwadule i-Atacama yisandla salesi sidlakela, uhhafu uphume ezindundumeni zesihlabathi. Kubizwa futhi ngokuthi iSandla Sogwadule. Umdali wayo, uMario Irarrazabal, wayefuna ukukhombisa konke ukungabi namandla komuntu ebusweni besihlabathi esinganyakaziseki sogwadule olungapheli. Itshe lesikhumbuzo lisekujuleni kwe-Atacama, kude nezindawo zokuhlala. Ukuphakama kwayo kungamamitha ayi-11, futhi kwenziwa ngosimende ohlakeni lwensimbi. Lesi sikhumbuzo sivame ukutholakala ezithombeni noma kumavidiyo, njengoba sithandwa ngabantu baseChile kanye nabavakashi bezwe.
Ngo-2003, kwatholakala isidumbu esomile esingajwayelekile edolobheni laseLa Noria, okwase kuyisikhathi eside lishiywa yizakhamizi. Ngokomthethosisekelo wayo, ibingasho ukuthi yohlobo lohlobo lwabantu, yingakho bebize i-find ukuthi yi-Atacama Humanoid. Okwamanje, kusenempikiswano yokuthi lo mama omama uvelaphi edolobheni nokuthi ungokabani ngempela.
