UJohn Wycliffe (UWyclif) (c. 1320 noma 1324 - 1384) - Isazi semfundiso yenkolo saseNgilandi, uprofesa wase-Oxford University kanye nomsunguli wemfundiso kaWycliffe, nemibono yakhe eyathonya inhlangano edumile kaLollard.
Inguquko kanye nomanduleli wobuProthestani, obevame ukubizwa ngokuthi "inkanyezi yokusa yeNguquko", owabeka izisekelo zemibono yenkathi yeNguquko ezayo eYurophu.
UWycliffe ungumhumushi wokuqala weBhayibheli esiNgisini esiPhakathi. Umbhali wemisebenzi eminingi ehlobene nengqondo nefilosofi. Imibhalo yenkolo kaWycliffe yalahlwa iSonto LamaKatolika futhi, ngenxa yalokho, yamenyezelwa njengeyimbuka.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaWycliffe, esizokhuluma ngayo kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, nayi i-biography emfushane kaJohn Wycliffe.
Umlando kaWycliffe
UJohn Wycliffe wazalwa ekuqaleni kuka-1320-1324 e-English Yorkshire. Wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini wesikhulu esimpofu. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi umndeni wathola isibongo sawo ngokuhlonipha idolobhana laseWycliffe-on-Tees.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Lapho eneminyaka engu-16, waba umfundi e-Oxford University, lapho ekugcineni athola khona iziqu zobudokotela kwezobufundisi. Ngemuva kokuba yisazi semfundiso yenkolo esiqinisekisiwe, wasala efundisa eyunivesithi yangakubo.
Ngo-1360, uJohn Wycliffe waphathiswa isikhundla sokuba yi-Master (inhloko) yaseBalliol College yesikhungo esifanayo. Ngalesi sikhathi se-biography yakhe, wayezibandakanya nokubhala, ekhombisa intshisekelo kwi-physics, mathematics, logic, astronomy nakwamanye amasayensi.
Le ndoda yaqala ukuba nentshisekelo kwezenkolo ngemuva kokuxoxisana nommeleli wamanxusa kaPapa Gregory XI ngo-1374. UWycliffe wagxeka ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla eNgilandi yisonto. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi inkosi yaseNgilandi yayinganelisekile ngokuthembela kupapa, okwakuhambisana neFrance phakathi neMpi Yeminyaka Eyikhulu.
Eminyakeni eyalandela yomlando wakhe, uJohn enenkani eyengeziwe wagxeka abefundisi bamaKhatholika, ngenxa yokuhaha kwabo nokuthanda imali. Wasekela isikhundla sakhe ngamavesi aseBhayibhelini.
Ikakhulukazi, uWycliffe wathi uJesu noma abalandeli bakhe babengenayo impahla futhi bengazibandakanyi nezepolitiki. Konke lokhu bekungeke kunganakwa. Ngo-1377, lesi sazi semfundiso yenkolo samiswa phambi kwenkantolo yabefundisi ngumbhishobhi waseLondon ngamacala okuhlasela abaphikisi.
UWycliffe wasindiswa ngokuncenga kukaDuke kanye nomnikazi womhlaba omkhulu uJohn waseGaunt, abaqala ukumvikela ngokuqinile phambi kwamajaji. Ngenxa yalokho, lokhu kwaholela ekudidekeni nokuwa kwenkantolo.
Ngonyaka olandelayo, uPapa wakhipha inkunzi eyayilahla imibono yeNgilandi, kodwa ngenxa yemizamo yenkantolo yasebukhosini nase-Oxford University, uJohn wakwazi ukugwema ukuboshwa ngenxa yezinkolelo zakhe. Ukufa kukaGregory XI kanye noqhekeko lopapa olwalandela, kwasindisa le ndoda ekushushisweni okwalandela.
Ngemuva kwesiyaluyalu sabalimi esingaphumelelanga ngo-1381, abaphathi benkantolo kanye nezinye izicukuthwane bayeka ukuvikela uWycliffe. Lokhu kwaholela ekusongelweni okukhulu okulengiswe phezu kwempilo yakhe.
Zicindezelwe abefundisi bamaKatolika, izazi zemfundiso yenkolo zase-Oxford zaqaphela ukuthi izincazelo zikaJohn eziyi-12 zazingezokukholwa. Ngenxa yalokho, umbhali walezi zinsiza nabangane bakhe baxoshwa eyunivesithi futhi ngokushesha baxoshwa esontweni.
Ngemuva kwaloko, Wycliffe kwadzingeka kutsi acashe njalo ekushushisweni kwemaKatolika. Ngemuva kokuzinza eLutterworth, wanikela impilo yakhe yonke ekuhumusheleni iBhayibheli esiNgisini. Ngemuva kwalokho wabhala umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu i- "Trialogue", lapho wethula khona imibono yakhe yezinguquko.
Imibono esemqoka
Ngo-1376, uJohn Wycliffe waqala ukugxeka obala nokwakhayo ngezenzo zeSonto LamaKatolika, enikeza izinkulumo e-Oxford. Uthe ukulunga kuphela okunikeza ilungelo lokuba nempahla.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abefundisi abangalungile abakwazi ukuba nelungelo elinjalo, okusho ukuthi zonke izinqumo kufanele zivele ngqo kubaphathi bezwe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uJohn wathi kona kanye ukubakhona kwempahla kubapapa kukhuluma ngokuthambekela kwakhe esonweni, ngoba uKristu nabafundi bakhe babengenabo, kepha kunalokho, babedinga ukuba nezidingo ezidingekayo kuphela, futhi babelane nabampofu.
Izitatimende ezinjalo eziphikisayo zabangela isivunguvungu sentukuthelo kubo bonke abefundisi, ngaphandle kwemiyalo emibi. UWycliffe ukugxekile ukusho kwamaKatolika ukuthi akhokhise intela evela eNgilandi futhi wavikela nelungelo lenkosi lokudla impahla yesonto. Mayelana nalokhu, imibono yakhe eminingi yamukelwa kahle yinkantolo yasebukhosini.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, uJohn Wycliffe wazenqaba lezi zimfundiso namasiko alandelayo obuKatolika:
- imfundiso yesihlanzo;
- ukuthengiswa kwentethelelo (ukukhululwa ekujezisweni kwezono);
- isakramente lesibusiso;
- ukuvuma izono phambi kompristi (unxuswa ukuba aphenduke ngqo phambi kukaNkulunkulu);
- isakramente lokuguquka kwesinkwa somzimba (inkolelo yokuthi isinkwa newayini ngenkathi kusetshenziswa isisindo empeleni kuguquka kube ngumzimba negazi likaJesu Kristu).
UWycliffe wathi noma yimuphi umuntu uhlobene ngqo (ngaphandle kosizo lwesonto) noPhezukonke. Kepha ukuze lokhu kuxhumana kube namandla kakhulu, ucele ukuthi kuhunyushwe iBhayibheli lisuswe olimini lwesiLatin lisiwe ezilimini ezahlukahlukene ukuze abantu bazifundele ngokwabo futhi bakhe ubuhlobo babo noMdali.
Kuyo yonke iminyaka yobuciko bakhe, uJohn Wycliffe wabhala imisebenzi eminingi yezenkolo lapho abhala khona ukuthi inkosi ingumbusi weSomandla, ngakho-ke ababhishobhi kufanele babe ngaphansi kwenkosi.
Ngenkathi i-Great Western Schism ihlasela ngo-1378, uguquko waqala ukukhomba uPapa noMphikukristu. UJohn wathi ukwamukelwa kwesipho sikaConstantine kwenza bonke opapa abalandela baba yizihlubuki. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wanxusa bonke abantu ababenomqondo ofanayo ukuba bahumushele iBhayibheli esiNgisini. Eminyakeni ethile kamuva, wayezohumusha ngokuphelele iBhayibheli lisuka esiLatin liye esiNgisini.
Ngemuva kwezinkulumo ezinjalo "zokuvukela umbuso", uWycliffe wahlaselwa kakhulu yisonto. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaKatolika aphoqa iqembu elincane labalandeli bakhe ukuba lilahle imibono yesazi semfundiso yenkolo.
Kodwa-ke, ngaleso sikhathi, izimfundiso zikaJohn Wycliffe zase zisabalele ngaphesheya kwemingcele yedolobha futhi zasinda ngenxa yemizamo yamaLollard ashisekayo, kodwa angafundile. Ngale ndlela, amaLollard ayengabashumayeli abazulazulayo ababevame ukubizwa ngokuthi "abapristi abampofu" ngoba babegqoka izingubo ezilula, behamba bengafake zicathulo, futhi bengenayo impahla.
AmaLollards nawo ashushiswa kanzima, kepha aqhubeka nokuzibandakanya emisebenzini yezemfundo. Befuna imiBhalo ithinte izinhliziyo zabantu abavamile, bahamba lonke iNgilandi ngezinyawo, beshumayeza abantu bakubo.
Ngokuvamile amaLollards ayefundela abantu izingxenye zeBhayibheli likaWycliffe bese ebashiyela amakhophi abhalwe ngesandla. Izimfundiso zamaNgisi zasakazeka kubantu abavamile kulo lonke elaseYurophu.
Imibono yakhe yayithandwa kakhulu eCzech Republic, lapho yathathwa khona yisazi sezinguquko senkolo uJan Hus nabalandeli bakhe, amaHussites. Ngo-1415, ngesimemezelo soMkhandlu WaseConstance, uWycliffe noHuss bamenyezelwa njengabahlubuki, ngenxa yalokho owokugcina washiswa esigxotsheni.
Ukufa
UJohn Wycliffe wabulawa isifo sohlangothi ngoDisemba 31, 1384. Eminyakeni engama-44 kamuva, ngesinqumo seCathedral of Constance, izinsalela zikaWycliffe zimbiwe phansi zashiswa. UWycliffe uqanjwe ngeWycliffe Bible Translations, eyasungulwa ngo-1942 futhi yanikezelwa ekuhumusheni iBhayibheli.
Izithombe zikaWycliffe
