USolon (approx. Wayeyimbongi yokuqala yase-Athene, kwathi ngo-594 BC waba ngusopolitiki onamandla kunabo bonke. Umbhali wezinguquko eziningi ezibalulekile ezathonya ukwakheka kombuso wase-Athene.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaSolon, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane kaSolon.
I-Solon biography
USolon wazalwa cishe ngo-640 BC. e-Athene. Uvela emndenini ohloniphekile wamaCodrids. Ekukhuleni kwakhe, waphoqeleka ukuthi ahlanganyele kwezohwebo zasolwandle, njengoba abhekana nobunzima bezezimali.
Le nsizwa yahamba kakhulu, ikhombisa intshisekelo enkulu kumasiko namasiko ezizwe ezahlukahlukene. Abanye ababhali bama-biography bathi ngisho nangaphambi kokuba abe usopolitiki, wayaziwa njengembongi enekhono. Ngaleso sikhathi ku-biography yakhe, isimo esingazinzile sabonwa ezweni lakubo.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-7 BC. I-Athene yayingenye yamadolobha amaningi amaGrikhi lapho kwakusebenza khona uhlelo lwezepolitiki lombuso wasendulo wase-Athene. Umbuso wawuphethwe yikholeji yabaphathi abangu-9, ababambe lesi sikhundla unyaka owodwa.
Indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuphathweni yadlalwa nguMkhandlu wase-Areopago, lapho kwakukhona khona amakhosi angaphambili impilo yonke. I-Areyophagu yayilawula kakhulu impilo yonke yamaphoyisa.
Ama-demos ase-Athene ayencike ngqo kwizicukuthwane, okwadala ukunganeliseki emphakathini. Ngasikhathi sinye, abase-Athene balwa noMegara balwela isiqhingi saseSalamis. Ukungavumelani okuqhubekayo phakathi kwabamele ubukhosi kanye nokugqilazwa kwamademoni kwaba nomthelela omubi ekuthuthukisweni kwamaphoyisa ase-Athene.
Solon Izimpi
Ngokokuqala ngqa, igama likaSolon liyakhulunywa emibhalweni ephathelene nempi phakathi kwe-Athene neMegara yeSalamis. Yize abantu bakule mbongi sebekhathele yizimpi ezadonsa isikhathi eside ezempi, ubanxuse ukuthi bangapheli amandla balwele indawo kuze kube sekugcineni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uSolon waze waqamba i-elegy "Salamis", eyayikhuluma ngesidingo sokuqhubeka kwempi yesiqhingi. Ngenxa yalokho, yena uqobo wahola uhambo oluya eSalamis, ehlula isitha.
Kwakungemuva komkhankaso ophumelele lapho uSolon aqala khona umsebenzi wakhe omuhle wezepolitiki. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lesi siqhingi, esaba yingxenye yamaphoyisa ase-Athene, sidlale indima ebalulekile emlandweni waso kaningi.
Kamuva, uSolon wabamba iqhaza eMpini YokuQala Engcwele, eyaqubuka phakathi kwamanye amadolobha aseGrisi nedolobha laseChris, elaliphethe iThempeli laseDelphic. Umbango, lapho amaGrikhi anqoba khona, uthathe iminyaka eyi-10.
Izinguquko zikaSolon
Esikhundleni se-594 BC. USolon uthathwe njengosopolitiki onegunya kakhulu, osekelwa yiDelphic Oracle. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi bobabili izikhulu nabantu abavamile babonisa umusa kuye.
Ngaleso sikhathi se-biography yakhe, le ndoda yakhethwa njenge-archon engaziwa, eyayinamandla amakhulu ezandleni zayo. Ngaleso sikhathi, amakhosi aqokwa yi-Areopagus, kepha uSolon, ngokusobala, wakhethwa ngumhlangano odumile ngenxa yesimo esikhethekile.
Ngokwesazi-mlando sasendulo, ipolitiki kwakumele ivisisanise amaqembu alwayo ukuze umbuso ukwazi ukuthuthuka ngokushesha nangendlela efanelekile ngangokunokwenzeka. Ukuguqulwa kokuqala kukaSolon kwakuyi-sisakhfia, ayibiza ngokuthi impumelelo yakhe ebaluleke kakhulu.
Ngenxa yalolu shintsho, zonke izikweletu kuhulumeni zikhanseliwe kanye nokwenqatshelwa kobugqila besikweletu. Lokhu kuholele ekususweni kwezinkinga eziningi zenhlalo nentuthuko yezomnotho. Ngemuva kwalokho, umbusi wayala ukuba anqande ukungeniswa kwempahla phesheya ukuze asekele abathengisi bendawo.
Ngemuva kwalokho uSolon wagxila ekuthuthukiseni umkhakha wezolimo nokukhiqizwa kwemisebenzi yezandla. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi abazali ababengakwazi ukufundisa amadodana abo noma yimuphi umsebenzi babenqatshelwe ukuthi bafuna izingane zabo zibanakekele lapho sebekhulile.
Umbusi wakhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kweminqumo ngazo zonke izindlela, ngenxa yokuthi ukutshalwa komnqumo kwaqala ukuletha inzuzo enkulu. Ngalesi sikhathi se-biography yakhe, uSolon waqala ukwenza uguquko kwezemali, wethula ekusakazeni uhlamvu lwemali lwe-Euboean. Uphiko lwemali olusha lusize ukuthuthukisa ukuhweba phakathi kwezinqubomgomo ezingomakhelwane.
Ngenkathi kaSolon, kwenziwa izinguquko ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezenhlalo, kufaka phakathi ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu bamaphoyinti ngezigaba zezakhiwo ezi-4 - i-pentakosiomedimna, i-hippea, i-zevgit ne-feta. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mbusi wasungula uMkhandlu Wamakhulu Amane, owawusebenza njengenye indlela ye-Areopago.
UPlutarch ubika ukuthi uMkhandlu osanda kumiswa ubulungiselela izikweletu zomhlangano wabantu, kanti i-Areopago ilawula zonke izinqubo futhi yaqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kwemithetho. Ngisho noSolon waba ngumlobi wesimemezelo sokuthi noma yimuphi umuntu ongenabantwana wayenelungelo lokunikela ngefa lakhe kunoma ngubani amfunayo.
Ukuze kulondolozwe ukulingana kwezenhlalo, lo sopolitiki usayine isimemezelo esethula umkhawulo womhlaba. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izakhamizi ezicebile zazingakwazi ukuba neziza zomhlaba ngokweqa okujwayelekile. Kuyo yonke iminyaka yomlando wakhe, waba umbhali wezinguquko eziningana ezibalulekile ezathonya ukwakheka okuqhubekayo kombuso wase-Athene.
Ngemuva kokuphela kobukhosi, izinguquko zikaSolon zazivame ukugxekwa ngohlaka oluhlukahlukene lomphakathi. Abacebile bakhala ngokuthi amalungelo abo ancishisiwe, kanti abantu abavamile bafuna ushintsho olukhulu kakhulu.
Abaningi beluleke uSolon ukuthi asungule ubushiqela, kepha wawenqaba ngokuphelele lowo mbono. Njengoba ngalesosikhathi omashiqela babebusa emadolobheni amaningi, ukwenqatshelwa ngokuzithandela kobushiqela kwakuyindaba eyingqayizivele.
USolon uchaze isinqumo sakhe ngeqiniso lokuthi ubushiqela buzoletha ihlazo kuye nakwinzalo yakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayephikisana nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lodlame. Ngenxa yalokho, le ndoda yanquma ukushiya ezombusazwe yaqhubeka nohambo.
Kwaphela iminyaka eyishumi (593-583 BC) uSolon waya emadolobheni amaningi aseMedithera, kufaka phakathi iGibhithe, iCyprus kanye neLydia. Ngemuva kwalokho, wabuyela e-Athene, lapho izinguquko zakhe zaqhubeka nokusebenza ngempumelelo.
Ngokobufakazi bukaPlutarch, ngemuva kohambo olude, uSolon wayengenandaba nezepolitiki.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Abanye ababhali bama-biographer bathi ebusheni bakhe, othandekayo kaSolon kwakuyisihlobo sakhe uPisistratus. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uPlutarch ofanayo wabhala ukuthi umbusi wayenobuthakathaka bamantombazane amahle.
Izazi-mlando azikakutholi ukushiwo ngenzalo kaSolon. Ngokusobala, wayengenazo nje izingane. Okungenani emakhulwini eminyaka alandela, akukho noyedwa umuntu owatholwa owayengowozalo lokhokho bakhe.
USolon wayeyindoda ezinikele kakhulu, njengoba kungabonakala ezinkondlweni zakhe. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi wabona imbangela yazo zonke izinkathazo namashwa hhayi konkulunkulu, kodwa kubantu uqobo, abalwela ukwanelisa izifiso zabo, futhi bahlukaniswa ngamampunge nokuzikhukhumeza.
Ngokusobala, ngisho nangaphambi kokuqala komsebenzi wakhe wezepolitiki, uSolon wayeyimbongi yokuqala yase-Athene. Izingcezu eziningi zemisebenzi yakhe yokuqukethwe okuhlukahlukene zisasinda kuze kube namuhla. Sekukonke, kulondoloziwe imigqa engama-283 yemigqa engaphezu kuka-5,000.
Isibonelo, i-Elegy "To Myself" yehlele kithi ngokugcwele kuphela ku- "Eclogs" yombhali waseByzantium uStobey, futhi kusukela kumigqa eyi-100 ye-elegy "Salamis" izingcezu ezi-3 zisindile, zinemigqa eyi-8 kuphela.
Ukufa
USolon ushone ngo-560 noma ngo-559 BC. Imibhalo yasendulo iqukethe imininingwane ephikisanayo maqondana nokufa kwesazi. Ngokusho kukaValery Maxim, washonela eCyprus wangcwatshwa khona.
U-Elian naye wabhala ukuthi uSolon wangcwatshwa ngemali yomphakathi eduze kodonga lomuzi wase-Athene. Le nguqulo kungenzeka ukuthi icace bha. Ngokusho kukaPhanius Lesbos, uSolon udlule emhlabeni kwelakubo e-Athens.
Izithombe zeSolon
