U-Edward Joseph Snowden (owazalwa ngo-1983) - Uchwepheshe wezobuchwepheshe waseMelika kanye nomenzeli okhethekile, owayekade eyisisebenzi se-CIA kanye ne-US National Security Agency (NSA).
Ehlobo lika-2013, wanikeza abezindaba baseBrithani nabaseMelika imininingwane eyimfihlo evela kwi-NSA ephathelene nokubhekwa okukhulu kwezokuxhumana kwemininingwane phakathi kwezakhamizi zamazwe amaningi omhlaba ngabezobunhloli baseMelika.
Ngokusho kwePentagon, uSnowden untshontshe amafayili ahlukanisiwe ayisigidi esingu-1.7, amaningi awo abandakanya imisebenzi emikhulu yamasosha. Ngalesi sizathu, wabekwa ohlwini lwabantu abafunwa umhlaba wonke nguhulumeni wase-US.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography ka-Snowden, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane ka-Edward Snowden.
Umlando ka-Snowden
U-Edward Snowden wazalwa ngoJuni 21, 1983 esifundazweni saseMelika eNorth Carolina. Ukhuliswe wakhulela emndenini ka-Coast Guard uLonnie Snowden nomkakhe, u-Elizabeth, owayengummeli. Ngaphezu kuka-Edward, abazali bakhe babenentombazane egama linguJessica.
Bonke ubuntwana bukaSnowden bachitha e-Elizabeth City, naseMaryland, eduze nendlunkulu yeNSA. Ngemuva kokuphothula izifundo zakhe zamabanga aphakeme, waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe ekolishi, lapho afunda khona ubuchwepheshe bekhompyutha.
Kamuva, u-Edward waba ngumfundi eNyuvesi yaseLiverpool, wathola iziqu ze-master in 2011. Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva wabuthelwa ebusosheni, lapho kwenzeka khona isehlakalo esingemnandi kuye. Ngesikhathi sokuzivocavoca kwezempi, wephula imilenze yomibili, ngenxa yalokho wakhululwa.
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ku-biography yakhe, uSnowden wayehlotshaniswa kakhulu nomsebenzi ohlobene nezinhlelo nobuchwepheshe be-IT. Kule ndawo, wafinyelela ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu, ekwazile ukuzibonakalisa njengochwepheshe abasezingeni eliphakeme.
Insizakalo ku-CIA
Kusukela esemncane, u-Edward Snowden wanyusa isitebhisi somsebenzi. Uthole amakhono akhe okuqala obuchwepheshe e-NSA, esebenza kohlaka lwezokuphepha lwesikhungo esiyimfihlo. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, wathenjiswa ukusebenzela i-CIA.
Ngemuva kokuba yisikhulu sezobunhloli, u-Edward wathunyelwa eSwitzerland njengeNxusa laseMelika kwiZizwe Ezihlangene.
Kwakufanele aqinisekise ukuphepha kwamanethiwekhi ekhompyutha. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi umfana wazama ukuletha izinzuzo kuphela emphakathini nasezweni lakhe.
Kodwa-ke, ngokusho kukaSnowden uqobo, kwakuseSwitzerland lapho aqala khona ukubona ngokwengeziwe ukuthi umsebenzi wakhe e-CIA, njengawo wonke umsebenzi wezinsizakalo zezobunhloli zase-US, ulethela abantu ingozi enkulu kunokuhle. Lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi lapho eneminyaka engama-26 wanquma ukushiya i-CIA futhi aqale ukusebenza ezinhlanganweni ezingaphansi kwe-NSA.
U-Edward uqale wasebenzela uDell wabe esesebenza njengonkontileka kaBooz Allen Hamilton. Njalo ngonyaka wayeya edumazeka ngokwengeziwe ngemisebenzi yeNSA. Umfana wayefuna ukutshela abantu bakubo nezwe lonke iqiniso ngezenzo zeqiniso zale nhlangano.
Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-2013, u-Edward Snowden wanquma ukuthatha isinyathelo esiyingozi kakhulu - ukudalula imininingwane eyimfihlo edalula izinsizakalo ezikhethekile zaseMelika ekubhekeni okuphelele kwezakhamizi zomhlaba wonke.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi uSnowden wayefuna "ukuvula" emuva ngo-2008, kodwa akakwenzanga lokhu, enethemba lokuthi uBarack Obama, owangena embusweni, uzobuyisa isimo. Kodwa-ke, amathemba akhe abengahloselwe ukugcwaliseka. Umongameli osanda kukhethwa walandela inqubomgomo efanayo neyabamandulele.
Ukuvezwa nokushushiswa
Ngo-2013, i-ejenti yangaphambili ye-CIA yaqala ukusebenza ekwazisweni kolwazi oluhlukanisiwe. Uxhumane nomdidiyeli wamafilimu uLaura Poitras, intatheli uGlenn Greenwald nomsakazi uBarton Gellman, ebamema ukuthi bazonikeza izindaba ezihlaba umxhwele.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi umdidiyeli wasebenzisa ama-imeyili anekhodi njengendlela yokuxhumana, lapho athumela khona imibhalo ehlukanisiwe engaba ngu-200,000 ezintathelini.
Izinga labo lokugcina imfihlo laliphezulu kakhulu kangangokuba lalidlula ngokubaluleka izinto ezazishicilelwe ngaphambilini kwi-WikiLeaks mayelana nobugebengu base-Afghanistan nase-Iraq. Ngemuva kokushicilelwa kwemibhalo enikezwe nguSnowden, kwaqubuka ihlazo elisezingeni lomhlaba.
Umshicileli womhlaba wonke ubhale ngezinto ezisetshenzisiwe, ngenxa yalokho uhulumeni wase-US wagxekwa kakhulu. Izambulo zika-Edward zazigcwele amaqiniso maqondana nokubhekwa kwezakhamizi zamazwe angama-60 neminyango kahulumeni engama-35 yaseYurophu ngabezobunhloli baseMelika.
Isiphathimandla sezobunhloli siveze imininingwane yabantu ngohlelo lwePRISM, esisize abezemfihlo ukulandela izingxoxo phakathi kwabaseMelika nabokufika abasebenzisa i-Intanethi noma ucingo.
Uhlelo laluvumela ukulalela izingxoxo nezingqungquthela zamavidiyo, ukufinyelela kunoma yimaphi amabhokisi e-imeyili, futhi nokuba nalo lonke ulwazi lwabasebenzisi bezingosi zokuxhumana nabantu. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi izinsizakalo eziningi ezinkulu zisebenzisane ne-PRISM, kufaka phakathi iMicrosoft, Facebook, Google, Skype ne-YouTube.
USnowden unikeze amaqiniso okuthi opharetha omkhulu kunabo bonke, uVerizon, uthumele imethadatha ku-NSA nsuku zonke ngazo zonke izingcingo ezenziwe eMelika. Omunye umfana ukhulume ngohlelo lokulandela ngomkhondo oluyimfihlo iTempora.
Ngosizo lwayo, izinsizakalo ezikhethekile zinganqamula ithrafikhi ye-Intanethi nezingxoxo zocingo. Futhi, umphakathi ufunde ngesoftware efakwe ku- "iPhone", evumela ukulandelela abanikazi balawa magajethi.
Phakathi kokudalulwa okwedume kakhulu kuka-Edward Snowden kwaba ukunqamula kwabaseMelika izingxoxo zocingo zabahlanganyeli bengqungquthela ye-G-20, eyayibanjelwe e-UK ngo-2009. Ngokombiko we-Pentagon ovaliwe, lo mqambi wayenemibhalo ehlukanisiwe engaba yizigidi eziyi-1.7.
Eziningi zazo zihlobene nokusebenza kwezempi okwenziwa emagatsheni ahlukahlukene ezempi. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, ngokuzayo, lezi zinto zizodalulwa kancane kancane ukuze kubukelwe phansi isithunzi sikahulumeni wase-US neNSA.
Lolu akulona lonke uhlu lwamaqiniso ajabulisayo ka-Snowden, obekufanele awakhokhele kakhulu. Ngemuva kokuveza ubunikazi bakhe, waphoqeleka ukuba abaleke ngokushesha ezweni. Ekuqaleni, wacasha eHong Kong, ngemuva kwalokho wanquma ukuyobaleka eRussia. NgoJuni 30, 2013, lowo owayengummeli wacela ukukhoseliswa kwezepolitiki eMoscow.
Umholi waseRussia, uVladimir Putin, uvumele uSnowden ukuba ahlale eRussia ngombandela wokuthi ngeke esazibandakanya ezenzweni zobunhloli ezenziwa ngabezobunhloli baseMelika. Ekhaya, ozakwabo baka-Edward basigxekile lesi senzo sakhe, bethi ngesenzo sakhe udale umonakalo ongalungiseki ophikweni lwezobunhloli nakudumo lwaseMelika.
Ngokulandelayo, i-European Union yasabela kabi ekushushisweni kwe-Snowden. Ngalesi sizathu, iPhalamende laseYurophu selinxuse kaningi i-EU ukuthi ingajezisi isikhulu sezobunhloli, kepha, kunalokho, simnikeze ukuvikelwa.
Engxoxweni abe nayo neThe Washington Post, u-Edward uthe, “Sengivele nginqobile. Engangikufuna kwakuwukukhombisa umphakathi ukuthi kuqhutshwa kanjani. " Umfana wabuye wengeza ukuthi uhlala esebenzela ukululama, hhayi ukuwa kwe-NSA.
Imidlalo eminingi yevidiyo yakhishwa kamuva ngokususelwa ku-biography ka-Snowden. Futhi, izincwadi kanye nemibhalo mayelana nesikhulu sezobunhloli yaqala ukushicilelwa emazweni ahlukahlukene. Ekwindla ka-2014, idokhumentari yamahora amabili enesihloko esithi Citizenfour. Iqiniso likaSnowden ”elizinikele ku-Edward.
Le filimu iwine imiklomelo ehlonishwayo yamafilimu njengo-Oscar, BAFTA noSputnik. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi kumabhayisikobho aseRussia lesi sithombe saba umholi ekusatshalalisweni kwamafilimu angewona amanga ngo-2015.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Enkulumweni, uSnowden uvumile ukuthi unonkosikazi nezingane. Kuyaziwa ngokuthembekile ukuthi kusukela ngo-2009 umdansi uLindsay Mills uhlala eyintandokazi yakhe.
Ekuqaleni, lo mbhangqwana wawuhlala emshadweni womphakathi kwesinye seziqhingi zaseHawaii. Ngokusho kwemithombo eminingana, okwamanje u-Edward uhlala nomndeni wakhe eRussia, njengoba kufakazelwa izithombe ezivela ngezikhathi ezithile kuwebhu.
Uma uwakholelwa amazwi ezintatheli akhulume nomMelika, u-Snowden ungumuntu onomusa futhi ohlakaniphile. Ukhetha ukuhola impilo ezolile nenesilinganiso. Lo mfana uzibiza ngo-agnostic. Ufunda kakhulu, ethathwa ngumlando waseRussia, kepha uchitha isikhathi esithe xaxa kwi-Intanethi.
Kukhona nenkolelo esabalele yokuthi u-Edward ungumuntu odla imifino kuphela. Akaphuzi futhi notshwala noma ikhofi.
Edward Snowden namuhla
U-Edward usememezele kaningi ukuthi ukulungele ukubuyela eMelika, ngokuya ngecala labasizi bejaji. Kodwa-ke okwamanje, akekho noyedwa umbusi wezwe omnikeze lezi ziqinisekiso.
Namuhla lo mfana usebenza ekwakheni uhlelo olungavikela ngokuthembekile abasebenzisi ezinsongweni zangaphandle. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi yize uSnowden eqhubeka nokugxeka inqubomgomo yase-US, uvame ukukhuluma kabi ngezenzo zeziphathimandla zaseRussia.
Esikhathini esingengakanani esidlule, u-Edward wanikeza inkulumo kubaphathi baseMossad, ekhombisa ubufakazi obuningi bokungena kweNSA esakhiweni sobuhlakani bakwa-Israyeli. Kusukela namuhla, usengcupheni. Uma ewela ezandleni ze-United States, ubhekene neminyaka engaba ngu-30 ejele, futhi mhlawumbe isigwebo sentambo.
Izithombe ze-Snowden
