UCyril noMethodius

UKirill (emhlabeni UKonstantin isibongo Isazi sefilosofi; 827-869) futhi UMethodius (emhlabeni UMichael; 815-885.

Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo emlandweni womlando kaCyril noMethodius okuzokhulunywa ngawo kulesi sihloko.

Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokuba ube umlando omfushane wabazalwane uCyril noMethodius.

Imilando kaCyril noMethodius

Omdala kulaba bazalwane ababili kwakunguMethodius (uMichael ngaphambi kokukhulelwa kwakhe), owazalwa ngo-815 edolobheni laseThesaloniki laseByzantium. Eminyakeni eyi-12 kamuva, ngo-827, uCyril wazalwa (ngaphambi kokudonswa kukaConstantine). Abazali babashumayeli besikhathi esizayo babenamadodana amanye ama-5.

Ubuntwana nentsha

UCyril noMethodius bavela emndenini ohloniphekile futhi bakhuliswa emndenini womholi wezempi ogama lakhe linguLeo. Ababhali bama-biography basaphikisana ngobuzwe balo mndeni. Abanye bathi bavela kumaSlav, abanye kwabaseBulgaria, kanti abanye bathi ngamaGreki.

Ngesikhathi eseyingane, uCyril noMethodius bathola imfundo enhle kakhulu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ekuqaleni abazalwane babengahlanganiswa yizinto ezifanayo. Ngakho-ke, uMethodius waya embuthweni wezempi, futhi kamuva wathatha isikhundla sombusi wesifundazwe saseByzantine, ekhombisa ukuthi ungumbusi onekhono.

Kusukela esemncane, uCyril wayehlukaniswa ilukuluku eleqile. Wachitha sonke isikhathi sakhe sokuphumula efunda izincwadi, ezazibaluleke kakhulu ngalezo zinsuku.

Umfana wayevelele ngememori evelele namakhono engqondo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayekhuluma kahle isiGreki, isiSlavic, isiHeberu nesi-Aramaic. Ngemuva kokufunda e-University of Magnavr, lo mfana oneminyaka engu-20 wayesevele efundisa ifilosofi.

Inkonzo yobuKristu

Ngisho nasebusheni bakhe, uCyril wayenethuba elihle lokuba yisikhulu esiphakeme, futhi ngokuzayo, umkhuzi omkhulu webutho. Futhi nokho, wayeka umsebenzi wakhe wokuziphilisa, wanquma ukuxhumanisa impilo yakhe nezenkolo.

Ngaleyo minyaka, iziphathimandla zaseByzantium zazenza konke okusemandleni ukusabalalisa i-Orthodox. Ukwenza lokhu, uhulumeni wathumela osomaqhinga nezithunywa zevangeli ezindaweni ezazithandwa kakhulu amaSulumane noma ezinye izinkolo. Ngenxa yalokho, uCyril waqala ukubamba iqhaza emisebenzini yezithunywa zevangeli, eshumayela izindinganiso zobuKristu kwezinye izizwe.

Ngaleso sikhathi, uMethodius wanquma ukuyeka ezombusazwe nezempi, walandela umfowabo omncane waya esigodlweni sezindela. Lokhu kwaholela ekubeni akhishwe amathangi eneminyaka engama-37.

Ngo-860, uCyril wamenyelwa esigodlweni kumbusi, lapho afundiswa khona ukuba ajoyine imishini kaKhazar. Iqiniso ngukuthi abameleli beKhazar Kagan bathembisa ukwamukela ubuKrestu ngombandela wokuthi bayaqiniseka ngobuqiniso bale nkolo.

Empikiswaneni ezayo, izithunywa zevangeli ezingamaKrestu zazidingeka ukufakazela iqiniso lenkolo yazo kumaSulumane nemibono. UCyril wathatha umfowabo omdala uMethodius wahamba naye waya kumaKhazars. Ngokusho kweminye imithombo, uKirill wakwazi ukuvela enqobile engxoxweni ne-imam yamaSulumane, kepha naphezu kwalokhu, uKagan akazange alushintshe ukholo lwakhe.

Noma kunjalo, amaKhazars awazange avimbele abantu besizwe sakubo ababefuna ukwamukela ubuKristu ukuba babhapathizwe. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwenzeka umcimbi obalulekile emlandweni womlando kaCyril noMethodius.

Ngesikhathi bebuyela emakhaya, abazalwane bama eCrimea, lapho bakwazi khona ukuthola izinsalela zikaClement, uPapa ongcwele, kamuva ezayiswa eRoma. Kamuva, kwenzeka esinye isigameko esibalulekile empilweni yabashumayeli.

Lapho nje inkosana yamazwe aseMoravia (izwe lamaSlavic) uRostislav wacela usizo kuhulumeni waseConstantinople. Ucele ukuthumela kuye izazi zemfundiso yenkolo ezingamaKrestu, ezingachazela abantu izimfundiso zobuKristu ngendlela elula.

Ngakho-ke, uRostislav wayefuna ukuqeda ithonya lababhishobhi baseJalimane. Lolu hambo lukaCyril noMethodius lwangena emlandweni wezwe - izinhlamvu zamaSlav zakhiwa. EMoravia, abafowethu benze umsebenzi omkhulu wokufundisa.

UCyril noMethodius bahumusha izincwadi zesiGreki, bafundisa amaSlav ukufunda nokubhala futhi babonisa nokuthi zenziwa kanjani izinkonzo zaphezulu. Izitimela zabo zidonse iminyaka emithathu, lapho bekwazile ukuthola imiphumela ebalulekile. Imisebenzi yabo yezemfundo yalungiselela iBulgaria ukubhapathizwa.

Ngo-867 abazalwane baphoqwa ukuba baye eRoma ngamacala okuhlambalaza. ISonto LaseNtshonalanga labiza uCyril noMethodius ngokuthi bayizihlubuki, ngoba basebenzisa ulimi lwesiSlavic ukuze bafunde izintshumayelo, ezazibhekwa njengesono ngaleso sikhathi.

Ngaleso sikhathi, noma yisiphi isihloko senkolo singaxoxwa kuphela ngesiGreki, isiLatini noma ngesiHeberu. Endleleni yabo eya eRoma, uCyril noMethodius bama endaweni yase Blatensky. Lapha bakwazi ukuletha izintshumayelo, kanye nokufundisa abantu bendawo ukuhweba ngezincwadi.

Lapho zifika e-Italy, izithunywa zevangeli zanikeza abefundisi izinsalela zikaClement, ababeze nazo. UPapa Adrian II omusha wayejabule kakhulu ngezinsalela waze wavumela izinkonzo ngolimi lwesiSlavic. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi kulo mhlangano uMethodius wanikezwa isikhundla sobubhishobhi.

Ngo-869, uCyril washona, ngenxa yalokho uMethodius ngokwakhe waqhubeka enza umsebenzi wezithunywa zevangeli. Ngaleso sikhathi, wayesenabalandeli abaningi. Uthathe isinqumo sokubuyela eMoravia ayoqhubeka nomsebenzi abewuqale lapho.

Lapha uMethodius kwadingeka abhekane nengxabano enkulu ebusweni babefundisi baseJalimane. Isihlalo sobukhosi sikamufi uRostislav sathathwa ngumshana wakhe uSvyatopolk, owayethembekile kunqubomgomo yamaJalimane. Lezi zamuva zenze konke okusemandleni ukuvimbela umsebenzi wendela.

Noma imiphi imizamo yokuqhuba izinkonzo zaphezulu ngolimi lwesiSlavic yashushiswa. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi uMethodius waze waboshwa esigodlweni sezindela iminyaka emithathu. UPapa John VIII wasiza iByzantine ukuba ikhululwe.

Futhi nokho, emasontweni, kwakusenqatshelwe ukubamba izinkonzo ngolimi lwesiSlavic, ngaphandle kwezintshumayelo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi naphezu kwakho konke ukwenqatshelwa, uMethodius uqhubekile nokwenza izinkonzo zaphezulu ngasese ngesiSlavic.

Ngokushesha, umbhishobhi omkhulu wabhapathiza isikhulu saseCzech, okwathi cishe sathola isijeziso esinzima. Kodwa-ke, uMethodius akakwazanga nje ukugwema ukujeziswa, kodwa futhi nokuthola imvume yokwenza imisebenzi ngolimi lwesiSlavic. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe, wakwazi ukuqeda ukuhumusha imiBhalo yeTestamente Elidala.

Ukwakha izinhlamvu zamagama

UCyril noMethodius bangena emlandweni ikakhulukazi njengabaqambi bezinhlamvu zamaSlavic. Kwenzeka ekuphendukeni kuka-862-863. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambi kwalokho, abazalwane base benze imizamo yabo yokuqala yokusebenzisa umbono wabo.

Ngaleso sikhathi ku-biography yabo, babehlala emthambekeni weNtaba iLittle Olympus ethempelini lendawo. UCyril uthathwa njengombhali wezinhlamvu zamagama, kepha yikuphi okuhlala kuyimfihlakalo.

Ochwepheshe bancika ezinhlamvwini ze-Glagolitic, njengoba kukhonjisiwe yizinhlamvu ezingama-38 eziqukethe. Uma sikhuluma ngezinhlamvu zamaCyrillic, khona-ke ngokusobala zenziwa nguKliment Ohridsky. Kodwa-ke, noma kunjalo, umfundi usasebenzisa umsebenzi kaCyril - nguyena owahlukanisa imisindo yolimi, okuyiyona nto ebaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kokubhala.

Isisekelo se-alfabhethi kwakuyi-Greek cryptography - izinhlamvu zifana kakhulu, ngenxa yalokho isenzo sididekile nezinhlamvu zasempumalanga. Kepha ukuqoka imisindo yesici seSlavic, kwasetshenziswa izinhlamvu zesiHeberu, phakathi kwazo - "sh".

Ukufa

Phakathi nohambo oluya eRoma, uCyril wahlaselwa ukugula okungathi sína, okwaba yingozi kuye. Kuyamukelwa ukuthi uCyril washona ngoFebhuwari 14, 869 eneminyaka engama-42. Ngalolu suku, amaKatolika agubha usuku lokukhumbula abangcwele.

UMethodius waphila umfowabo ngeminyaka engu-16, njengoba adlula emhlabeni ngo-Ephreli 4, 885 eneminyaka engama-70. Ngemuva kokushona kwakhe, kamuva eMoravia, baphinda baqala ukwenqabela ukuhunyushwa kwezinkonzo, futhi abalandeli bakaCyril noMethodius baqala ukushushiswa kanzima. Namuhla izithunywa zevangeli zaseByzantium ziyahlonishwa eNtshonalanga naseMpumalanga.