UThomas Edison

UThomas Alva Edison (1847-1931) - Umsunguli waseMelika nosomabhizinisi abathola amalungelo obunikazi ayi-1,093 eMelika nabangaba ngu-3 000 kwamanye amazwe omhlaba.

Umdali wegilamafoni, wenza ngcono i-telegraph, ucingo, imishini ye-cinema, wakha enye yezinguqulo zokuqala eziphumelelayo kwezentengiselwano zesibani sikagesi se-incandescent, okwakuwukucwengwa kwezinye izinhlobo.

U-Edison uthole udumo oluphakeme kakhulu e-US, i-Congressional Gold Medal. Ilungu le-US National Academy of Sciences kanye nelungu elihlonishwayo langaphandle le-USSR Academy of Sciences.

Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography ka-Edison, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.

Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane kaThomas Edison.

Umlando ka-Edison

UThomas Edison wazalwa ngoFebhuwari 11, 1847 edolobheni laseMelika iMaylen (Ohio). Wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini olula onemali encane. Abazali bakhe, uSamuel Edison noNancy Eliot, wayenguthunjana ezinganeni ze-7.

Ubuntwana nentsha

Njengengane, u-Edison wayemfushane kunontanga yakhe, futhi wayengenayo impilo enhle. Ngemuva kokuphathwa umkhuhlane obomvu, waba yisithulu endlebeni yangakwesobunxele. Ubaba nomama babemnakekela, ngoba phambilini babelahlekelwe yizingane ezimbili (ngokusho kweminye imithombo, ezintathu).

UThomas wayenelukuluku lokwazi kusukela esemncane. Wayengamele ama-steamer nababazi ethekwini. Futhi, umfana wayengacasha isikhathi eside kwenye indawo ecashile, ehlela kabusha imibhalo yezimpawu ezithile.

Kodwa-ke, lapho u-Edison eya esikoleni, wayebhekwa njengomfundi omubi kakhulu. Othisha bakhulume ngaye njengengane "elinganiselwe". Lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi ngemuva kwezinyanga ezintathu abazali baphoqeleka ukuthatha indodana yabo esikhungweni semfundo.

Emva kwalokho, umama waqala ngokuzimela ukunikeza uThomas imfundo yamabanga aphansi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi wasiza umama wakhe ukuthengisa izithelo nemifino emakethe.

U-Edison wayevame ukuya emtatsheni wezincwadi, efunda imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yesayensi. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi lapho ingane yayineminyaka engaphansi kwengu-9 ubudala, wayazi kahle incwadi - "Natural and Experimental Philosophy", equkethe cishe yonke imininingwane yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe yangaleso sikhathi.

Akuthandeki kangako ukuthi eminyakeni eyalandela yomlando wakhe, uThomas Edison wenza cishe zonke izivivinyo ezishiwo encwadini. Njengomthetho, wayethanda ukuhlolwa kwamakhemikhali, okwakudinga izindleko ezithile zezezimali.

Lapho u-Edison eneminyaka engaba ngu-12 ubudala, waqala ukuthengisa amaphephandaba esiteshini sesitimela. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi le nsizwa ivunyelwe ukuqhuba izivivinyo zayo emotweni yemithwalo yesitimela.

Ngemuva kwesikhashana, uThomas uba ngumshicileli wephephandaba lesitimela lokuqala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uqala ukuzibandakanya nogesi. Ehlobo lika-1862, wakwazi ukusindisa indodana yenkosi yesiteshi esitimeleni esihambayo, okwathi, ngokubonga, yavuma ukuyifundisa ibhizinisi lezocingo.

Lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi u-Edison wakwazi ukuhlomisa umugqa wakhe wokuqala we-telegraph, owawuxhuma indlu yakhe nendlu yomngane wakhe. Ngokushesha kwaqubuka umlilo emotweni yezimpahla lapho aqhuba khona izivivinyo zakhe. Ngenxa yalokhu, umqhubi waxosha usokhemisi osemncane esitimeleni kanye nelabhorethri yakhe.

Ngesikhathi esemusha, uThomas Edison wakwazi ukuvakashela amadolobha amaningi aseMelika, ezama ukuhlela impilo yakhe. Ngalesi sikhathi se-biography yakhe, wayevame ukungondleki, ngoba imali yakhe yonke wayeyisebenzisa ekuthengeni izincwadi nasekuhloleni izivivinyo.

Ukuqanjwa

Imfihlo yempumelelo yomqambi odumile ingachazwa emshweni obhalwe u-Edison uqobo: "I-Genius ingu-1% ugqozi futhi i-99% iyajuluka." UThomas wayengumuntu osebenza kanzima, echitha sonke isikhathi sakhe kumalebhu.

Ngenxa yokubekezela kwakhe nesifiso sakhe sokufeza le njongo, uThomas wakwazi ukuthola amalungelo obunikazi ayi-1,093 e-United States kanye namalungelo obunikazi aphindwe kathathu kwamanye amazwe. Impumelelo yakhe yokuqala yeza ngenkathi esebenzela i-Gold & Stock Telegraph Company.

U-Edison waqashwa ngenxa yokuthi wakwazi ukulungisa amathuluzi we-telegraph, okwakungeke kwenzeke kubakhandi abangochwepheshe. Ngo-1870 inkampani yathenga ngenjabulo kumfana uhlelo oluthuthukisiwe lwamabhulethini okushintshana ngamasheya entengo yegolide neyezitoko.

Imali etholakele ibanele ukuthi uThomas avule indawo yakhe yokusebenzela ukuze kukhiqizwe amathikha wokushintshisana. Ngemuva konyaka, waba nemihlangano yokufundisana emithathu efanayo.

Eminyakeni eyalandela, ama-biographies wecala lika-Edison aphumelela kakhulu. Wakha uPapa, u-Edison & Co. Ngo-1873, indoda yethula into ebalulekile - i-telegraph enezindlela ezine, okwakungathunyelwa ngayo ngasikhathi sinye imiyalezo engafika ku-4 ngocingo olulodwa.

Ukwenza imibono elandelayo, uThomas Edison wayedinga ilabhorethri ehlome kahle. Ngo-1876, ngaseNew York, kwaqala ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo esikhulu esenzelwe ucwaningo lwesayensi.

Kamuva, ilabhorethri yahlanganisa amakhulu ososayensi abathembisayo. Ngemuva komsebenzi omude futhi onzulu, u-Edison wadala igilamafoni (1877) - idivayisi yokuqala yokuqopha nokukhiqiza umsindo. Ngosizo lwenaliti nocwecwe, waqopha ingoma yezingane, eyamangaza bonke abantu bakubo.

Ngo-1879, uThomas Edison wethula okungenzeka ukuthi kuyisakhiwo esidume kunazo zonke emlandweni wakhe wesayensi - isibani sentambo yekhabhoni. Ukuphila kwesibani esinjalo bekude kakhulu, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwaso kudinga izindleko eziphansi.

Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi izinhlobo zangaphambilini zamalambu zasha amahora ambalwa kuphela, zadla ugesi omningi futhi zazibiza kakhulu. Okuthokozisa ngokufanayo iqiniso lokuthi wazama izinto ezifika ku-6,000 ngaphambi kokukhetha ikhabhoni njengentambo.

Ekuqaleni, isibani sika-Edison sasishiswa amahora angu-13-14, kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi impilo yenkonzo yayo yanda cishe izikhathi eziyikhulu! Ngokushesha wakha isiteshi sikagesi kwelinye lamadolobhana aseNew York, okwaholela ekutheni izibani ezingama-400 zikhanyise. Isibalo sabathengi bakagesi sikhuphukile sisuka ku-59 saya cishe ku-500 ezinyangeni ezimbalwa.

Ngo-1882 kwaqubuka lokho okwakuthiwa "yimpi yemisinga", okwathatha isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka. U-Edison wayengummeli wokusetshenziswa kwamanje okuqondile, okwadluliselwa ngaphandle kokulahleka okukhulu emabangeni amafushane.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uNikola Tesla odume umhlaba wonke, owake wasebenzela uThomas Edison ekuqaleni, wathi kuphumelela kakhulu ukusebenzisa ukushintshana kwamanje, okungadluliselwa amabanga amade.

Ngenkathi uTesla, ngokucela komqashi, enza imishini engama-24 ye-AC, akazange ayithole imali ayithenjisiwe engu- $ 50 000 yalowo msebenzi. Ngokuthukuthela, uNikola wasula ebhizinisini lika-Edison futhi ngokushesha waba ngumncintiswano wakhe ngqo. Ngosizo lwezezimali oluvela kosomabhizinisi baseWestinghouse, waqala ukukhulisa okushintshayo njengamanje.

Impi yemisinga yaphela ngo-2007 kuphela: unjiniyela omkhulu we-Consolidate Edison wasika obala ikhebula lokugcina lapho i-current direct yanikezwa khona eNew York.

Izinto ezisungulwe kakhulu nguThomas Edison zifaka imakrofoni yekhabhoni, isihlukanisi sikazibuthe, i-fluoroscope - idivayisi ye-X-ray, i-kinetoscope - ubuchwepheshe bokuqala be-cinematic bokukhombisa isithombe esihambayo, nebhethri le-nickel-iron.

Impilo yomuntu siqu

Eminyakeni yokuzalwa kwakhe, u-Edison wayeshade kabili. Umkakhe wokuqala wayengumqhubi wezingcingo uMary Stillwell. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ngokushesha ngemuva komshado, le ndoda yaya emsebenzini, ikhohlwa ngobusuku bomshado.

Kule nyunyana, lo mbhangqwana wawunendodakazi namadodana amabili. Izingane ezindala, uMarriott noThomas, bathola iziteketiso "Iphoyinti" ne "Dash" ukuhlonipha iMorse code ngesandla esilula sikayise. Unkosikazi ka-Edison ushone eneminyaka engama-29 ngenxa yesimila ebuchosheni.

Unkosikazi wesibili womsunguli kwakuyintombazane egama linguMina Miller. U-Edison wamfundisa ikhodi yakhe yeMorse ngokumemezela uthando lwakhe ngaye ngalolu limi. Le nyunyana iphinde yazala abafana ababili nentombazane eyodwa.

Ukufa

Umsunguli wayenza isayensi waze wafa. UThomas Edison ushone ngo-Okthoba 18, 1931 eneminyaka engama-84. Imbangela yokushona kwakhe yisifo sikashukela, esiqale ukukhula kakhulu eminyakeni eyedlule.