UKonstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky (1823-1870) - Uthisha waseRussia, umbhali, umsunguli we-pedagogy yesayensi eRussia. Wakha uhlelo lokufundisa olusebenzayo, futhi waba ngumbhali wemisebenzi eminingi yesayensi nemisebenzi yezingane.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography ka-Ushinsky, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho i-biography emfushane kaKonstantin Ushinsky.
Biography Ushinsky
UKonstantin Ushinsky wazalwa ngoFebhuwari 19 (Mashi 3) 1823 eTula. Wakhulela emndenini wesikhulu esathatha umhlalaphansi kanye noDmitry Grigorievich osemthethweni kanye nomkakhe uLyubov Stepanovna.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Cishe ngokushesha nje emva kokuzalwa kukaKonstantin, ubaba wakhe wamiswa njengejaji edolobheni elincane laseNovgorod-Seversky (esifundazweni saseChernigov). Ngenxa yalokho, kwakukhona lapha lapho kudlula khona bonke ubuntwana bukathisha wesikhathi esizayo.
Inhlekelele yokuqala ku-biography ka-Ushinsky yenzeke eneminyaka engu-11 - umama wakhe washona, owayethanda indodana yakhe futhi efunda. Ngenxa yokulungiswa kahle kwekhaya, akubanga nzima ukuthi umfana angene esikoleni sokuzivocavoca futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokushesha afike ebangeni lesi-3.
UKonstantin Ushinsky ukhulume kahle kakhulu ngomqondisi wesikhungo sokuzivocavoca u-Ilya Timkovsky. Ngokusho kwakhe, le ndoda ibizifela ngokoqobo ngesayensi futhi izama ukwenza konke okusemandleni ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abafundi bathola imfundo esezingeni eliphakeme.
Ngemuva kokuthola isitifiketi, umfana oneminyaka engu-17 wangena eMoscow University, ekhetha umnyango wezomthetho. Ukhombise intshisekelo kwifilosofi, ezomthetho kanye nasezincwadini. Ngemva kokuthola idiploma, lo mfana wahlala eyunivesithi yangakubo ukulungiselela ubuprofesa.
Ngaleyo minyaka, u-Ushinsky wazindla ngezinkinga zokukhanyisela abantu abavamile, abahlala ingxenye enkulu bengafundile. Lapho uKonstantin eba umfundi wesayensi yezomthetho, waya eYaroslavl, lapho ngo-1846 aqala khona ukufundisa eDemidov Lyceum.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kukathisha nabafundi babulula kakhulu futhi bunobungani. Ushinsky wazama ukugwema imikhuba ehlukahlukene ekilasini, okwavusa ulaka phakathi kobuholi be-lyceum. Lokhu kwaholela ekusungulweni kokuqashwa okuyimfihlo phezu kwakhe.
Ngenxa yokulahlwa ngokuphindaphindiwe nokuphikisana nabaphathi bakhe, uKonstantin Dmitrievich unquma ukushiya iLyceum ngo-1849. Eminyakeni eyalandela yomlando wakhe, waziphilisa ngokuhumusha izindatshana nokubuyekezwa kwamanye amazwe ezincwadini.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, u-Ushinsky wanquma ukushiya iSt. Lapho wayesebenza njengesikhulu esincane eMnyangweni Wezindaba Zezenkolo Nezenkolo Zakwamanye Amazwe, futhi wasebenzisana nezincwadi iSovremennik neLibrary for Reading.
Ukufundisa
Lapho u-Ushinsky eba neminyaka engama-31, wasizwa ukuthola umsebenzi eGatchina Orphanage Institute, lapho afundisa khona izincwadi zaseRussia. Wayebhekene nomsebenzi wokufundisa abafundi ngomoya wokuzinikela "enkosini nasezweni lobaba."
Esikoleni, lapho izinqubo eziqinile zasungulwa khona, zazibandakanyeka ekufundiseni izikhulu ezingaba khona. Abafundi bajeziswa ngokuphula umthetho okuncane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abafundi baqalekisana, ngenxa yalokho kwaba nobudlelwano obubandayo phakathi kwabo.
Cishe ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kamuva, u-Ushinsky waphathiswa isikhundla somhloli. Esethole amandla abanzi, wakwazi ukuhlela inqubo yezemfundo ngendlela yokuthi ukulahlwa, ukweba kanye nanoma yikuphi ukungqubuzana kwaphela.
Ngokushesha uKonstantin Ushinsky wahlangana nomlando womunye wabahloli bangaphambilini benyuvesi. Kwakuqukethe imisebenzi eminingi yokufundisa eyenza into engacimeki kule ndoda.
Ulwazi olutholwe kulezi zincwadi lukhuthaze u-Ushinsky kakhulu waze wanquma ukubhala umbono wakhe wezemfundo. Waba umbhali womunye wemisebenzi ehamba phambili ekufundiseni - "Ngezinzuzo Zezincwadi Zokufundisa", okwadala umuzwa wangempela emphakathini.
Ngemuva kokuthola ukuthandwa okukhulu, uKonstantin Ushinsky waqala ukushicilela izindatshana ku- "Journal for Education", "Contemporary" naku "Library for Reading".
Ngo-1859, uthisha waphathiswa isikhundla sokuba ngumhloli wekilasi eSmolny Institute for Noble Maidens, lapho akwazi khona ukwenza izinguquko eziningi eziphumelelayo. Ikakhulu, u-Ushinsky uzuze ukuqedwa kokwahlukaniswa kwezenhlalo phakathi kwabafundi - kwaba "noble" kanye "negoble". Abokugcina babandakanya abantu abavela emindenini yonxiwankulu.
Le ndoda yagcizelela ukuthi lezi zifundo zifundiswe ngesiRashiya. Uvule ikilasi lokufundisa, okwenze abafundi bakwazi ukuba othisha abafanelekayo. Ubuye wavumela amantombazane ukuthi avakashele imindeni yawo ngesikhathi samaholide nangeholide.
U-Ushinsky wayengumqalisi wokwethulwa kwemihlangano yabafundisi, eyaxoxa ngezihloko ezahlukahlukene nemibono esezingeni eliphakeme emkhakheni wezemfundo. Ngale mihlangano, othisha babekwazi ukwazana kangcono futhi babelane ngemibono yabo.
UKonstantin Ushinsky wayenegunya elikhulu kozakwabo nakubafundi, kepha imizwa yakhe emisha yayingabuthandi ubuholi benyuvesi. Ngakho-ke, ukuze asuse uzakwabo "ophazamisayo", ngo-1862 wathunyelwa ohambweni lwebhizinisi phesheya iminyaka emihlanu.
Isikhathi esichithwa phesheya asichithanga ku-Ushinsky. Uvakashele amazwe amaningana aseYurophu, ebheka izikhungo zemfundo ezahlukahlukene - izinkulisa, izikole namakhaya ezintandane. Uhlanganyele umbono wakhe ezincwadini ezithi "Native Word" nethi "Children's World".
Le misebenzi ayilahlekelwa ukuhlobana kwayo namuhla, yamelana nokushicilelwa okungaba ikhulu nesigamu. Ngaphezu imisebenzi yesayensi, uKonstantin Dmitrievich waba umbhali eziningi inganekwane izindaba izingane. Umsebenzi wakhe wokugcina wesayensi wawunesihloko esithi "Umuntu njengesifundo semfundo, ulwazi lwe-anthropology yokufunda." Kwakunemiqulu emi-3, eyokugcina yahlala ingaqediwe.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Unkosikazi ka-Ushinsky kwakunguNadezhda Doroshenko, ayekade azi naye kusukela ebusheni bakhe. Abantu abasha banquma ukushada ngo-1851. Kulo mshado, lo mbhangqwana wawunezingane eziyisithupha: uPavel, uVladimir, uKonstantin, uVera, u-Olga noNadezhda.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi amadodakazi ka-Ushinsky aqhubeka nebhizinisi likayise, ehlela izikhungo zemfundo.
Ukufa
Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, uKonstantin Dmitrievich wathola ukuqashelwa jikelele. Wamenywa ukuthi abambe iqhaza emihlanganweni yobungcweti futhi adlulisele imibono yakhe kubantu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, waqhubeka nokuthuthukisa uhlelo lwakhe lokufundisa.
Eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, le ndoda yaya eCrimea ukuyokwelashwa, kepha yabanjwa umkhuhlane endleleni eya enhlonhlweni. Ngalesi sizathu, wanquma ukuhlala eyokwelashwa e-Odessa, lapho ashonela khona kamuva. UKonstantin Ushinsky washona ngoDisemba 22, 1870 (Januwari 3, 1871) eneminyaka engama-47.
Izithombe ze-Ushinsky