U-Andy Warhole (igama langempela Andrew Warhol; 1928-1987) ungumculi waseMelika, umkhiqizi, umklami, umbhali, umshicileli kamagazini nomqondisi. Umuntu ovelele emlandweni wokunyakaza kobuciko be-pop nobuciko besimanje ngokujwayelekile. Umsunguli womqondo we "homo universale", umsunguli wemisebenzi esondelene "nobuciko be-pop bezentengiso".
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography ka-Andy Warhol, esizokhuluma ngayo kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane ka-Andy Warhol.
Umlando ka-Andy Warhol
U-Andy Warhol wazalwa ngo-Agasti 6, 1928 e-American Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania). Wakhulela emndenini olula wezifiki zaseSlovak.
Uyise, u-Andrei, wagubha amalahle emayini, futhi unina, uJulia, wayesebenza njengomhlanzi. U-Andy wayenengane yesine yabazali bakhe.
Ubuntwana nentsha
U-Andy Warhol wakhulela emndenini ozinikele, onamalungu angamaKhatholika angamaGrikhi. Kusukela esemncane, umfana wayevakashela ethempelini cishe zonke izinsuku, lapho ethandaza khona kuNkulunkulu.
Ngenkathi u-Andy efunda ibanga lesithathu, wangenwa i-chorea yaseSydenham, lapho umuntu enezicubu zomzimba ezingazibandakanyi khona. Ngenxa yalokho, kusukela enganeni ejabule futhi enonya, ngaso leso sikhathi waphenduka umfel 'ukholo, olele embhedeni iminyaka eminingi.
Ngenxa yesimo sempilo yakhe, uWarhol cishe wayengakwazi ukuya esikoleni, waba yisikhonzi sangempela ekilasini. Lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi waphenduka waba ngumfana osengozini kakhulu futhi ongathandeki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, waba nokwesaba lapho ebona izibhedlela nodokotela, ahlala khona kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwempilo yakhe.
Ngaleyo minyaka yomlando wakhe, lapho u-Andy ephoqeleka ukuba alale embhedeni, waba nentshisekelo kubuciko bokubukwa. Usike izithombe zabaculi abadumile emaphephandabeni, ngemuva kwalokho wenza amakholaji. Ngokusho kwakhe, kwakuyile ndlela yokuzilibazisa eyavusa intshisekelo yakhe kwezobuciko futhi yathuthukisa ukunambitheka kobuciko.
Lapho uWarhol esemusha, washonelwa nguyise, owadabukisa washona emayini. Esethole isitifiketi, wangena eCarnegie Institute of Technology, enquma ukuxhumanisa impilo yakhe nomsebenzi womdwebi wezithombe.
Carier isiqalo
Ngemva kokuphothula kulesi sikhungo ngo-1949, u-Andy Warhol waya eNew York, lapho ayenza khona ukugqoka amawindi, futhi wadweba namakhadikhadi namaphosta. Kamuva waqala ukusebenzisana nezincwadi eziningana ezaziwayo, kufaka phakathi i-Harper's Bazaar neVogue, esebenza njengomfanekiso.
Impumelelo yokuqala yokudala kaWarhol yeza ngemuva kokuthi enze isikhangiso sefemu yezicathulo “I. UMiller ". Uveze izicathulo ku-poster, ehlobisa umdwebo wakhe ngamabala. Ngomsebenzi wakhe, wathola imali enhle, kanye neminikelo eminingi evela ezinkampanini ezaziwayo.
Ngo-1962 u-Andy wahlela umbukiso wakhe wokuqala, owamlethela ukuthandwa kakhulu. Ibhizinisi lakhe belihamba kahle kakhulu waze wakwazi ngisho ukuthenga indlu eManhattan.
Ukuba umuntu ocebile, u-Andy Warhol wakwazi ukwenza lokho akuthandayo - ukudweba. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi wayengomunye wabokuqala ukusebenzisa ukuphrinta kwesikrini. Ngakho-ke, wakwazi ukuphindaphindeka ngokushesha.
Esebenzisa u-matrices, uWarhol wakha amakholaji akhe adume kakhulu anezithombe zikaMarilyn Monroe, u-Elvis Presley, uLenin noJohn F. Kennedy, kamuva ezaba yizimpawu zobuciko be-pop.
Ukudalwa
Ngo-1960 u-Andy wasebenza ekwakhiweni kwamathini e-Coca-Cola. Ngemuva kwalokho waba nentshisekelo yemidwebo, eveza imali engamaphepha kumakhanseli. Ngasikhathi sinye, kwaqala isigaba "samakani", asipenda esebenzisa ukuphrinta kwesilika.
UWarhol ubhekwe njengomunye wabaculi be-pop abanamakhono kakhulu emlandweni. Umsebenzi wakhe wakhulunyelwa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene: abanye babembiza ngo-satirist, abanye bengumpetha ekugxekeni impilo yansuku zonke yabantu baseMelika, kanti abanye babephatha umsebenzi wakhe njengephrojekthi yezentengiso ephumelelayo.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi u-Andy Warhol wayeyinkosi enhle kakhulu yokuthukuthela futhi wayehlukaniswa nobugovu. Izithombe zabaculi nosopolitiki ezibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni ziyalelwe kuye.
Indlu eseManhattan, lapho kwakuhlala khona umculi, u-Andy wayibiza nge- "The Factory". Lapha wanyathelisa izithombe, wenza amafilimu futhi wayevame ukuhlela kusihlwa okudala, lapho kwahlangana khona bonke abaphezulu. Wayebizwa hhayi nje kuphela inkosi yobuciko be-pop, kodwa futhi nommeleli obalulekile wobuciko bomqondo wanamuhla.
Namuhla iWarhol ihamba phambili ohlwini lwabaculi abathengisa kakhulu. Kusukela ngo-2013, inani eliphelele lemisebenzi yaseMelika elithengiswe endalini lidlule amaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-427! Ngasikhathi sinye, kwaqoshwa irekhodi - izigidi ezingama- $ 105.4 zeSilver Car Crash, eyadalwa ngo-1963.
Umzamo wokubulala
Ehlobo lika-1968, owesifazane owayelwela amalungelo abesifazane ogama lakhe linguValerie Solanas, owayedlala kwenye yamafilimu kaWarhol, wamdubula amahlandla amathathu esiswini. Yabe intombazane iphendukela ephoyiseni, ilazisa ngecala layo.
Ngemuva kokulimala kanzima inkosi yobuciko be-pop yasindiswa ngokuyisimangaliso. Wathola ukushona emtholampilo nokuhlinzwa okuyinkimbinkimbi, futhi imiphumela yale nhlekelele yamlandela kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe.
UWarhol wenqabile ukumangalela owesifazane, yingakho uValerie athola iminyaka emithathu kuphela ejele, kanye nokwelashwa okuphoqelekile esibhedlela sabagula ngengqondo. U-Andy waphoqeleka ukuthi agqoke i-corset ekhethekile isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka, njengoba zonke izitho zakhe zangaphakathi zalimala.
Ngemuva kwalokho, umculi waba nokwesaba okukhulu kodokotela nezikhungo zezokwelapha. Lokhu akubonakalanga kuphela engqondweni yakhe, kodwa nasemsebenzini wakhe. Emakhanvini akhe, wayevame ukuveza izihlalo zikagesi, izinhlekelele, ukuzibulala nezinye izinto.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Isikhathi eside kakhulu, uWarhol wabizwa ngokuthandana nomnyuziyamu wakhe nentombi yakhe, imodeli u-Edie Sedgwick. Bebethanda ukuphumula ndawonye, begqoke ngendlela efanayo futhi begqoka nekhanda elifanayo.
Noma kunjalo, u-Andy wayengungqingili ovulekile, owayevame ukuzibonakalisa emsebenzini wakhe. Abathandi bakhe ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene kwakunguBilly Name, uJohn Giorno, uJed Johnson noJohn Gould. Kodwa-ke, kunzima ukusho inani eliqondile labalingani bomculi.
Ukufa
U-Andy Warhol ushone ngoFebhuwari 22, 1987 eneminyaka engu-58. Ushonele esibhedlela iManhattan, lapho kukhishwe khona inyongo yakhe. Isizathu esisemthethweni sokufa kwalo mculi ukuboshwa kwenhliziyo.
Izihlobo zakhe zimangalele isibhedlela, zisola abasebenzi ngokunakekelwa okungafanele. Ingxabano yaxazululwa ngokushesha ngaphandle kwenkantolo, kanti umndeni wakwaWarhol wathola isinxephezelo semali. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi odokotela babeqiniseka ukuthi uzosinda ekuhlinzekweni.
Kodwa-ke, ukuhlolwa kabusha kwecala, eminyakeni engama-30 ngemuva kokushona kuka-Andy, kukhombisile ukuthi empeleni ukuhlinzwa bekuyingozi kakhulu kunalokho obekubonakala ekuqaleni. Ochwepheshe babheka iminyaka yakhe, izinkinga zenyongo, kanye namanxeba okudutshulwa angaphambilini.
Isithombe ngu-Andy Warhol
