Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 nelekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, izincwadi zaseRussia zenza intuthuko enkulu ekukhuleni kwayo. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka engamashumi, sekuyinto ethuthuke kakhulu emhlabeni. Amagama abalobi Russian kwaziwa emhlabeni wonke. Pushkin, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Gogol, Griboyedov - lawa amagama adume kuphela.
Noma yibuphi ubuciko bukhona ngaphandle kwesikhathi, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo bungobesikhathi saso. Ukuqonda noma imuphi umsebenzi, awudingi ukuzizwa umongo wawo kuphela, kepha umongo wokudalwa kwawo. Ngaphandle kokuthi wazi ukuthi ukuvukela kukaPugachev kwakungezinye zezinsongo ezinkulu ebukhoneni bombuso waseRussia kuwo wonke umlando wawo, iNdodakazi kaKaputeni kaKaputeni ingathathwa njengedrama ekhalayo yezinyembezi. Kodwa esimweni sokuthi umbuso ungantengantenga, futhi nemiphefumulo yabantu ihlala iqinile ngasikhathi sinye, ukuzidela kukaPyotr Grinev kubukeka kuhlukile.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amaqiniso amaningi empilo ayashintsha noma alahleke. Futhi ababhali uqobo lwabo abathandi "ukuhlafuna" ngemininingwane eyaziwa yiwo wonke umuntu ngesikhathi sokubhala. Okuthile emisebenzini yeminyaka engamakhulu amabili edlule kungaqondakala ngokwenza imibuzo elula. Iqiniso lokuthi "imiphefumulo" iyizinsizi noma ngubani omdala: isikhulu noma ukubala kungatholakala ngokuchofoza kabili. Kepha kukhona nezinto ezidinga ucwaningo oluncane ukuze zichazwe.
1. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi isimilo esenziwe ngokomthetho somphakathi wezwe waseRussia kanye nezincwadi zakudala zaseRussia kwavela cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo. Vele, i-etiquette nezincwadi zazikhona ngaphambi kwalokho, kepha kwaba sekupheleni kwe-18th - ingxenye yokuqala yekhulu le-19 lapho baqala ukusabalala khona kabanzi. Ngakho-ke ubukhali babanye abalingiswa bemibhalo abanjengoTaras Skotinin noma uMikhail Semyonovich Sobakevich bungachazwa ngokungazi kwabo ubunzima bokuziphatha.
2. Ekuqaleni komdlalo wamahlaya kaDenis Fonvizin "Omncane" uNkk. Prostakova ukhuza iserf yokhofi ongathungwanga kahle. Izingubo, ngokusobala, zithungelwe kabi impela - ngisho nomphathi wazo uqobo uyakuvuma lokhu, futhi umema umphathi wendawo ukuba aphendukele kumthungi ofundiswa ukuthunga. Uyabala - bonke abasiki bengqephu abafunde kothile, iyiphi ingxenye ekhohlisayo? Akanqikazi ukubiza izimpikiswano zeserf ngokuthi "isilwane". Lesi sigcawu akusiyona ihaba lombhali. Bonke laba bantu baseFrance, ama-quafers, abathungi, njll., Banganikezwa ngabathile abangabalulekile bezikhulu. Iningi lezicukuthwane ezincane ezifikile ezenziwe ngama-proxies, dunks namaxoxo. Ngasikhathi sinye, izidingo zabakhandi abasebenza ekhaya beziphezulu. Uma ungahambelani - mhlawumbe esitebeleni ngaphansi kwesiswebhu.
3. Iziqephu eziningi zomshado ophoqelelwe ochazwe ezincwadini zaseRussia, empeleni, ziveza iqiniso. Amantombazane abeshadelwa ngaphandle kokwazi umbono wabo, ngaphandle kokuhlangana nomkhwenyana, ngobuningi. Ngisho noPeter I waphoqeleka ukuthi akhiphe isimemezelo kathathu esivimbela ukushada kwabantu abasha ngaphandle kokuphola. Ukubambiswa udonga! Umbusi, owayehola izinkulungwane eziningi zamabutho empini, ngaphambi kwakhe iYurophu yayingenamandla. Isikhathi eside emasontweni, imibuzo yokuthi ngabe abantu abasha bafuna ukushada nokuthi isinqumo sabo singesokuzithandela idale uhleko olujabulisayo emagumbini akude ethempeli. UNicholas I, ephendula incwadi evela endodakazini yakhe u-Olga, owacela isibusiso ngomshado, wabhala: nguye kuphela onelungelo lokunquma isiphetho sakhe ngokwentando kaNkulunkulu. Kwakucabanga ngokukhululeka. Abazali babephatha amadodakazi abo njengempahla yabo noma ngisho nenhlokodolobha - umshado wethulwa njengensindiso yabazali asebekhulile ababeshiywe bengenasocezu lwesinkwa. Futhi inkulumo ethi “ukuvikela ubusha” yayingasho nakancane ukukhathalela indodakazi yakhe ayithandayo. Unina wentombazane, oshade eneminyaka engu-15, wahlala nabancane futhi akazange avumele umyeni wakhe ukuthi asebenzise amalungelo akhe. Umdlali odlalayo wasePetersburg, uPrince Alexander Kurakin, wazuza idumela lakhe eneminyaka engama-26. Enquma ukuhlala phansi, wazivumela ukuthi ashade nendodakazi kaPrincess Dashkova (umngani ofanayo we-Empress Catherine, owezemfundo, i-Academy of Sciences, imidlalo nemagazini). Engatholanga ilobolo noma unkosikazi, uKurakin wakhuthazelela iminyaka emithathu, wabe esebaleka kuphela.
UVasily Pukirev. "Umshado ongalingani"
4. Isakhiwo sendaba ethi "uLiza Ompofu" nguNikolai Karamzin asibalulekile kangako. Izincwadi zomhlaba azincishwanga izindaba zamantombazane asothandweni angatholanga injabulo othandweni lomuntu ovela kwelinye ikilasi. UKaramzin wayengumbhali wokuqala ezincwadini zaseRussia ukubhala uzungu oluhlaselwe ngokombono wothando. Ukuhlupheka kukaLiza kuvusa isivunguvungu sozwelo kumfundi. Umbhali waba ne-imprudence yokuchaza ngokunembile echibini lapho uLisa acwila khona. Idamu seliphenduke indawo yokuhambela amakhosazana amancane abucayi. Kuphela, ukwahlulela ngezincazelo zabantu besikhathi sangesikhathi, amandla alobu buzwelo abenehaba. Ukuziphatha kwabamele izicukuthwane kwaziwa kakhulu ngezigemegeme ezifanayo zika-A.S.Pushkin noma abantu besikhathi sakhe, i-Decembrists. Imibuthano engezansi ayizange isalele emuva. Eduze kwamadolobha amakhulu nasezigodini ezinkulu, intela yayiqabukela idlula ama-ruble ayi-10-15 ngonyaka, ngakho-ke ngisho nama-ruble ambalwa awathola kumnumzane owayefuna uthando ayewusizo olukhulu. Kutholakale izinhlanzi kuphela emachibini.
5. Kumahlaya asankondlo athi "Woe from Wit" ka-Alexander Griboyedov, njengoba wazi, kunemigqa emibili yesakhiwo exhumene. Ngokujwayelekile, bangabizwa ngokuthi "uthando" (unxantathu uChatsky - uSophia - Molchalin) kanye no "social and political" (ubudlelwane bukaChatsky nezwe laseMoscow). Ngesandla esikhanyayo se-VG Belinsky, ukunakwa okuningi kuqala kukhokhelwa okwesibili, yize unxantathu uthakazelisa kakhulu ngendlela yawo. Phakathi neminyaka yokubhala amahlaya, ukushada nentombazane ehlonipheke kakhulu kwaba yinkinga. Obaba bachitha ngokuzethemba umcebo wabo, bengashiyi malobokazi emadodakazini abo. Umfuziselo owaziwayo womunye wabangane baka-A.Pushkin, othathwe ukukhanya. Lapho ebuzwa ukuthi ngubani owashada nentandane u-NN, waphendula ngokuzwakalayo wathi: "Amaserf ayizinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalombili!" Ngakho-ke, kuyise kaSofia Famusov, inkinga akukhona ukuthi unobhala othembisayo uMolchalin uchitha ubusuku bakhe egumbini lokulala lendodakazi yakhe (kufanele ngithi, ngobumsulwa), kepha ukuthi kubonakala sengathi uChatsky, owazi ukuthi wachitha kuphi iminyaka emithathu, ngokuzumayo wabuya wadideka wonke amakhadi. UFususov akanamali yelobolo elifanele.
6. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukutholakala kwenqwaba yabomakoti emakethe yomshado akuzange kubeke amadoda endaweni enhle. Ngemuva kweMpi Yobuzwe ka-1812, kwavela amaqhawe amaningi. Kepha umkhuba kaCatherine, owengeze amakhulu noma izinkulungwane zemiphefumulo kule miklomelo, waphela kudala. Ulengiswe ngama-oda nangezikhali ezihlonishwayo, uColonel wayengabe ehola kahle. Izabelo zanikela ngemali encane nengaphansi, zabuyiselwa imali futhi zabuyiselwa imali. Ngakho-ke, abazali "bama-dowries" abazange babheke ikakhulukazi amazinga kanye nama-oda. UGeneral Arseny Zakrevsky, owazibonakalisa kahle ngesikhathi sempi, wabe esesebenza njengenhloko yezobunhloli namasekela enduna yeGeneral (General) Staff, wayehlose ukushada nomunye wabamele iTolstoy eningi. Intombazane egama lingu-Agrafena banikela ngemiphefumulo eyi-12,000, ngakho-ke ukuze ishade, kwakudingeka ukulingisa komuntu siqu kuka-Emperor Alexander I. Kepha ujenene odumile u-Alexei Ermolov, ngemuva kokuthi engakwazanga ukushada nentombazane yakhe ayithandayo ngenxa "yokuswela kwakhe inhlanhla", washiya Imizamo yokuqala umndeni, futhi wahlala nezancinza zaseCaucasus.
7. "I-Deromantization" igama elihle elihlanganiswe ngabagxeki ukuchaza indaba ka-A.Pushkin "Dubrovsky". Ithi, imbongi yangcolisa iqhawe layo ngamabomu, ichaza ukuphuza kwayo okungapheli, amakhadi, ama-duels nezinye izici zempilo yonogada engalawulwa. Ngasikhathi sinye, uhlobo lukaTroekurov nalo lwadalulwa. UTula nomnikazi womhlaba waseRyazan uLev Izmailov iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30 bahlukumeza ama-serfs abo ngazo zonke izindlela. U-Izmailov wayengomunye walabo ababebizwa "ngokusekelwa esihlalweni sobukhosi" - ngesinye isandla wabeka amasefa ekufeni, ngesinye wasungula umbutho wezempi wamaruble akhe ayizigidi kanti yena uqobo wagibela ngaphansi kwalezi zinhlamvu kanye nezimpondo. UDeveli uqobo wayengeyena umzalwane kuye, hhayi njengombusi - lapho etshelwa ukuthi uNicholas ngangiyekisile ukujezisa ama-serfs ngensimbi, umnikazi womhlaba wamemezela ukuthi umbusi ukhululekile ukwenza noma yini ayifunayo ezifundeni zakhe, kepha wayengumphathi ezigodini zakhe. U-Izmailov uziphathe ngendlela ehambelana nomakhelwane bakhe-abanikazi bezindawo - wabashaya, wabalahla ngezimpaphe, futhi kwaba yinto encane ukuthatha lo muzi. Abaphathi benhlokodolobha kanye neziphathimandla zesifundazwe ezithengiwe zamboza lo mcindezeli isikhathi eside. Ngisho nemiyalo yombusi yacekelwa phansi obala. Lapho uNikolai ethukuthela, akekho owayebonakala anele. Konke kwathathwa ku-Izmailov, futhi abaphathi nabo bakuthola.
8. Cishe wonke amaqhawe-izikhulu zemibhalo esezifinyelele ezingeni eliphakeme, emehlweni omfundi, ngemuva kwamashumi ambalwa eminyaka, abukeka emdala kunalokhu ababhali ababekuhlosile. Masikhumbule umyeni kaPushkin's Tatiana, iqhawekazi lika-Eugene Onegin. UTatiana washada nenkosana, futhi kubonakala sengathi lena yindoda eneminyaka eminingi. Akazange athole nesibongo, ngakho-ke, "Prince N", yize kunamagama nezibongo ezanele kule noveli. Pushkin, enikelwe okungenani amagama ayishumi nambili enkosana, akasho ndawo ukuthi wayemdala. Ukuzalwa okuphezulu, isikhundla esiphakeme samasosha, ukubaluleka - yilokhu okushiwo imbongi. Kepha yizinga elijwayelekile elinikeza umbono wokuguga. Ngempela, kumbono esikujwayele, isikhulu sidinga iminyaka eminingi ukufinyelela ezingeni likajenene, noma ngabe umuntu angayinaki i-anecdote eyaziwayo yokuthi ujenene unendodana yakhe. Kodwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, ojenene, ngokwezindinganiso zanamuhla, babeyintsha engenazintshebe. IHermitage ineqoqo elikhulu lezithombe zamaqhawe empi yango-1812. Zazipendwe yisiNgisi uGeorge Doe, esithunywe ngu-Alexander I. Kule midwebo, amadoda amadala anjengeKutuzov abukeka njengabantu abahlukile. Kakhulukazi abantu abasha noma abantu abaneminyaka ephakathi. USergei Volkonsky, owathola isikhundla sokuba ngu-25, noma uMikhail Orlov, owanikezwa ama-epaulettes ejenene eneminyaka engama-26, babhekwa njengabantu abasha abenza umsebenzi omuhle, engasekho. Futhi umngane kaPushkin uRaevsky wathola jikelele ejwayelekile eneminyaka engama-29. Emva kwakho konke, bonke babhaliswa embusweni kusukela ebuntwaneni, ubude benkonzo babanele ... Ngakho umyeni kaTatyana wayengaba mdala kunomkakhe ngeminyaka embalwa nje.
U-Alexander Berdyaev waba ngujenene omkhulu eneminyaka engama-28
9. Endabeni ka-A.Pushkin ethi "Shot" kunesiqephu esincane, ngesibonelo lapho umuntu angaqonda khona izinketho zomsebenzi wobusosha wabamele izikhulu eRussia ngaleso sikhathi. Esigungwini sezinsana, lapho kusebenza khona u-Count B., kufika insizwa yomndeni ongashiwongo ngegama, kodwa ohlonipheke kakhulu. Ukhuliswe ngobuhlakani futhi waqeqeshwa, waba nesibindi, waceba, futhi waba yivava nembangi yokubala. Ekugcineni, kuza empini yenkemba. Kubonakala kuyinto ejwayelekile - umuntu omusha webutho, into encane, kuyenzeka. Noma kunjalo, isizinda sijule kakhulu. Abomdabu bezikhulu eziphakeme kakhulu baya kubalindi bamahhashi noma kuma-cuirassiers. Babengabaholi bezinqola zamahhashi. Kwanele ukusho ukuthi yonke imishini, eqala ngehhashi elinzima laseJalimane, futhi iphetha ngokuhlukahluka okuyisikhombisa kwefomu elisemthethweni, kutholwe ngonogada bamahhashi ngezindleko zabo. Kepha imali ayizange ixazulule yonke into - noma ngabe kwenziwa isenzo esincane sokuqondiswa kwezigwegwe njengokuvula isango, umuntu angaphuma kalula ebuthweni. Kepha kwakwenzeka ukuthi ajwayele intombazane nabazali bayo ngaphandle kokulamula, okwakungavunyelwe bonke abanye. Abantu, abalula nabampofu, ababhaliswe njengama-lancers noma ama-hussars. Nayi inqwaba ye-champagne evela emphinjeni, nama-peyzans endaweni yokufulela - sihlala kanye. Abagibeli bamahhashi abakhanyayo bafa ngamashumi amaningi kunoma iyiphi impi, futhi isimo sabo sempilo sasifanelekile. Kepha ama-lancers nama-hussars nawo ayenezinkambiso zokuziphatha kanye nemiqondo yokuhlonishwa. Futhi, kunoma yikuphi, akekho noyedwa oguqukile ngokuzithandela osuka kumahhashi waba yibutho elihamba ngezinyawo. Futhi nangu ummeleli womndeni ovelele, kodwa ebuthweni lesifundazwe elihamba ngezinyawo. Baxosha onogada bamahhashi, abahlalanga nakuma-lancers, futhi kabazange bathathe umhlalaphansi, bakhetha ukuhamba ngezinyawo - okwangempela, ngolimi lwesimanje, okuthukuthelisayo. Nangu u-Count B., uqobo lwakhe, ngokusobala, wazithola esezinsaneni ezingekho empilweni enhle, futhi wathukuthela, ezwa umoya wesihlobo.
10. U-Evgeny Onegin, njengoba uyazi, wayenokuphuma kwakhe "kobukhosi". Umqeqeshi ubeshayela amahhashi, nomuntu ohamba ngezinyawo ame ezithendeni zenqola. Kwakungekhona ukunethezeka njengama-limousine anamuhla. Odokotela kuphela, onxiwankulu abancane kanye nabathengisi abakwazi ukugibela izinqola ezihamba ngamaphoyisa. Bonke abanye bahamba ngezine kuphela. Ngakho-ke u-Eugene, ngemuva kokuya ebholeni enqoleni yamahhashi entuthu, ngandlela thile wethusa izethameli. Abantu bezwe babekwazi ukuhamba ngezinyawo kuphela. Ngisho nokuvakashela indlu engomakhelwane, kwakudingeka ukubeka ikalishi. Izisebenzi, ngokwemizwa yazo, azimvuleli umuntu ohamba ngezinyawo, noma zivuleke, kepha zishiye isivakashi uqobo ukuthi sikhumule futhi sinamathisele izingubo zangaphandle kwenye indawo. Yiqiniso, lesi simo saqhubeka kwaze kwaba cishe ngo-1830
11. Ngemuva kokukhonjiswa kuka-Inspector General, uNicholas I, njengoba wazi, wathi uzuze kakhulu kumdlalo wamahlaya kaNikolai Gogol. Ekuvikeleni uMbusi, kufanele kuthiwe, okokuqala, ukufumbathisa okungalawuleki kanye nobushiqela obubusayo kwavela eRussia nakanjani ngaphansi kukaNicholas. Okwesibili, umbusi wayazi kahle yonke into futhi wazama ukulwa nenkohlakalo nokungathembeki kwesizwe esiphethe kahle. Kodwa-ke, yonke imizamo yakhe yafakwa ezinhlwini ezingapheli zabomabhalane abangama-40,000, ngokusho kukaNikolai uqobo, owayephethe iRussia. Ngokubona ubukhulu benkinga, iziphathimandla zazama ukuyifaka ohlakeni oluthile. IGogolev's "not according to rank" isuka lapha nje. Umbusi ukhuza njalo ngekota - ngeqiniso lamanje kuyisifunda - ngoba umthengisi umnikeze izindwangu ezimbili zendwangu (imitha elilodwa nohhafu), ikota yathatha ucezu lonke (okungenani amamitha ayi-15). Lokho wukuthi, kuyinto ejwayelekile ukuthatha ama-arshin amabili. Izindawo zokuhlala emadolobheni ezifundazwe zazinemali "engakwesokunxele" engafika kuma-ruble angama-50 ngosuku (omabhalane bathola ama-ruble angama-20 ngenyanga). Kuze kube lolu daba luthinta isabelomali sikahulumeni, inkohlakalo encane ibingasiboni iso. Futhi ukwebiwa kwemali kahulumeni kwakuvame ukungajeziswa.
12. I-naivete yabantu basemadolobheni ngekhulu le-19 yafinyelela eqophelweni lokuthi ngemuva kwempumelelo emangazayo ka “The Inspector General,” abanye banquma ngokuqinile ukuthi manje ukufumbathisa sekuphelile. Omunye wabakhululekile, owayesebenza njengecensor (!), A. V. Nikitenko, kudayari yakhe eyimfihlo wayekhathazekile ukuthi manje, ngokubona kwakhe, amandla amakhulu kangaka ekulweni nokuzimela njengokwebiwa kombuso kuzonyamalala. Kodwa-ke, ulwazi lokulinganiselwa kwesikhathi nendawo yemikhankaso yokubuyisa ukuhleleka kukhombisile ukuthi uma bonke abanecala bejeziswa, izikhulu zizonyamalala njengesigaba, nomsebenzi wezinsiza zombuso uzoma. Futhi uhlelo olwaqhamuka phakathi neminyaka yempi lwangena ngaphakathi kohlelo lokusebenza lubheka phezulu. Ukufumbathisa kwakuyiswa ngqo emahhovisi ongqongqoshe. Ngakho-ke, uma imeya ibingafani noGogol's Skvoznik-Dmukhanovsky, umuntu ongahloniphekile futhi ongenakho ukuxhumana usongelwe ngokudluliselwa okuphelele kwenye indawo ngemuva kweminyaka embalwa ethathe umhlalaphansi ngokusemthethweni.
13. UGogol ufike eqophelweni ngamazwi e-meya, ebhekiswe kumthengisi: "Uzokwenza isivumelwano nomgcinimafa, uzoyifaka ngekhulu lezinkulungwane ngokufaka indwangu ebolile, bese unikela ngamayadi angamashumi amabili, futhi ukunikeze umvuzo ngalokho?" Eminyakeni edlule, akunakwenzeka ukuqonda ukuthi inkohlakalo yavela ngaphansi, noma yenziwa ngenhla, kepha yondliwa, njengoba besho, kusuka ezimpandeni. Abalimi baqala ukukhononda ngomnikazi womhlaba ofanayo u-Izmailov kuphela lapho yena, enweba indawo yabafazi bakhe, evimbela umshado kwesinye seziqephu zakhe. Ngaphambi kwalokho, banikela ngamadodakazi abo ezandleni zomnikazi, futhi lutho. Futhi abathengisi-abalingiswa baka "Inspector General" banikeze izifumbathiso ngethemba lokuthi iziphathimandla zesifundazwe zizokushalazelela ukubola nodoti kuzinto zikahulumeni. Futhi abalimi bakahulumeni bathenga abalimi bomhlaba ukuze babanikele ngasese njengabaqashi. Ngakho-ke uNicholas I wenza isenzo esingenakuzisiza: ukujezisa wonke umuntu, ngakho iRussia izohlala nabantu.
Umdwebo kaN. Gogol wesigcawu sokugcina se- "The Inspector General"
ishumi nane.Umphathi weposi u-Ivan Kuzmich Shpekin, ophindisela obala izincwadi zabanye abaya kwamanye amaqhawe oMhloli Jikelele futhi aze anikeze nokufunda izincwadi zomunye umuntu, akuyona into eyenziwe nguGogol. Umphakathi ubazi ukuthi izincwadi beziphuculwa, futhi bezolile ngakho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemuva nje kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe II, uDecembrist Mikhail Glinka wesikhathi esizayo wachaza emibhalweni yakhe ngenjabulo yena nezinye izikhulu abafunda ngayo izincwadi zeziboshwa zaseFrance ezweni labo. Lokhu akubanga ukuthukuthela okuthile.
15. Izincwadi zakudala zaseRussia ngokungagunci zimpofu kumaqhawe amahle. Yebo, futhi lokho okuyizinto, kwesinye isikhathi kubukeka njengokungajwayelekile ngandlela thile. Lokhu yikho kanye okubukeka njengeStarodum kwiThe Minor, ongafani nhlobo nabanye abalingiswa. Unjalo unxiwankulu onenqubekela phambili uKostanzhoglo, ovela emqulwini wesibili weMimoya efile kaGogol. Umbhali wakusebenzisa kuphela njengesibonakaliso sokubonga - isibonelo sikaKostanzhoglo, usomabhizinisi waseRussia uDmitry Bernadaki, waxhasa ukubhalwa kwevolumu yesibili yeMiphefumulo efile. Kodwa-ke, isithombe seKostanzhoglo asiyona i-panegyric. Indodana yomuntu ophakathi nendawo, evukile phansi, ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-70 yokuphila kwakhe, wenza izimboni zonke eRussia. Imikhumbi eyakhiwe futhi ephethwe nguBernadaki yahamba yonke indawo emanzini aseRussia. Wamba igolide futhi wenza izinjini, futhi iwayini lakhe laliphuzwa kulo lonke elaseRussia. UBernadaki uthole okuningi futhi wanikela kakhulu. Ukwesekwa kwakhe kwamukelwa yizihlubuki zezingane nabaculi abaqavile, abasunguli nezingane ezinesiphiwo. Nangu - iqhawe elilungele le noveli enkulu! Kepha cha, ababhali baseRussia babefuna ukubhala ngobuntu obuhluke ngokuphelele. UPechorin noBazarov bebengcono ...
UDmitry Bernadaki wayengahloselwe ukuba yiqhawe lesikhathi sabo