Onogwaja bomndeni wonogwaja bafuywa emuva kwesikhathi kunazo zonke izilwane ezifuywayo nezinyoni. Kukholelwa ukuthi ukufuywa konogwaja kwaqala ngekhulu lesi-5 kuya kwele-3 leminyaka BC. e., lapho umuntu wayesevele ethambile amadada namahansi, ingasaphathwa eyengulube, amahhashi nezinkukhu. Ukuchazwa kwakamuva kwalezi zilwane ezincane kepha eziwusizo kakhulu, ezinikeza uboya obuhle kakhulu nenyama enhle kakhulu, kuyachazwa nje - sasingekho isidingo. Ngokwemvelo, onogwaja bahlala emigodini endaweni eyodwa, ngaphandle kokuthuthela kwenye indawo. Bazitholela ukudla ngokwabo, bazala futhi bazalele amawundlu ngokuzimela ngokuphelele, asikho isidingo sokuwajwayeza noma yini. Ukuze uthole inyama kanogwaja, bekufanele nje uye ehlathini noma edlelweni lapho kuhlala khona abanamalebe, ngosizo lwamadivayisi alula ukubamba okuningi okudingayo.
Kakhulu, onogwaja baqala ukufuywa ngezinga lezimboni kuphela ngekhulu le-19, lapho izimpawu zokuqala zokugcwala ngokweqile zivela eYurophu, futhi ukukhiqizwa kokudla kwaqala ukusala ngemuva kokwanda kwemilomo eyayifuna lokhu kudla. Noma kunjalo, ngaphandle kokuzala konogwaja, ubungako bawo obuncane kanye nokuba sengozini kwabo akuvumelanga unogwaja ukuthi aqhamuke aye enhlokweni yesibili yemikhiqizo yenyama. Konke kuncike ekusebenziseni imishini - ngomkhiqizo ofanayo kushesha kakhulu futhi kulula ukuhlaba isidumbu sengulube noma senkomo kunokucubungula izidumbu zonogwaja ezingama-50 - 100, futhi akunakwenzeka ukwenza imishini yokuhlatshwa konogwaja. Ngakho-ke, ngisho nasemazweni athuthukile, ukusetshenziswa kwenyama kanogwaja kubalwa ngamakhulu amagremu umuntu ngamunye ngonyaka.
Onogwaja nezilwane zokuhlobisa bane-niche encane. Lapha, ukuzalanisa nokukhetha kwaqala ngekhulu lama-20, futhi kancane kancane onogwaja njengezilwane ezifuywayo bathola ukuthandwa, naphezu kobunzima bokunakekelwa kanye nobunzima. Izilwane ezincane, ezikhuliswe ngokukhethekile zivame ukuba amalungu omndeni wangempela.
Ukuqhubeka nebinzana lamahlaya elibeke amazinyo onqenqemeni lokuthi onogwaja ababona ubugugu nje kuphela obuyigugu, kodwa futhi nenyama, ake sizame ukuveza ukuthi yini enye ethokoziswa yilezi zilwane ezinhle.
1. Ucwaningo lwezofuzo lukhombisa ukuthi bonke onogwaja basendle bamanje baseYurophu bayinzalo yonogwaja abaphila emashumini ezinkulungwane zeminyaka eyedlule ezindaweni zanamuhla zaseNyakatho Afrika, eSpain naseningizimu yeFrance. Ngaphambi kwesigameko sase-Australia, lapho onogwaja bezimele ngokuzimela ngaphezu kwamakhulu ezinkulungwane zamakhilomitha-skwele, kwakukholakala ukuthi onogwaja babesakazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu naseNgilandi ngabamele abaphezulu, ababefuya izilwane ngokuzingela. Ngemuva kwe-Australia, kungenzeka ukuthi kucatshangwe ukuthi ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zezulu onogwaja baye banda kulo lonke izwekazi laseYurophu ngaphandle kokungenelela komuntu.
2. Okuthiwa "Izikhathi Zobumnyama" - isikhathi esiphakathi kokuwa koMbuso WaseMpumalanga WaseRoma kanye namakhulu eminyaka we-X-XI - nawo ayesezalweni zonogwaja. Phakathi kolwazi olumayelana nokuzalaniswa konogwaja benyama eRoma lasendulo kanye namarekhodi okuqala okuzalaniswa konogwaja ezindabeni zasendulo, cishe kukhona inkulungwane yeminyaka.
3. Lapho izalwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, onogwaja bayakhula futhi bazalane ngokushesha okukhulu. Unogwaja oyedwa wesifazane ngonyaka anganikela ezinhlokweni ezingaba ngu-30 zenzalo ngesamba esiphelele senyama encane efinyelela ku-100 kg. Lokhu kufana nokukhuluphalisa ingulube eyodwa, kanti inyama kanogwaja iphilile kakhulu kunengulube, futhi amandla okuzala nokukhula kwezilwane ezisencane kwenza ukuthi kube lula ukuhlela ukudla okunesigqi, ngaphandle kwamakhaza nokonga, ukusetshenziswa kwenyama kanogwaja unyaka wonke.
4. Phakathi kwezinhlobo zendabuko zenyama, yinyama kanogwaja ebaluleke kakhulu ngokombono wokudla. Okuqukethwe kwekhalori ephezulu (200 Kcal nge-100 g) enamaprotheni amaningi (ngaphezu kwama-20 g nge-100 g) nokuqukethwe okunamafutha amancane (cishe u-6.5 g) kwenza inyama kanogwaja ibaluleke kwizifo zomgudu wamathumbu, ukungezwani kokudla izinkinga ngepheshana le-biliary. Inyama kanogwaja iyasebenza kakhulu njengokudla kweziguli ezibuthakathaka ngenxa yokulimala kanzima nezifo. Iqukethe amavithamini amaningi amuncwa kahle B6, B12, C kanye ne-PP. Inyama kanogwaja iqukethe i-phosphorus, i-iron, i-cobalt, i-manganese, i-potassium ne-fluorine. Okuqukethwe kwe-cholesterol ephansi kakhulu nokuba khona kwama-lecithin kuvimbela ukukhula kwe-atherosclerosis.
5. Ngaphandle kwenani elaziwa njengenyama kanogwaja, lihlala lingumkhiqizo we-niche emhlabeni wonke (ngaphandle kwe-Iran, lapho ukudla unogwaja kungavunyelwe ngezizathu zenkolo). Lokhu kuboniswa kahle yizinombolo: eChina, ekhiqiza u-2/3 wenyama kanogwaja emhlabeni, amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-932 ale nyama akhuliswe ngo-2018. Indawo yesibili emhlabeni ithathwa yi-DPRK - amathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-154, okwesithathu yiSpain - amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-57. ERussia, ukukhiqizwa kwenyama yonogwaja kugxilwe kakhulu ezindaweni zomxhaso, ngakho-ke izinombolo zilinganiselwa kakhulu. Kukholakala ukuthi ngo-2017, iRussia yakhiqiza cishe amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-22 enyama kanogwaja (ngo-1987, leli nani lalingamathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-224). Uma kuqhathaniswa nezigidi zamathani engulube noma inyama yenkomo, lokhu kunjalo, i-minuscule.
6. Omunye wabantu abavelele kuhulumeni wase-USSR wathi zonke izinhlekelele zinezibongo, igama negama. Yiqiniso, wayecabanga ngezinhlekelele zezimboni, kepha kungenzeka ukuthi abenzi bobubi babangelwe ngamashwa amakhulu, abonakala engokwemvelo. Ngo-Okthoba 1859, uTom Austin othile, owayenemihlaba emikhulu esifundazweni sase-Australia iVictoria, wakhulula onogwaja abambalwa. Ezweni lakhe laseNgilandi, lo mnumzane wayejwayele ukuzingela inyamazane enezindlebe ezinde, futhi wayikhumbula kakhulu umdlalo wakhe wokuzilibazisa e-Australia. Njengokufanele ukoloniyali wangempela, u-Austin wafakazela ukuthanda kwakhe ngokuhlomulisa umphakathi - kuzoba nenyama eningi, kanti onogwaja ngeke bakwazi ukwenza okubi. Kungakapheli iminyaka eyi-10, inala yokudla, ukungabikho ngokuphelele kwezitha ezidlayo kanye nesimo sezulu esifanele kwaholela ekutheni onogwaja baba yinhlekelele kubantu nasemvelweni. Babulawa yizigidi, kepha izilwane zanda, zashiya amakhaya noma zacekela phansi izinhlobo zemvelo, ngokushesha okukhulu. Ukuvikela onogwaja, kwakhiwe uthango olunobude obungaphezulu kwamakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-3 000 - ngeze. Ngokuvamile, i-myxomatosis kuphela eyasindisa abase-Australia konogwaja - isifo esithathelwanayo okwakuyisishayo kubazalisi bemvundla baseYurophu. Kodwa ngisho nalokhu kutheleleka okwesabekayo kwasiza ngandlela thile ukubamba ukukhula kwabantu - onogwaja base-Australia bashesha ukuzivikela. Ngawo-1990s, lokho uLouis XIV ayezokubiza ngokuthi “The Last Argument of People” kwasetshenziswa - ososayensi bazala ngamabomu futhi bafaka umkhuhlane wokopha konogwaja. Lesi sifo siyahlukahluka futhi asibikezeli ukuthi imiphumela yokwethulwa kwaso ayinakubikezelwa. Ukuphela kwenduduzo ukuthi lesi sinyathelo asithathwanga ukuzithokozisa, kepha ukusindiswa. Umonakalo ovela esifiso sikaTom Austin sokuzingela akunakwenzeka ukuhlola. Kusobala nje ukuthi ukuvela konogwaja kushintshe kakhulu izitshalo nezilwane zase-Australia. I-Queensland isenenhlawulo engu- $ 30,000 yokugcina ngisho onogwaja bokuhlobisa.
7. Umehluko phakathi konogwaja basendle nabafuywayo ngezindlela eziningi uhlukile ezilwaneni. Isibonelo, endle, onogwaja abavamile ukuhlala isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka. Onogwaja basekhaya baphila ngokwesilinganiso iminyaka eminingana, kanti abanye abaphethe amarekhodi baphila kuze kufike ku-19. Uma sikhuluma ngesisindo, onogwaja bozalo basinda ngokwesilinganiso esiphindwe kahlanu kunabalingani babo basendle. Zonke ezinye izilwane ezifuywayo azikwazi ukuziqhayisa ngaleyo nzuzo kunezinye zazo zasendle. Futhi, onogwaja bahlukaniswa imvamisa yokuphefumula (ukuphefumula okungu-50-60 ngomzuzwana esimweni esizolile nokuphefumula okungafika kokungu-280 ngenjabulo eyedlulele) nezinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo (kufika kuma-175 amabhithi ngomzuzu).
8. Ukuba wusizo kwenyama kanogwaja akunikezwa kuphela ngokwakhiwa kwayo okokuqala, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso. Ngokuqukethwe kwamaprotheni okufana nenyama yenkomo neyonogwaja, umzimba womuntu ufaka amaprotheni angama-90 - 95% kusuka enyameni kanogwaja, kuyilapho amaprotheni angama-70% emuncwa ngqo enkomeni.
9. Bonke onogwaja bangama-coprophage. Lesi sici singenxa yemvelo yokudla kwabo. Enye indle kanogwaja izakhi zomzimba ngendlela umzimba odinga ngayo. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi sokucubungula okuyisisekelo kokudla, izinto zokuqala ezingadingekile zikhishwa okokuqala, ziyasuswa emzimbeni emini. Futhi ebusuku, umquba uyasuswa emzimbeni wonogwaja, okuqukethwe kwawo kwamaprotheni okungafinyelela ku-30%. Abuye aye ekudleni futhi.
10. Hhayi kuphela inyama kanogwaja enenani elikhulu, kepha futhi namafutha ayo angaphakathi (hhayi amafutha angaphansi, kepha lawo abonakala emboza izitho zangaphakathi). La mafutha ayinto enamandla kakhulu esebenza ngokuphila futhi aqukethe izinto eziningi eziwusizo ezikhuthaza ukusebenza cishe kwazo zonke izitho zomuntu. Amafutha angaphakathi kanogwaja asetshenziselwa izifo zomgudu wokuphefumula, ukwelashwa kwamanxeba wokuhlanza nokulimala esikhunjeni. Ibuye isetshenziswe ngenkuthalo ekukhiqizeni izimonyo. Ngendlela emsulwa ngayo, isithambisa kahle isikhumba futhi isivikele ekuvukeleni nase-hypothermia. Ukuphela kokuphikisana ukuvuvukala kwamalunga noma i-gout. Amafutha angaphakathi kanogwaja aqukethe izisekelo ze-purine, lapho kungakhiwa khona i-urea, eyingozi kakhulu kulezi zifo.
11. Uma sikhuluma ngonogwaja basendle, khona-ke ngaphezu kwengxenye yabo bonke abantu emhlabeni bahlala eNyakatho Melika. Onogwaja bendawo cishe abahlukile kwabanye ngokubukeka, kepha bahola indlela yokuphila ekhetheke kakhulu. Abaze bazimbele imigodi, bazizwa behle emaxhaphozini, babhukuda kahle, abanye bangakwazi ukuhamba ngobuciko ezihlahleni. Cishe bonke onogwaja baseMelika bahlala bodwa, kulokhu babukeka njengezidlwane. Emhlabeni wonkhe, bologwaja bahlala kuphela emigodzini nasemacenjini.
12. Ngosayizi wabo - kuze kufike kwengxenye yemitha ubude no-2 kg wesisindo - onogwaja basendle athuthukiswe kahle ngokomzimba. Bangakwazi ukugxuma imitha elilodwa nohhafu ukuphakama, bahlanganise ibanga elingamamitha ama-3 ngokugxuma bese besheshisa bafike ku-50 km / h. Igalelo elinamandla elinemilenze emibili yangemuva, eligcina ngozipho olubukhali, kwesinye isikhathi livumela unogwaja ukuba aphunyuke kumzingeli onqobayo.
13. Kwesinye isikhathi ungathola isitatimende sokuthi uma onogwaja bevunyelwe ukuzala ngokungalawuleki, kuzothi emashumini ambalwa eminyaka bagcwalise uMhlaba wonke. Eqinisweni, lokhu kungukubalwa kwezibalo kuphela, futhi kususelwa nasezingeni lokuzalisa onogwaja ngokuzalanisa okwenziwe. Ososayensi abaneminyaka eminingi bebuka onogwaja basendle bayaqaphela ukuthi onogwaja abazali ngokuzikhandla endle. Kunezici ezahlukahlukene ezithinta izinga lokuzala, kanti unogwaja owodwa ungazala u-10 bese kuba unogwaja owodwa ngonyaka. E-Australia naseNew Zealand evumayo, abesifazane banikela ngamalitha afinyelela kwayi-7 ngonyaka, kanti esiqhingini saseSan Juan, esifana nesimo sezulu nezimila, isikhathi sokuzala asihlali ngisho nezinyanga ezintathu, kanti unogwaja owodwa unikeza udoti o-2 - 3 ngonyaka.
14. Onogwaja yizilwane ezizwelayo ngokweqile futhi ezisengozini. Ukube bekungekhona amandla abo ayingqayizivele okuzala, ngabe ngabe bacishe kudala emhlabeni lapho abantu bahlala eduze kwabo. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi kunezinye izilwane emvelweni ezingafa ngokoqobo ngenxa yokwesaba okuncane. Amabhasi nezinye izinyoka azilalanisi onogwaja - ziba neqhwa ngokwesaba. Ngenkathi ngo-2015, lapho kuhlangana khona imingcele yeVietnam, iLaos neCambodia, kwatholakala uhlobo, okwathi kamuva lwabizwa ngokuthi "Unogwaja onemigqa u-Annam", ososayensi bamangala hhayi kakhulu ngokutholwa kwalo - base behlangane nezidumbu zalo nogwaja ezimakethe zendawo ngaphambili. Izazi zezinto eziphilayo zamangala ukuthi onogwaja basinda esifundeni esigcwele izinyoka ngokoqobo. Ozakwabo basekhaya bayayesaba imidwebo nokushisa ngokweqile, umswakama ophakeme kakhulu futhi ophansi kakhulu, futhi ngisho nokubekezelela kabi ukubekezelela ukusuka kolunye uhlobo lokuphakelayo kuye kolunye. Uhlu lwezifo okungenzeka onogwaja bokuhlobisa bathinteke luthatha okungenani uhhafu wanoma iyiphi incwadi emayelana nokubanakekela.
15. Phezu kwakho konke ukuba buthakathaka kwabo, ngisho onogwaja basekhaya, abashiywa benganakiwe, bangenza izinto eziningi. Into engenabungozi kakhulu yizinto ezidabukile nemikhondo yokuphila. Kepha izintambo, ifenisha, nonogwaja uqobo bangase bahlupheke uma kufinyelela entweni ethile evela ohlwini lokudla okuphikisiwe, isibonelo, amantongomane anosawoti. Ngaphezu kwalokho, onogwaja abasebancane abakuthandi ngempela ukuphakama abangagxumela kukho. Kwesinye isikhathi, kungabalwa lokhu kuphakama, bangawela kabuhlungu emihlane yabo bese befa ngokulimala noma ukwethuka okubuhlungu.
16. Mhlawumbe umsebenzi odume kakhulu wezincwadi zomhlaba onegama elithi “unogwaja” esihlokweni yinoveli yombhali waseMelika uJohn Updike, “Rabbit, Run,” eyashicilelwa ngo-1960. Ukulandisa okuyisidina kwamakhasi ayinkulungwane komdlali we-basketball ezifuna yena phakathi kobudlelwano nabesifazane ababili kwasiza ekuvezeni ama-American conservatives. Babona kule noveli inkulumo-ze yobudlelwano bangaphandle komshado - iqhawe, ngesikhathi senzo, langena ebudlelwaneni obuseduze nabesifazane ababili. Ngaleyo minyaka e-United States, ungathola isigwebo sejele ngalokhu. U-Updike wanikeza umlingiswa wakhe igama lesidlaliso "Unogwaja" ngenxa yokubukeka kwakhe - udebe lwaphezulu lukaHarry Angstrom lwaphakanyiswa ukuveza amazinyo akhe angaphezulu angaphezulu - kodwa, ngezinga elikhulu, ngenxa yokungazethembi, nobugwala bakhe. Umkhankaso wokuvimba i-Run Rabbit ube yimpumelelo ku-Updike. Incwadi yaba okuthengwa kakhulu, yathathwa, umbhali wadala ezinye iziqubulo ezine. Futhi bazama ukuvimbela "Unogwaja" kwezinye izifundazwe zaseMelika emuva ngawo-1980.
17. "Rabbit Great International" - leli yigama lomncintiswano waminyaka yonke wonogwaja futhi kamuva wajoyina ama-hamsters, izingulube zeginea, amagundane namagundane, abanjelwe eBritish Harrogate. Le mincintiswano ibizwa ngokuthi ama-Olimpiki. Onogwaja benza okungaphezu nje kokugijima bagxume. Ijaji elikhethekile elinekhono lihlola ingaphandle lalo, ubuhle balo nokushesha kwalo. Umncintiswano eHarrogate ubukeka njengomncintiswano wezicukuthwane ngokubhekisele ngemuva komjaho wonogwaja eBurgess Hill kusukela ngawo-1920. Lapho, onogwaja basendle abaqinile, abaqeqeshiwe bavele bagijime ibanga nezingqinamba okwesikhashana, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwephunga lezilwane zasendle kuthathwa njenge-doping - onogwaja kumele bancintisane kuphela ngentando yabo yokuzikhethela, ukuthola umuthi, hhayi ngenxa yokwesaba izidumbu.
18. Isazi-mlando saseNgilandi uDavid Chandler uchaze isimo lapho uNapoleon Bonaparte ngokwakhe kwadingeka abalekele onogwaja. Ngemuva kokusayinwa kweSivumelwano SaseTilsit, uNapoleon wanquma ukuhlela ukuzingelwa okukhulu konogwaja. Ngalezo zinsuku, onogwaja babengathathwa njengendebe yokuzingela ebucayi, ama-pair of eared angadutshulwa kuphela enkampanini emdlalweni "oyinhloko". Kodwa-ke, akwamukelwa ukuphonsela inselelo imiyalo yamakhosi. Inhloko yehhovisi likaBonaparte, u-Alexander Berthier, wayala amadoda akhe ukuthi abambe onogwaja abaningi ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngenxa yokushoda kwesikhathi, abangaphansi kukaBerthier bathatha indlela yokuphikiswa okuncane. Bathenga onogwaja kubalimi abaseduze. Kube nehlazo - onogwaja abadedelwe ezibayeni zabo ekuqaleni kokuzingelwa abaqale ukusabalala ezinhlangothini, bazifaka esikhundleni sezinhlamvu, kepha bagijimela kubantu. Ngempela, konogwaja abafuywayo, umuntu wayengesona isitha, kodwa umthombo wokudla. UChandler uyiNgisi, uchaza okwenzekile kuphela njengesigameko samahlaya - onogwaja bakhe bahlasela uNapoleon ngezinsika ezimbili eziguqukayo, njll. Empeleni, umbusi, ecasulwa isiphithiphithi nonogwaja abathola ngaphansi kwezinyawo, wamane washiya waya eParis.
19. Omama-onogwaja, ikakhulukazi abasha, kwesinye isikhathi bangahle bangayemukeli inzalo esanda kuzalwa. Ngasikhathi sinye, abagcini ngokungazinaki izingane ezisanda kuvela, kepha futhi bazihlakazele enkanjini futhi bangadla onogwaja abancane. Ukusebenza kwalokhu kuziphatha akuqondakali ngokuphelele. Kwaphawulwa ukuthi lokhu kuvame ukwenziwa omama abasebasha, i-okrol engowokuqala kubo - abaqondi nje ukuthi isimo sabo sishintshile. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi lo bunny uzwe ngokwemvelo ukuthi onogwaja bazalwa bebancane futhi bebuthakathaka, futhi amathuba abo okusinda mancane.Ekugcineni, ukuziphatha kukanogwaja kungathonywa yizinto zangaphandle - umoya obandayo kakhulu, imisindo enomsindo, ukuba khona kwabantu noma izilwane ezidla ezinye. Ngokombono, onogwaja abasebasha bangasindiswa kunina ngokubatshintshela komunye unogwaja. Kodwa-ke, udinga ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha, ngokunembile nangekhono.
20. Ngaphandle kokubukeka kwabo okuhloniphekile nemikhuba yokudlala, onogwaja abavamile lapho ezinye izilwane ziba ukunakwa ngabadwebi bekhathuni. Ama-superstars ngokungangabazeki amaBugs Bunny (noBonnie wakhe amthandayo) ovela eWarner Bros. kanye no-Oswald Rabbit kaWalt Disney. Umhlaba wonke uyazi noRoger unogwaja ovela kumdlalo wamahlaya omnandi othi "Who Framed Roger Rabbit?", Wenziwe nguRichard Williams. Bonke abanye onogwaja abadumile abagqamile abangalona olunye uhlobo ngaphandle kwabalingisi besiqephu, njengoRabbit ovela emjikelezweni wezinganekwane ngoWinnie the Pooh nabangane bakhe.
