UThomas Jefferson (1743-1826) - umholi weMpi Yenkululeko yase-US, omunye wababhali beSimemezelo Sokuzimela, uMongameli wesithathu wase-United States (1801-1809), ongomunye wabasunguli balo mbuso, osopolitiki ovelele, usopolitiki nomcabangi.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaJefferson, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, nayi i-biography emfushane kaThomas Jefferson.
Umlando kaJefferson
UThomas Jefferson wazalwa ngo-Ephreli 13, 1743 edolobheni laseShadwell, eVirginia, okwakuyikoloni laseBrithani ngaleso sikhathi.
Wakhulela emndenini ocebile womtshali uPeter Jefferson nomkakhe uJane Randolph. Wayengowesithathu ezinganeni eziyi-8 zabazali bakhe.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Lapho umongameli wakusasa wase-United States eneminyaka engu-9 ubudala, waqala ukuya esikoleni somfundisi uWilliam Douglas, lapho izingane zazifundiswa khona isiLatini, isiGrikhi sakudala nesiFulentshi. Ngemuva kweminyaka emi-5, ubaba wakhe wadlula emhlabeni, lapho le nsizwa yathola khona ifa lamahektare angama-5 000 omhlaba nezigqila eziningi.
Ngesikhathi se-biography ka-1758-1760. UJefferson waya esikoleni samarishi. Ngemuva kwalokho, waqhubeka nemfundo yakhe eKolishi likaWilliam noMary, lapho afunda khona ifilosofi nezibalo.
UThomas wafunda imisebenzi ka-Isaac Newton, uJohn Locke noFrancis Bacon, ebabheka njengabantu abakhulu emlandweni wesintu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wabonisa isithakazelo ezincwadini zasendulo, eqhutshwa umsebenzi kaTacitus noHomer. Ngasikhathi sinye wakwazi ukudlala i-violin.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi uThomas Jefferson wayeyilungu lomphakathi wabafundi oyimfihlo "I-Flat Hat Club". Wayevame ukuvakashela ikhaya likaMbusi waseVirginia, uFrancis Fauquier. Lapho wadlala i-violin phambi kwezivakashi futhi wathola ulwazi lokuqala ngamawayini, aqala ukuwaqoqa kamuva.
Lapho eneminyaka engu-19 ubudala, uThomas waphumelela ekolishi ngamamaki aphakeme kakhulu futhi wafundela ezomthetho, ethola ilayisense lommeli wakhe ngo-1767.
Ezombusazwe
Ngemuva kweminyaka emi-2 njengommeli, uJefferson waba yilungu leVirginia Chamber of Burgers. Ngo-1774, ngemuva kokusayinwa kweMithetho Engabekezeleleki yePhalamende laseBrithani maqondana namakholoni, washicilela umyalezo kubantu bakubo - "General Survey of the Rights of British America", lapho ezwakalisa khona isifiso samakoloni sokuzibusa.
UThomas wakugxeka ngokusobala okwenziwa yizikhulu zaseBrithani, okwavusa uzwelo kubantu baseMelika. Ngisho nangaphambi kokugqashuka kweMpi Yenkululeko ngo-1775, wakhethwa waya kwi-Continental Congress.
Kungakapheli iminyaka emibili, "Isimemezelo Sokuzimela" sakhiwa, samukelwa ngoJulayi 4, 1776 - usuku olusemthethweni lokuzalwa kwesizwe saseMelika. Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, uThomas Jefferson wakhethwa ukuba abe ngumbusi waseVirginia. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1780, wasebenza kumaNothi kuHulumeni waseVirginia.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ngokubhala lo msebenzi, uThomas wanikezwa isihloko sososayensi we-encyclopedic. Ngo-1785 waphathiswa isikhundla sokuba yinxusa laseMelika eFrance. Ngalesi sikhathi se-biography, wayehlala eChamps Elysees futhi ethokozela igunya emphakathini.
Ngasikhathi sinye, uJefferson waqhubeka nokwenza ngcono umthetho waseMelika. Wenze izichibiyelo ezithile kuMthethosisekelo nakuMqulu Wamalungelo. Iminyaka eyi-4 ayichithe eParis, wenza imizamo eminingi ukusungula nokuthuthukisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwalezi zifundazwe zombili.
Lapho ebuyela ekhaya, uThomas Jefferson waqokelwa esikhundleni sokuba nguNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle wase-US, ngaleyo ndlela waba ngumuntu wokuqala ukuthatha lesi sikhundla.
Kamuva, lo sopolitiki, kanye noJames Madison, basungula iDemocratic Republican Party ukuze baphikisane nobumbano.
Isimemezelo Sokuzimela
Isimemezelo Sokuzimela sabhalwa ngamadoda ama-5: UThomas Jefferson, uJohn Adams, uBenjamin Franklin, uRoger Sherman noRobert Livingston. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngosuku olwandulela ukushicilelwa kombhalo, uThomas uqobo wenza izichibiyelo isikhathi esingaphezu kwamasonto amabili.
Ngemuva kwalokho, isimemezelo sasayinwa ngababhali abahlanu nabamele izinhlangano zokuphatha eziyi-13. Ingxenye yokuqala yombhalo yayiqukethe izihloko ezi-3 ezidumile - ilungelo lokuphila, inkululeko nempahla.
Kwezinye izingxenye ezimbili, ubukhosi bamakholoni buhlanganisiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iBrithani yayingenalo ilungelo lokugxambukela ezindabeni zombuso, iqaphela ukuzimela kwayo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi iSimemezelo sasiwumbhalo wokuqala osemthethweni lapho amakoloni abizwa ngokuthi yi "United States of America".
Imibono Yezombusazwe
Ekuqaleni, uThomas Jefferson wakhuluma kabi ngoMthethosisekelo wokuqala wase-US, ngoba wawungacacisi inani lamatemu kamongameli womuntu oyedwa.
Mayelana nalokhu, inhloko yezwe empeleni yaba yinkosi ngokuphelele. Futhi, lo sopolitiki wabona ingozi ekuthuthukiseni umkhakha omkhulu. Ukholelwe ukuthi ukhiye womnotho oqinile wumphakathi wemiphakathi yabalimi abazimele.
Wonke umuntu unelungelo hhayi kuphela lenkululeko, kodwa futhi nelungelo lokuveza umbono wakhe. Futhi, izakhamizi kufanele zikwazi ukuthola imfundo yamahhala, njengoba kudingeka entuthukweni yezwe.
UJefferson umile kwelokuthi isonto akufanele ligxambukele ezindabeni zombuso, kodwa libhekane nezalo kuphela. Kamuva, uzoshicilela umbono wakhe weTestamente Elisha, ozokwethulwa kubongameli baseMelika ngekhulu leminyaka elizayo.
UThomas wagxeka uhulumeni wesifundazwe. Esikhundleni salokho, wakhuthaza ukuthi uhulumeni wezwe ngalinye kufanele abe nenkululeko ethize evela kuhulumeni omkhulu.
UMongameli we-U.S
Ngaphambi kokuba ngumongameli waseMelika, uThomas Jefferson wayeyiphini likamongameli wezwe iminyaka engu-4. Ngemuva kokuba yinhloko yezwe entsha ngo-1801, waqala ukwenza izinguquko eziningi ezibalulekile.
Ngokomyalo wakhe, kwasungulwa uhlelo lweqembu le-2-polar lweCongress, futhi inani lamabutho asemhlabathini, amabutho asolwandle nezikhulu lancipha. UJefferson uyaqhubeka nokumemezela izinsika ezi-4 zokuthuthuka kwezomnotho okuyimpumelelo, kufaka phakathi abalimi, abadayisi, imboni elula nokuthunyelwa kwemikhumbi.
Ngo-1803, kwasayinwa isivumelwano sokuthengwa kweLouisiana e-US eFrance ngamaRandi ayizigidi eziyi-15. Ukuthengwa kweLouisiana kwaba ngenye yezinto ezinkulu ezatholwa ngumlando wezepolitiki kaThomas Jefferson.
Ngesikhathi sesibili sikamongameli, inhloko yezwe yasungula ubudlelwano bokubonisana neRussia. Ngo-1807, wasayina umthethosivivinywa ovimbela ukungeniswa kwezigqila e-United States of America.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Unkosikazi kaJefferson kuphela wayengumzala wakhe wesibili uMartha Veils Skelton. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi unkosikazi wakhe wayekhuluma izilimi eziningi, futhi ethanda nokucula, izinkondlo nokudlala upiyano.
Kulo mshado, lo mbhangqwana wawunezingane eziyisithupha, ezine zazo ezashona zisencane. Ngenxa yalokho, lo mbhangqwana wakhulisa amadodakazi amabili - uMartha noMary. Isithandwa sikaThomas sashona ngo-1782, ngemuva nje kokuzalwa kwengane yakhe yokugcina.
Ngobusuku bangaphambi kokushona kukaMartha, uThomas wamthembisa ukuthi ngeke aphinde ashade, njengoba ekwazile ukugcina isithembiso sakhe. Kodwa-ke, ngenkathi esebenza eFrance, wakha ubungani nentombazane egama linguMaria Cosway.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi le ndoda yabhalelana nayo impilo yayo yonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eParis, wayenobudlelwano obuseduze nentombazane eyisigqila uSally Hemings, owayengudadewabo womkakhe ongasekho.
Kulungile ukusho ukuthi ngenkathi eseFrance, uSally angaya emaphoyiseni akhululeke, kepha akenzanga kanjalo. Ababhali bomlando kaJefferson basikisela ukuthi kungaleso sikhathi lapho kwaqala khona ukuthandana phakathi "kwenkosi nesigqila".
Ngo-1998 kwenziwa ukuhlolwa kwe-DNA kukhombisa ukuthi u-Aston Hemings uyindodana kaThomas Jefferson. Bese kuthi, ngokusobala, zonke ezinye izingane zikaSally Hemins: uHarriet, uBeverly, uHarriet noMadison, nabo bangabantwana bakhe. Kepha lolu daba lusadala impikiswano enkulu.
Ukufa
UJefferson wafinyelela ezindaweni eziphakeme hhayi kuphela kwezepolitiki, kepha nakwizakhiwo, ukusungula nokwenza ifenisha. Kwakunezincwadi ezingaba ngu-6 500 emtatsheni wakhe wezincwadi!
UThomas Jefferson ushone ngoJulayi 4, 1826, ngosuku lokugubha iminyaka engama-50 kwamukelwa iSimemezelo Sokuzimela. Ngesikhathi sokushona kwakhe, wayeneminyaka engama-83 ubudala. Isithombe sakhe singabonakala kumabhili ama-2 nohlamvu lwemali olungu-5cm.
Izithombe zeJefferson
