Ihlathi yisistimu yezemvelo ebaluleke kakhulu eMhlabeni. Amahlathi ahlinzeka ngophethiloli nomoya-mpilo, ahlinzeka ngesimo sezulu esifanayo nomswakama womhlabathi, futhi avele anikeze ukusinda okuyisisekelo kumakhulu ezigidi zabantu. Ngasikhathi sinye, ihlathi njengesisetshenziswa libuyiselwa ngokushesha ngokwanele ukuze ukuvuselelwa kwalo kubonakale ngesikhathi sokuphila kwesizukulwane esisodwa.
Ijubane elinjalo lidlala ihlaya elinonya namahlathi ngezikhathi ezithile. Abantu baqala ukucabanga ukuthi kuzoba nehlathi elanele ngekhulu labo leminyaka, futhi, begoqa imikhono yabo, baqala ukugawulwa. Cishe wonke amazwe azibiza ngempucuko adlule ezikhathini zokuqothulwa kwamahlathi cishe komhlaba wonke. Okokuqala, amahlathi acekelwa phansi ukudla - inani labantu lakhula futhi lidinga umhlaba owengeziwe olimekayo. Lapho-ke indlala yathathelwa indawo ukufuna imali, futhi lapha amahlathi ayengekho neze. EYurophu, eMelika naseRussia, kutshalwe izimpande eziyizigidi zamahektha ehlathini. Baqala ukucabanga ngokubuyiselwa kwabo, futhi noma kunjalo ngokuzenzisa okukhulu, kuphela ngekhulu lama-20, lapho ukugawulwa kwemithi kwathuthela eLatin America, e-Afrika nase-Asia. Ngokutshela, abantu bathole izindlela eziningi zokwenza inzuzo masinyane ehlathini, kwesinye isikhathi bengathinti ngisho nembazo, kepha abazihluphanga ngokusungula indlela efanayo esheshayo yokunxeshezela ngomonakalo odalekile.
1. Imibono eminingi yesimanje ngomlando we-Europe yangenkathi ephakathi, njengokuthi "ukukhuthala okungokwemvelo", "ukungahambi kahle okuncike ekunciphiseni", "ukulandela imiyalo yebhayibheli", kanye "nokuziphatha kwamaProthestani", kungakhonjiswa ngamagama amabili: "umthetho wesilayidi". Ngaphezu kwalokho, okujwayelekile ukufakwa kwama-classical kwemiqondo, kule nhlanganisela kwakungekho mbuzo ngamasheya (izakhiwo zokwakhiwa kwemikhumbi), noma umthetho ngomqondo "umthetho, ubulungiswa". Amadolobha aseJalimane atholakala emifuleni elungele ukuthuthwa kwamapulangwe amenyezelwe njengamalungelo “okushelela”. Ugodo olugawulwa emiphakathini yaseJalimane kanye nezimbokodo lwashiselwa eNetherlands. Lapho wayedliwa ngobuningi obungachazeki - imikhumbi, amadamu, ukwakhiwa kwezindlu ... Kodwa-ke, i-rafting yadlula emadolobheni, ayenqatshelwa nje ngokusebenzisa i-rafting - "babenomthetho we-slipway". Abantu abasebenza ngokuzikhandla baseMannheim, Mainz, Koblenz namanye amadolobha aseJalimane bamane baphoqeleka ukuthi bathenge izingodo ngentengo eshibhile kubagawuli bese bezithengisa kumakhasimende aqhamuka ezindaweni eziphansi zeRhine neminye imifula, ngaphandle kokushaya umunwe. Akukhona lapho lapho kwavela khona inkulumo ethi “hlala emifuleni”? Ngasikhathi sinye, abahlali basemadolobheni abakhohlwanga ukuthatha intela ematsheni ukuze kugcinwe umzila womfula usesimweni esihle - phela, ukube bekungekho ngabo, indlela yomfula eya eNetherlands ibizokwehla. Akunzima ukuqagela ukuthi yonke indlela ukusuka esizalweni seRhine kuya eNyakatho yoLwandle yenziwa yisitimela esifanayo sabagwedli, emaphaketheni abo kwakukhona amapeni nje. Kodwa iSonto LaseBaroque laseMannheim, elakhiwe ngemali evela kulo mkhuba, libhekwa njengelikhulu futhi lihle kunazo zonke eYurophu Ephakathi. Futhi umsebenzi wezandla uqobo uchazwe kalula nje endabeni kaWilhelm Hauff "Frozen": IBlack Forest ibilokhu igwedla izingodo eziya eNetherlands impilo yabo yonke, futhi bathola umsebenzi wabo onzima nje ngocezu lwesinkwa, bevula imilomo yabo lapho bebona amadolobha amahle asogwini.
2. Isikhathi eside kakhulu eRussia, amahlathi abephathwa njengokuthile okuzibonakalisayo, obekukhona, okukhona nalokho okuzoba khona. Akumangalisi - ngenani elincane labantu, izikhala zehlathi zazibukeka njengendawo ehlukene impela, umuntu angenakukuthonya ngendlela ebonakalayo. Ukukhulunywa okokuqala kwehlathi njengempahla kusukela esikhathini sikaTsar Alexei Mikhailovich (maphakathi nekhulu le-17). Kwikhodi yakhe yaseCathedral, amahlathi kukhulunywa ngawo kaningi, kepha akacaci ngokweqile. Amahlathi ahlukaniswa ngezigaba - ezomndeni, ezasendaweni, ezigciniwe, njll., Noma kunjalo, akukho mingcele ecacile eyasungulwa emahlathini asetshenziswayo ahlukahlukene, noma izijeziso zokusetshenziswa kwamahlathi ngokungemthetho (ngaphandle kwemikhiqizo efana noju noma izilwane ezikhishiwe). Vele, lokhu bekungasebenzi kwizigqila, ezaziphethe umsebenzi wokugawula ngokungemthetho ngokuya ngonya lwe-boyar noma i-patrimony ebabambile.
3. Imibono yabantu baseYurophu ngehlathi ikhonjiswe ngokuphelele encwadini edumile ye-German Hansajorg Küster "History of the Forest. Buka kusuka eJalimane ”. Kulo msebenzi ophelele, okhonjisiwe, umlando wehlathi laseYurophu ngomqondo walo ongokoqobo uphela cishe ngekhulu le-18 ngezindaba zokuthi ababusi bagawula kanjani amahlathi ukuze bazinothise, beshiya abalimi ngamagatsha ukuthi bondle imfuyo yabo ne-turf yokuvikela amakhaya abo. Esikhundleni samahlathi, kwakhiwa ama-desert amabi - amapheshana amakhulu omhlaba ahlanganiswe nge-underbrush kusuka ku-stumps. Ngokuzisola ngamahlathi anyamalale, uKuester ugcizelela ukuthi izikhulu zagcina sezisangulukile zatshala amapaki anamakhilomitha amaningi ezindledlana eziqondile. Yilezi ziqiwi ezibizwa ngokuthi amahlathi eYurophu yanamuhla.
4. IRussia inendawo eyihlathi enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, enendawo engamakhilomitha-skwele ayizigidi eziyi-8.15. Lesi sibalo sikhulu kakhulu ukuthi singalinganiselwa ngaphandle kokuqhathanisa. Amazwe amane kuphela emhlabeni (ngaphandle kokubala, yiRussia uqobo) atholakala endaweni enkulu kunamahlathi aseRussia. Izwekazi lonke lase-Australia lincane kunamahlathi aseRussia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isibalo singama-8.15 million km2 kuphethwe phansi. Ukuze umhlaba wehlathi eRussia wehliswe ube ngu-8.14 million km2, kudingekile ukuthi amahlathi ashe endaweni ecishe ilingane nendawo yaseMontenegro.
5. Naphezu kwakho konke ukuphikisana komsebenzi wakhe wokushaya umthetho, uPeter I wenza uhlelo oluhambisanayo emkhakheni wezokuphathwa kwamahlathi.Akazange alawule kuphela ngokuqinile ukugawulwa kwamahlathi alungele ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi nezinye izidingo zombuso, kodwa futhi wakha nomzimba wokulawula. Insizakalo Ekhethekile Yama-Waldmeisters (avela eJalimane Wald - ihlathi) abantu ababumbene manje ababizwa ngamahlathi. Banikezwe amandla abanzi kakhulu, kuze kufike ekusebenziseni isigwebo sentambo kulabo abanecala lokugawula ngokungemthetho. Ingqikithi yemithetho kaPetru ilula ngokwedlulele - izingodo, noma ngabe zikuphi umhlaba, zingagawulwa kuphela ngemvume yombuso. Ngokuzayo, naphezu kwakho konke ukuphazamiseka kokulandelana kwesihlalo sobukhosi, le ndlela eya emahlathini ayizange ishintshe. Vele, kwesinye isikhathi, nalapha, ubunzima bomthetho babunxeshezelwa ngokungabophi kwesicelo sabo. Umngcele we-steppe-steppe, ngenxa yokugawulwa kwamahlathi, wahambisa amakhilomitha ambalwa enyakatho minyaka yonke. Kepha ngokujwayelekile, isimo seziphathimandla emahlathini aseRussia besingaguquguquki futhi sikwenze ukuthi, ngokungabaza okukhulu, ukuvikela izinsiza zehlathi emazweni ombuso.
6. Amahlathi anezitha eziningi, kusuka emlilweni kuya ezinambuzane. Futhi eRussia ngekhulu le-XIX abanikazi bomhlaba babeyizitha ezimbi kakhulu zamahlathi. Ukuwa kwaqothula izinkulungwane zamahektha. Uhulumeni wayengenamandla - wawungeke ubeke umbonisi kuzo zonke izihlahla ze-oki eziyikhulu, futhi abanini mhlaba bahleka kuphela lokho okwenqatshelwe. Indlela ethandwayo “yokumba” izinkuni ezeqile kwakuwumdlalo wokungazi, uma amahlathi abanini mhlaba ayesondelene namazwe ombuso. Umnikazi womhlaba wagawula ihlathi ezweni lakhe, futhi ngephutha wabamba ama-dessiatines angamakhulu ambalwa (okweshumi okuthe ukudlula ihektha) lezihlahla zombuso. Amacala anjalo awazange aphenywe futhi kwakuqabukela kukhulunywe ngawo emibikweni yabacwaningi mabhuku, lo mkhuba wawumkhulu kakhulu. Futhi abaninimhlaba bamane bagawula amahlathi abo ngokuhlwithwa. INhlangano Yokukhuthaza Amahlathi, eyadalwa ngo-1832, ibilokhu ilalele imibiko yokucekelwa phansi kwamahlathi eCentral Russia iminyaka emibili. Kuvele ukuthi ihlathi laseMurom, amahlathi aseBryansk, amahlathi asendulo kuwo womabili amabhange e-Oka, namahlathi amaningi angaziwa abhujiswa ngokuphelele. Isikhulumi, u-Count Kushelev-Bezborodko, uthe ngokudikibala: ezifundazweni ezivundile nezinabantu abaningi, amahlathi "acekeleke phansi."
7. U-Count Pavel Kiselev (1788-1872) wadlala indima enkulu ekwakhiweni nasekuthuthukisweni koMnyango Wezamahlathi eRussia njengomkhakha wombuso oqavile wokulondolozwa kwamahlathi nokukhishwa kwemali kuwo. Lesi sikhulu sezwe esiphume kahle siphumelele kuzo zonke izikhala abaphathi abathathu ababephathiswe zona, ngakho-ke, impumelelo ekuphathweni kwamahlathi isemthunzini wamasosha (umkhuzi webutho leDanube), owezombusazwe (inxusa laseFrance) kanye nokuphatha (okuguqule impilo yabalimi bakahulumeni) impumelelo. Khonamanjalo, uKiselyov waklama uMnyango Wezamahlathi njengegatsha lamasosha - amahlathi ahola impilo yobukhosi, athola iziqu, ubude benkonzo. Induna yehlathi yesifundazwe yayilingana ngesikhundla nomphathi webutho. Izihloko azinikwanga kuphela ubude bensizakalo, kepha futhi nensizakalo. Ubukhona bezemfundo bekuyinto edingekayo yokwenyuswa, ngakho-ke, phakathi neminyaka yomyalo kaKiselev, ososayensi abanamahlathi abanethalente bakhulela e-Forest Service. Isakhiwo esakhiwe nguKiselyov, ngokujwayelekile, sihlala eRussia kuze kube namuhla.
8. Amahlathi ajwayele ukukhumbuza ukuthi abantu akumele benze ihaba ngezinga lokuthotshelwa phansi kwemvelo. Indlela yesikhumbuzo esinjalo ilula futhi iyafinyeleleka - imililo yehlathi. Minyaka yonke bacekela phansi amahlathi ezigidini zamahektha, ngasikhathi sinye beshisa izindawo zokuhlala futhi bathatha nempilo yabacimi mlilo, amavolontiya kanye nabantu abavamile abangakwazanga ukuphuma ezindaweni eziyingozi ngesikhathi. Umlilo wequbula omubi kakhulu udlangile e-Australia. Isimo sezulu sezwekazi elincane kunawo wonke emhlabeni, ukungabi bikho kwezithiyo ezinkulu zamanzi zomlilo kanye nendawo enamathafa amaningi kwenza i-Australia ibe yindawo ekahle yomlilo wequbula. Ngo-1939, eVictoria, umlilo wacekela phansi amahektha ayizigidi eziyi-1.5 ehlathini futhi wabulala abantu abangama-71. Ngo-2003, unyaka wesithathu kusona leso sifundazwe, umlilo wawunendawo ngokwedlulele, kodwa-ke kwenzeka eduze nezindawo ezinabantu abaningi. Ngosuku olulodwa nje ngoFebhuwari, kwafa abantu abangama-76. Isifiso sokuvelela kuze kube manje umlilo oqale ngo-Okthoba 2019. Umlilo wayo usuvele ubulale abantu abangama-26 nezilwane ezibalelwa ezigidini. Ngaphandle kosizo olukhulu lwamazwe omhlaba, umlilo ubungeke ubekhona ngisho nasemingceleni yamadolobha amakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa.
9. Ngo-2018, iRussia yayisendaweni yesihlanu emhlabeni ngokuya ngokhuni olwavunwa, ngemuva kwe-USA, China, India neBrazil kuphela. Kuthengwe ingqikithi yama-cubic meter ayizigidi ezingama-228. m. ngokhuni. Lona ngumuntu orekhodiwe ngekhulu lama-21, kepha kukude kakhulu nango-1990, lapho kunqunywa futhi kusetshenzwa ngamapulangwe ayizigidi ezingama-300. Zingu-8% kuphela izinkuni ezathunyelwa kwamanye amazwe (ngo-2007 - 24%), kanti ukuthunyelwa kwemikhiqizo yokulungisa izinkuni kwanda futhi. Ngokukhula okuphelele kokusebenza ngezikhathi zonyaka ezingama-7%, ukukhiqizwa kwe-particleboard kukhuphuke ngo-14%, ne-fiberboard - ngo-15%. I-Russia isiphenduke isithumeli se-newsprint. Sekukonke, izingodo nemikhiqizo evela kuzo zangeniswa ngama- $ 11 billion.
Izwe elinezingodo kakhulu emhlabeni yiSuriname. Amahlathi ahlanganisa u-98.3% wensimu yalesi sifundazwe saseNingizimu Melika. Emazweni athuthukile, anezinkuni kakhulu yiFinland (73.1%), iSweden (68.9%), iJapan (68.4%), iMalaysia (67.6%) neSouth Korea (63.4%). ERussia, amahlathi ahlala endaweni engama-49.8%.
11. Naphezu kwakho konke ukuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe emhlabeni wanamuhla, amahlathi aqhubeka nokuletha imali namandla ezigidigidini zabantu. Cishe isigidi sabantu baqashiwe ekukhishweni izinkuni zokubasa, ezisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ugesi. Laba ngabantu abagawula ihlathi, balicubungule baliphendule amalahle. Izinkuni zikhiqiza u-40% kagesi ovuselelekayo emhlabeni. Ilanga, amanzi nomoya kunikeza amandla amancane kunehlathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abalinganiselwa ezigidigidini ezi-2,5 basebenzisa izinkuni ekuphekeni nasekushiseni kwasekuqaleni. Ikakhulukazi, e-Afrika, izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zayo yonke imizi zisebenzisa izinkuni ukupheka ukudla, e-Asia ngama-38%, eLatin America imindeni eyi-15%. Impela ingxenye yazo zonke izinkuni ezikhiqizwayo isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amandla ngandlela thile.
12. Amahlathi, ikakhulukazi amahlathi, awakwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi “amaphaphu eplanethi” okungenani ngezizathu ezimbili. Okokuqala, amaphaphu, ngokwencazelo, yisitho esiphefumula emzimbeni. Esimweni sethu, ihlathi kufanele linikeze isabelo sebhubesi emkhathini, cishe u-90-95% womoya-mpilo. Eqinisweni, amahlathi ahlinzeka ngama-30% afinyelela kuwo wonke umoya-mpilo osemkhathini. Okunye kukhiqizwa ngamagciwane amancane olwandle. Okwesibili, isihlahla esisodwa sicebisa umkhathi ngeoksijini, kanti ihlathi lilonke alenzi njalo. Noma yimuphi umuthi, ngesikhathi sokubola noma ngomlilo, umunca umoya-mpilo omningi ngendlela owakhipha ngayo ngesikhathi usaphila. Uma inqubo yokuguga nokufa kwezihlahla ihamba ngokwemvelo, khona-ke izihlahla ezincane zithatha indawo yazo ezindala ezifa, zikhiphe umoya-mpilo ngobuningi obukhulu. Kepha uma kwenzeka kugawulwa kakhulu umlilo noma imililo, izihlahla ezisencane azisenaso isikhathi "sokuqeda isikweletu". Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-10 yokubhekwa, ososayensi bathole ukuthi leli hlathi likhiphe isikhutha esiphindwe kabili kunalokhu elisitholile. Inani elihambisanayo lisebenza nomoya-mpilo. Lokho wukuthi, ukungenelela komuntu kuguqula izihlahla ezinempilo zibe usongo emvelweni.
13. Ngendlela yesimilo yokugwedla ugodo emifuleni, manje esevinjelwe eRussia, kepha evame ukusetshenziswa e-USSR, amashumi ezinkulungwane zamamitha angama-cubic ezingodo abhajiswa osebeni lwemifula nasezindaweni eziphansi. Kwakungeyona inkcitho - ukuthengiswa kwezingodo, ngisho nokulahleka okunjalo okuvela ezifundeni ezisenyakatho ze-USSR ngawo-1930, kwasindisa amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu endlaleni. Ngezindlela ezikhiqizayo zokurhafisa, bekungekho zimali noma izinsiza zabantu. Futhi ezimweni zanamuhla, uma unganaki ukuhlukumezeka kwezidalwa zemvelo, ukwanda kwesilinganiso sokushisa okungu-0.5 degrees kuphela emgodini woMfula i-Dvina River kuzokhipha izingodo eziyizigidi ezingama-300 zamapulangwe - lokhu kungaphezu komkhiqizo wamapulangwe waminyaka yonke kulo lonke elaseRussia. Ngisho ucabangela umonakalo ongenakugwenywa, ungathola cishe ama-cubic metres ayizigidi ezingama-200 ezinkuni zebhizinisi.
14. Kukho konke ukufana okuzwakala kwamagama "isazi senkomo" kanye "nenduna", asho okwehlukile, yize kuhlobene nehlathi kuphela, ubuchwepheshe. Umlindi wehlathi umlindi wehlathi, umuntu ogcina ukuhleleka endaweni yehlathi aphathiswe lona. Isazi sehlathi singuchwepheshe wezemfundo okhethekile oqapha ukuthuthukiswa kwehlathi futhi ahlele umsebenzi odingekayo ukuze silondolozwe. Ngokuvamile, isazi sehlathi sihlanganisa nomsebenzi waso isikhundla sokuba umqondisi wepulazi noma enkulisa. Kodwa-ke, ukudideka okungenzeka kwahlala esikhathini esedlule - ngokwamukelwa kwe-Forest Code ngonyaka ka-2007, umqondo wokuthi “umlindi wehlathi” waqedwa, kwathi bonke abasebenza emahlathini bachithwa.
15. Kwifilimu ethi "Indawo Yemihlangano Ayinakuguqulwa" umlingiswa kaVladimir Vysotsky usongela isigebengu ukuba simthumele “noma endaweni eyogawulwa noma eMagadan enelanga”. IMagadan ayizange iphakamise imibuzo kumuntu waseSoviet, nokuthi iqiniso lokuthi izinkulungwane zeziboshwa ziyasebenza ekugawuleni imithi. Kungani “indawo yokusika” isabeka, futhi iyini? Ngesikhathi sokugawulwa kwemithi, amahlathi anquma izindawo zehlathi ezifanele ukugawulwa. Iziza ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuthi "iziza". Bazama ukubeka nokuzicubungula ukuze indlela yokususa izingodo ilungile. Noma kunjalo, maphakathi nekhulu lamashumi amabili, ezimweni zokusebenzisa imishini okuphansi, ukuhanjiswa okuyinhloko kwezingodo ezinkulu kwakungumsebenzi onzima. Indawo yokugawulwa kwemithi yabizwa ngehlathi lapho izihlahla zazivele zigawuliwe. Umsebenzi onzima kakhulu usale - ukusula iziqu ezinkulu ezivela emagatsheni nakumahlumela futhi cishe ngokuzilayisha ku-skidder. Umsebenzi endaweni yokugawula imithi wawunzima kakhulu futhi uyingozi emakamu okugawula, yingakho uZheglov wasebenzisa indawo yokugawula izigodo njengokwesabisa.
16. AmaHlathi eMhlabeni ahlukene ngokungenamkhawulo, kepha iningi lawo linokubukeka okucishe kufane - kuyizigaxa zeziqu ezinamagatsha lapho kukhula khona amahlamvu aluhlaza (ngaphandle kokungajwayelekile) noma izinaliti. Kodwa-ke, kukhona amahlathi emhlabeni wethu ahlukile kulayini ojwayelekile. Leli yiHlathi eliBomvu, elisendaweni engekude nesikhungo samandla enuzi saseChernobyl.Izihlahla ze-Larch ezikhula kuwo zathola isilinganiso esifanele semisebe, futhi manje sezibomvu unyaka wonke. Uma kwezinye izihlahla umbala ophuzi wamaqabunga usho ukugula noma ukubuna kwesizini, khona-ke ngezihlahla eziseHlathini Elibomvu lo mbala ujwayelekile.
17. Ihlathi eligwegwile likhula ePoland. Iziqu zezihlahla ezikuyo, ekuphakameni okuphansi ukusuka emhlabathini, zijika zifane nenhlabathi, lapho-ke, zenze ukugoba okubushelelezi, zibuyele endaweni emi mpo. Umthelela we-anthropogenic ehlathini elitshalwe amaJalimane ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yesibili usobala, kodwa ukuthi kungani lezi zihlahla zazitshalwa akucaci. Mhlawumbe lokhu kungumzamo wokwenza izikhala zokhuni zangaphambi kokugoba zendlela oyifunayo. Kodwa-ke, kusobala ukuthi izindleko zabasebenzi zokwenziwa kwezikhala ezinjalo ziphakeme kakhulu kunezindleko zabasebenzi ezidingekayo ukuthola izikhala ezigobile ngokhuni oluqondile lwesaha.
18. ECuronian Spit National Park esiFundeni saseKaliningrad, amaphayini akhula aqhamuke kunoma iluphi uhlangothi, kodwa hhayi ngokuma mpo, akha ihlathi iDancing. Icala lokudansa libhekwa njengezinhlobo zezimvemvane, ezibungu lazo elidla ihlumela le-apical kusuka kumahlumela amancane kaphayini. Isihlahla sivumela ihlumela elikhulu ngokusebenzisa ihlumela le-lateral, ngenxa yalokho isiqu siguqa ngezindlela ezihlukene njengoba sikhula.
19. Ihlathi lamatshe eliseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeChina akulona neze ihlathi. Le yinqwaba yamatshe e-lime afinyelela kumamitha angama-40 ukuphakama, kubukeka njengehlathi ngemuva komlilo onamandla. Ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi kuye kwasebenza ezinhlakeni ze-karst ezigidini zeminyaka, ngakho-ke uma unemicabango, ungabona izinhlobo eziningi zemihlobiso emadwaleni ezihlahla. Ingxenye ecishe ibe ngamakhilomitha angama-4002 ihlathi lamatshe seliguqulwe laba yipaki elihle elinezimpophoma, imihume, utshani bokuzenzela nezindawo zehlathi langempela.
20. Isimo sengqondo sesintu ngokhuni kanye nemikhiqizo yaso esetshenzisiwe ikhombisa ukuthi ebuhlanyeni babathengi ngokuhlanganyela kusekhona iziqhingi ezinengqondo. Emazweni athuthukile, ngaphezu kwengxenye yenani eliphelele lephepha selivele likhiqizwa ngephepha eliqoqiwe lemfucuza. Ngisho eminyakeni engama-30 eyedlule, inani elifanayo lama-25% lalithathwa njengempumelelo enkulu kwezemvelo. Isilinganiso esishintshayo sokusetshenziswa kwezingodo ezisagawulwa, amapaneli asuselwa emapulangwe namaphaneli nakho kuyamangalisa. Ngo-1970, ukukhiqizwa kwamapulangwe okusahena "ahlanzekile" kwakufana nokusuka ku-fiberboard naku-particleboard kuhlangene. Ngo-2000, lezi zingxenye zalinganiswa, kwase kuthi i-fiberboard ne-particleboard zahola. Manje ukusetshenziswa kwazo kucishe kuphindwe kabili kunokwesawuni okuvamile.
