Impilo kaKonstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (1857 - 1935) yaba yisibonelo esicacile sendlela umuntu othanda ngayo isayensi angaba ngayo usosayensi odumile naphezu kwakho konke. UTsiolkovsky wayengenayo impilo yensimbi (kunalokho, ngisho nokuphambene), wayengenakho ukusekelwa ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo kubazali bakhe ebusheni bakhe kanye nemali engenayo ebucayi eminyakeni yakhe evuthiwe, wenziwa inhlekisa ngabantu besikhathi sakhe nokugxekwa kozakwabo kwezesayensi. Kodwa ekugcineni uKonstantin Eduardovich nezindlalifa zakhe bafakazela ukuthi umphuphi weKaluga wayeqinisile.
Ungakhohlwa ukuthi uTsiolkovsky wayesevele eneminyaka yobudala (wayeneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-60), lapho iRussia yahlangabezana nolunye lwezinhlekelele ezinkulu emlandweni wayo - izinguquko ezimbili neMpi Yombango. Usosayensi wakwazi ukubekezelela zombili lezi zivivinyo, nokulahlekelwa ngamadodana amabili nendodakazi. Wabhala amaphepha ezesayensi angaphezu kuka-400, kanti uTsiolkovsky ngokwakhe wayethatha inkolelo yakhe ye-rocket njengethonya elithandekayo, kodwa lesibili lombono wakhe jikelele, lapho i-physics yayixubene nefilosofi.
UTsiolkovsky wayefuna indlela entsha yesintu. Ngokumangazayo, hhayi ukuthi wakwazi ukukukhomba kubantu ababesanda kululama egazini nasekungcoleni kwezingxabano zabazalwane. Okumangazayo ukuthi abantu bakholwa nguTsiolkovsky. Ngemuva nje kweminyaka engama-22 eshonile, kwethulwe isathelayithi yokuqala yokufakelwa eMhlabeni eSoviet Union, kwathi ngemuva kweminyaka emi-4, uYuri Gagarin wakhuphukela emkhathini. Kepha le minyaka engama-22 ibandakanya neminyaka emi-4 yeMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, kanye nokungezwani okumangazayo kokwakhiwa kabusha kwangemva kwempi. Imibono kaTsiolkovsky nomsebenzi wabalandeli bakhe kanye nabafundi banqoba zonke izithiyo.
1. Ubaba uKonstantin Tsiolkovsky wayeyisazi sehlathi. Njengasezikhundleni eziningi zikahulumeni “emazingeni aphansi” eRussia, maqondana nabasebenza emahlathini kwaqondakala ukuthi uzozitholela ukudla kwakhe. Kodwa-ke, u-Eduard Tsiolkovsky wayehlukaniswa ngokwethembeka kwakhe kwezifo ngaleso sikhathi futhi wayehlala kuphela emholweni omncane, esebenza njengothisha. Vele, amanye amahlathi awamthandi uzakwabo onjalo, ngakho-ke uTsiolkovsky wayevame ukuhamba. Ngaphandle kukaConstantine, umndeni wawunezingane eziyi-12, wayemncane kunabo bonke kubafana.
2. Ubumpofu bomndeni wakwaTsiolkovsky buchazwa kahle yisiqephu esilandelayo. Yize umama ayebandakanyeke emfundweni emndenini, ubaba ngandlela thile wanquma ukunika izingane inkulumo emfushane ngokujikeleza komhlaba. Ukucacisa le nqubo, wathatha i-apula, walibhoboza ngenaliti yokuluka, waqala ukuzungeza le naliti yokuluka. Izingane zathakaselwa kakhulu ukubona leli apula kangangokuba azizange ziyilalele incazelo kayise. Wathukuthela, waphonsa i-apula phezu kwetafula wahamba. Isithelo sadliwa ngaso leso sikhathi.
3. Eminyakeni engu-9 ubudala, uKostya omncane wagula ngomkhuhlane obomvu. Lesi sifo sithinte kakhulu ukuzwa komfana futhi sakuguqula kakhulu impilo yakhe eyalandela. UTsiolkovsky wahlakazeka, futhi labo ababemzungezile baqala ukunqena umfana ongezwa. Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, umama kaTsiolkovsky washona, okwaba yigalelo elisha kumlingiswa womfana. Cishe eminyakeni emithathu kuphela kamuva, eseqale ukufunda okuningi, uKonstantin wazitholela indlela - ulwazi aluthola lwamkhuthaza. Futhi ukungezwa, wabhala ekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe, waba uswazi olwalumqhuba impilo yakhe yonke.
4. Kakade eneminyaka engu-11, uTsiolkovsky waqala ukwenza izakhiwo zemishini ehlukahlukene kanye namamodeli ngezandla zakhe. Wenza onodoli namasleji, izindlu namawashi, amasleji nezinqola. Izinto zokwakha bezivala i-wax (esikhundleni seglue) nephepha. Lapho eneminyaka engu-14, wayesevele enza amamodeli ahambayo ezitimela kanye nezihlalo ezinamasondo, lapho iziphethu zazisebenza khona "njengezimoto". Eminyakeni engu-16 ubudala, uKonstantin waqoqa ngokuzimela i-lathe.
5. UTsiolkovsky wayehlala eMoscow iminyaka emithathu. Izizumbulu ezazithunyelwe kuye zivela ekhaya, wazichitha ekuzifundiseni, futhi yena uqobo wayephila ngokoqobo ngesinkwa nangamanzi. Kepha eMoscow kwakukhona umtapo wezincwadi omuhle - futhi wamahhala - waseChertkov. Lapho, uKonstantin akazange atholakale kuphela zonke izincwadi ezidingekayo, kodwa futhi wahlangana nezincwadi ezintsha zezincwadi. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlala okunjalo akukwazanga ukuhlala isikhathi eside - umzimba osuvele ubuthaka awukwazanga ukumelana. UTsiolkovsky wabuyela kuyise eVyatka.
6. Umkakhe uBarvara Tsiolkovsky wahlangana ngo-1880 edolobheni laseBorovsk, lapho athunyelwa khona ukuba ayosebenza njengothisha ngemuva kokuphasa ngempumelelo izivivinyo. Umshado waba yimpumelelo enkulu. Umkakhe wasekela uKonstantin Eduardovich kukho konke, yize wayekude nobuntu bezingelosi, isimo somphakathi wesayensi kuye kanye nokuthi uTsiolkovsky wasebenzisa ingxenye enkulu yemali yakhe ethobekile kwisayensi.
7. Umzamo wokuqala kaTsiolkovsky wokushicilela umsebenzi wesayensi usukela emuva ku-1880. Lo thisha oneminyaka engama-23 ubudala wathumela umsebenzi ngesihloko esichazayo esithi “Graphic Expression of Sensations” ehhovisi lokuhlela likamagazini waseRussia Wokucabanga. Kulo msebenzi, wazama ukufakazela ukuthi inani le-algebraic lemizwa emihle nemibi yomuntu ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe lilingana no-zero. Akumangazi ukuthi lo msebenzi awuzange ushicilelwe.
8. Encwadini yakhe ethi "Mechanics of gases" uTsiolkovsky waphinda wathola (eminyakeni engama-25 ngemuva kukaClausius, uBoltzmann noMaxwell) inkolelo yamagesi yamangqamuzana. Ku-Russian Physico-Chemical Society, lapho uTsiolkovsky athumela khona umsebenzi wakhe, baqagela ukuthi umbhali ubencishwa ukufinyelela ezincwadini zesayensi zanamuhla futhi waziswa "yiMechanics" kahle, yize yayingeyesibili. UTsiolkovsky wamukelwa ezinhlanganweni zeNhlangano, kepha uKonstantin Eduardovich akazange akuqinisekise ubulungu bakhe, azisola ngabo kamuva.
9. Njengothisha, uTsiolkovsky wayehlonishwa futhi engathandwa. Ukwazisa iqiniso lokuthi uchaze konke ngokulula nangokuqondakalayo, akazange anqikaze ukwenza amadivayisi namamodeli nezingane. Akuthandi ukunamathela ezimisweni. UKonstantin Eduardovich wenqaba ukufundiswa ngamanga kwezingane zabacebile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayezimisele ngezivivinyo ezazenziwa yizikhulu ukuqinisekisa noma ukuthuthukisa ibanga labo. Ukufumbathisa izivivinyo ezinjalo kwakubandakanya ingxenye enkulu yemali etholwa othisha, futhi ukulandela kukaTsiolkovsky ezimisweni kwalimaza lonke “ibhizinisi”. Ngakho-ke, ngosuku olwandulela izivivinyo, kwakuvame ukuvela ukuthi umhloli onezimiso kakhulu wayedinga ukuthatha uhambo lwebhizinisi ngokushesha. Ekugcineni, balahla uTsiolkovsky ngendlela eyayizoduma kamuva eSoviet Union - wayethunyelwe "ukukhushulwa" eKaluga.
10. Ngo-1886, uKE Tsiolkovsky, emsebenzini okhethekile, wafakazela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kwakhiwe isikebhe somoya esinensimbi yonke. Umbono, owethulwe ngumlobi mathupha eMoscow, wamukelwa, kodwa ngamagama kuphela, ethembisa umsunguli "ukusekelwa kokuziphatha". Akunakwenzeka ukuthi noma ngubani wayefuna ukuhlekisa ngomqambi, kepha ngo-1893 - 1894 wase-Austrian uDavid Schwartz wakha isikhumulo sezindiza esinezinsimbi zonke eSt. Petersburg ngemali yomphakathi, ngaphandle kwephrojekthi kanye nengxoxo yososayensi. Idivayisi ekhaphukhaphu kunomoya ayiphumelelanga, uSchwartz uthole amanye ama-ruble ayi-10 000 avela kwaMgcinimafa ukuze abuyekezwe futhi… wabaleka. Isikhumulo sezindiza iTsiolkovsky sakhiwa, kodwa ngo-1931 kuphela.
11. Esefudukele eKaluga, uTsiolkovsky akazange aziyeke izifundo zakhe zesayensi waphinde wenza ukutholwa kabusha. Ngalesi sikhathi waphinda umsebenzi kaHermann Helmholtz noLord Cavendish, ephakamisa ukuthi umthombo wamandla ezinkanyezi amandla adonsela phansi. Okufanele ukwenze, kwakungenakwenzeka ukubhalisela omagazini bangaphandle besayensi emholweni wothisha.
12. UTsiolkovsky wayengowokuqala ukucabanga ngokusetshenziswa kwama-gyroscopes endizeni. Okokuqala, waklama umlawuli we-axle othomathikhi we-axle regulator, wabe esehlongoza ukuthi kusetshenziswe umgomo wento ejikelezayo ukuze kulinganiswe izindiza.
13. Ngo-1897 uTsiolkovsky wazakhela owakhe umhubhe womoya wedizayini yokuqala. Amapayipi anjalo ayesevele esaziwa, kepha umhubhe womoya kaKonstantin Eduardovich waqhathaniswa - wahlanganisa amapayipi amabili ndawonye wafaka izinto ezahlukahlukene kuwo, okunikeza umbono ocacile womehluko wokumelana nomoya.
14. Kusukela esibayeni sesosayensi kwaphuma imisebenzi eminingana yesayensi. Eyokuqala kwakuyindaba ethi "Ngenyanga" (1893). Lokhu kwalandelwa yi- "The History of Relative Gravity" (kamuva eyabizwa nge- "Dreams of the Earth and the Sky"), "On the West", "On Earth and Beyond the Earth ngo-2017".
15. "Ukuhlolwa kwezikhala zomhlaba ezinamadivayisi e-jet" - lesi kwakuyisihloko sendatshana kaTsiolkovsky, ebeka isisekelo se-cosmonautics. Usosayensi wasungula ngobuciko futhi wafakazela umqondo kaNikolai Fedorov mayelana "nokungaxhasiwe" - izinjini zezindiza. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uTsiolkovsky uqobo wavuma ukuthi kuye imicabango kaFedorov yayifana ne-apula likaNewton - yafaka umfutho emibonweni kaTsiolkovsky.
16. Izindiza zokuqala zazenza nje izindiza ezinamahloni, kanti uTsiolkovsky wayesevele ezama ukubala amabutho e-G osonkanyezi ababezowenza. Wabeka izivivinyo ezinkukhu nasemaphela. Lesi sakamuva samelana nokugcwala ngokweqile okuphindwe kayikhulu. Wabala isivinini sesikhala sesibili futhi weza nomqondo wokuzinzisa iziphuphutheki zokuzenzela zoMhlaba (ngaleso sikhathi kwakungekho lelo gama) ngokushintshana.
17. Amadodana amabili kaTsiolkovsky azibulala. U-Ignat, owadlula emhlabeni ngo-1902, kungenzeka ukuthi wayengeke akwazi ukubhekana nobumpofu, onqenqemeni lobuphofu. U-Alexander wazilengisa ngo-1923. Enye indodana, u-Ivan, ishone ngo-1919 ngenxa ye-volvulus. Indodakazi u-Anna yafa ngo-1922 ngenxa yesifo sofuba.
18. Ucwaningo lokuqala oluhlukile lukaTsiolkovsky lwavela kuphela ngo-1908. Khona-ke umndeni, ngemizamo emangalisayo, wakwazi ukuthenga indlu emaphethelweni eKaluga. Isikhukhula sokuqala sawukhukhula, kepha kwakukhona izitebele namashedi egcekeni. Kulaba, kwakhiwa isitezi sesibili, esaba yindawo yokusebenza kaKonstantin Eduardovich.
Indlu ebuyiselwe kaTsiolkovsky. Isakhiwo esingaphezulu lapho bekufundwa khona singemuva
19. Kungenzeka ukuthi ubuhlakani bukaTsiolkovsky ngabe buye babonwa ngokujwayelekile nangaphambi kwenguquko, ukube bekungengenxa yokushoda kwezimali. Usosayensi umane akakwazanga ukudlulisela iningi lezinto zakhe ezisetshenzisiwe kumthengi ongaba khona ngenxa yokushoda kwemali. Isibonelo, wayekulungele ukunikezela amalungelo akhe obunikazi mahhala kunoma ngubani ovuma ukukhiqiza izinto ezisunguliwe. Umxhumanisi ekufuneni abatshalizimali unikezwe okungu-25% wentengiselwano engakaze ibonwe - ngeze. Akuzange kwenzeke nje ngengozi ukuthi incwajana yokugcina eyashicilelwa nguTsiolkovsky "ngaphansi kombuso wakudala" ngo-1916 yayinesihloko esithi "Usizi noGenius".
20. Kuyo yonke iminyaka yomsebenzi wakhe wesayensi ngaphambi kwenguquko, uTsiolkovsky wathola uxhaso kanye kuphela - wanikezwa ama-ruble angama-470 okwakhiwa komhubhe womoya. Ngo-1919, lapho umbuso waseSoviet, empeleni, wawungamanxiwa, wanikezwa impesheni yempilo futhi wanikezwa izabelo zesayensi (ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyizinga eliphakeme kakhulu lesibonelelo). Iminyaka engama-40 yomsebenzi wesayensi ngaphambi kwenguquko, uTsiolkovsky washicilela imisebenzi engama-50, eminyakeni engu-17 ngaphansi kwamandla eSoviet - 150.
21. Umsebenzi wesayensi nempilo kaTsiolkovsky ingaphela ngo-1920. UFedorov othile, isihambi esivela eKiev, waphikelela wasikisela ukuthi usosayensi athuthele e-Ukraine, lapho konke sekulungele ukwakhiwa komkhumbi-mkhathi. Endleleni, uFedorov wayesebhaleni elisebenzayo namalungu omhlophe ngaphansi komhlaba. Lapho amaKhekist ebopha uFedorov, uTsiolkovsky wasola. Nokho, ngemva kwamasonto amabili ejele, uKonstantin Eduardovich wakhululwa.
22. Ngo-1925 - 1926 uTsiolkovsky waphinde washicilela "Ukuhlolwa kwezikhala zomhlaba ngamadivayisi e-jet". Ososayensi ngokwabo bayibiza ngokuthi ukukhishwa kabusha, kepha wacishe wawuhlaziya ngokuphelele umsebenzi wakhe wakudala. Izimiso ze-jet propulsion bezicace bha, futhi ubuchwepheshe obukhona bokuqalisa, ukuhlomisa umkhumbi-mkhathi, ukuyipholisa nokubuyela eMhlabeni kwachazwa. Ngo-1929, e-Space Trains, wachaza amarokhethi amaningi. Empeleni, osomkhathi banamuhla basasuselwa emibonweni kaTsiolkovsky.
23. Izintshisekelo zikaTsiolkovsky zazingagcini kuphela ezindizeni ezisemoyeni nasezikhaleni. Wacwaninga futhi wachaza ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza amandla elanga namaza olwandle, aqinisa umswakama wamanzi, amakamelo okufaka umoya opholile, athuthukise izingwadule, waze wacabanga nangezitimela ezihamba ngesivinini esikhulu.
24. Ngawo-1930, udumo lukaTsiolkovsky lwaba ngempela emhlabeni wonke. Uthole izincwadi ezivela emhlabeni wonke, abezindaba bephephandaba beza eKaluga bezobuza umbono wabo ngodaba oluthile. Izindikimba zikahulumeni ze-USSR zacela ukubonisana. Isikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-65 sikasosayensi sagubha ngentokozo enkulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, uTsiolkovsky wahlala enesizotha ngokweqile ekuziphatheni nasempilweni yansuku zonke. Ngandlela thile wathonyelwa ukuya eMoscow ngesikhumbuzo, kodwa lapho u-A.M.Gorky ebhalela uTsiolkovsky ukuthi angathanda ukuza kuye eKaluga, usosayensi wenqaba ngesizotha. Kube yisiphazamiso kuye ukwamukela umbhali omkhulu ehhovisi lakhe, akubize ngokuthi "ukukhanya".
25. UKonstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky washona ngoSepthemba 19, 1935 ebulawa yithumba elibi esiswini. Izinkulungwane zabahlali baseKaluga nezivakashi ezivela kwamanye amadolobha beza ukuzovalelisa kusosayensi omkhulu. Ibhokisi lifakwe ehholo leNdlu Yesigodlo Samaphayona. Amaphephandaba aseCentral anikeze amakhasi aphelele kuTsiolkovsky, embiza ngokuguqula isayensi.
