ISydney Opera House sekuyisikhathi eside iwuphawu lomuzi noluphawu lwase-Australia. Ngisho nabantu abakude nobuciko nobuciko bokwakha bayayazi impendulo yombuzo wokuthi isakhiwo esihle kunazo zonke sesikhathi sethu sitholakala kuphi. Kepha bambalwa kubo abazi ukuthi yibuphi ubunzima abahleli bephrojekthi ababhekana nabo nokuthi ayengakanani amathuba okuba yiqhwa kwayo. Ngemuva kwe- "House of the Muses" ebonakala ilula futhi inomoya, eyisa izethameli ezweni lomculo nasemaphusheni, kufihlwe ukutshalwa kwemali kwe-titanic. Umlando wokwakhiwa kweSydney Opera House awuphansi ngokokuqala kokuklanywa kwawo.
Izigaba ezisemqoka zokwakhiwa kweSydney Opera House
Umqalisi wokwakha kwakungu-conductor waseBrithani uJ. Goossens, owadonsela ukunakekela kweziphathimandla ekungabikho kwedolobha nakulo lonke izwe lesakhiwo ngobubanzi obuhle nange-acoustics, ngentshisekelo ebonakalayo yabantu kwi-opera ne-ballet. Wabuye waqala ukuqoqa izimali (1954) wakhetha indawo yokwakha - iCape Bennelong, ezungezwe izinhlangothi ezintathu ngamanzi, etholakala ebangeni elingu-1 km ukusuka epaki emaphakathi. Imvume yokwakha yatholakala ngo-1955, kuncike ekunqatsheni ngokuphelele izimali zesabelomali. Lesi bekuyisizathu sokuqala sokubambezeleka kokwakhiwa: iminikelo kanye nemali engenayo evela kwilotto emenyezelwe ngokukhethekile yaqoqwa cishe iminyaka engamashumi amabili.
Umncintiswano wamazwe omhlaba womklamo omuhle kakhulu weSydney Opera House unqotshwe ngumdwebi wezakhiwo waseDenmark uJ.Utzon, ohlongoze ukuhlobisa itheku ngesakhiwo esifana nomkhumbi ohamba phakathi kwamagagasi. Umdwebo okhonjiswe ikhomishini ubukeke ufana nomdwebo, umbhali owayengaziwa kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi wayengathembeli ekuwineni. Kepha inhlanhla yayiseceleni kwakhe: kwakungumsebenzi wakhe owanxenxa usihlalo - u-Eero Saarinen, umakhi wezakhiwo onegunya elingenakonakala ekwakhiweni kwamaphrojekthi womphakathi. Isinqumo besingavumelani ngazwilinye, kodwa ekugcineni umdwebo ka-Utzon wabonwa njenge-ergonomic kakhulu, uma kuqhathaniswa nawo amanye amaphrojekthi abukeka enzima futhi enqabile. Wabuye wabukeka emangalisa kuzo zonke izinhlangothi futhi wabheka nezimo zemvelo ngamanzi.
Ukwakhiwa, okwaqala ngo-1959, kwaqhubeka iminyaka eyi-14 esikhundleni se-4 ehleliwe futhi kwafuneka ama-dollar ayizigidi ezingama-102 e-Australia uma kuqhathaniswa nesisekelo 7. Izizathu zachazwa zombili ngokungabi bikho kwemali kanye nemfuneko yeziphathimandla yokwengeza amahholo ama-2 ngaphezulu kulo msebenzi. Ama-shell-spheres ahlongozwe ohlelweni lokuqala awakwazanga ukuwamukela wonke futhi anokusilela kwe-acoustic. Kuthathe iminyaka yokwakha ukuthola esinye isixazululo nokulungisa izinkinga.
Izinguquko zibe nomthelela omubi esilinganisweni: ngenxa yesisindo esandayo sebhilidi, isisekelo esakhiwe eSydney Harbour bekufanele siqhunyiswe bese kufakwa esisha, kufaka phakathi izinqwaba ezingama-580. Lokhu, kuhambisana nezidingo ezintsha zokwengezwa kweziza zezohwebo (abatshalizimali bebefuna ukuthola isabelo sabo) kanye nokuqandulwa kwemali evela kwi-lottery yombuso ngo-1966, kubangele i-Utzon ukuthi yenqabe emsebenzini obaluleke kakhulu womsebenzi wayo nasekuvakasheleni i-Australia ngokuzayo.
Abaphikisana nalo mklamo basola abakhi ngokukhwabanisa kanti empeleni babeqinisile. Kepha babengenalo ithuba lokutshala imali kwizigidi zokuqala eziyi-7: ngaleso sikhathi yayingekho imishini yokuphakamisa ezintantayo e-Australia (i-crane ngayinye yokufaka imishayo ibiza i-100,000 ngokwayo), izixazululo eziningi zazintsha futhi zidinga imali eyengeziwe. Zingaphezulu kuka-2000 izigaba zophahla olungisiwe ezenziwe ngokwamaskethi ahlukene, ubuchwepheshe kwavela ukuthi babiza kakhulu futhi buyinkimbinkimbi.
Izinto zokubasa kanye nophahla nazo zi-odwe ngaphandle. 6000 m2 ingilazi namayunithi angaphezu kwesigidi esingu-1 wamathayili amhlophe nokhilimu (azulejo) akhiqizwa emazweni ase-Europe ngokulandelana okukhethekile. Ukuthola indawo ekahle yophahla, amathayili afakwa ngomshini, indawo yokumboza ephelele yayingama-1.62 ha. I-cherry ngaphezulu ukufakwa okukhethekile okumisiwe okulahlekile kumklamo wokuqala. Abakhi babengenalo nje ithuba lokuphothula lo msebenzi ngaphambi kuka-1973.
Incazelo yesakhiwo, i-facade nokuhlobisa kwangaphakathi
Ngemuva kokuvulwa okukhulu, iSydney Opera House ngokushesha yatholwa ngobuciko be-Expressionism kanye nokuheha okuyinhloko kwezwekazi. Izithombe ezinomfanekiso wakhe zazikhanya emaphosta amafilimu, omagazini kanye namakhadi wokukhumbula ayizikhumbuzo. Isakhiwo esikhulu (amathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-161) sasibukeka njengesikebhe esincane noma amagobolondo amhlophe njengeqhwa ashintsha umthunzi wawo lapho ukukhanya kukhanya. Umbono wombhali wokuthwebula ukukhanya kwelanga nokuhamba kwamafu emini nokukhanya okukhanyayo ebusuku kuzithethelele ngokuphelele: i-facade namanje ayidingi imihlobiso eyengeziwe.
Izinto zasendaweni zazisetshenziselwa umhlobiso wangaphakathi: ukhuni, i-plywood ne-pink granite. Ngaphezu kwamahholo amakhulu ama-5 anabantu abangafika ku-5738, ihholo lokwamukela izivakashi, izindawo zokudlela eziningana, izitolo, amathilomu, izitudiyo eziningi namakamelo okusiza abekhona ngaphakathi kwalesi sakhiwo. Ubulukhuni besakhiwo sebuyinganekwane: indaba yesigijimi esilahlekile yahamba yangena esiteji ngepasela ngesikhathi somdlalo yaziwa yiwo wonke umuntu eSydney.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo nezici zokuvakasha
Umbhali womqondo nonjiniyela wephrojekthi enkulu, uJorn Utzon, uthole imiklomelo eminingi ehlonishwayo ngawo, kubandakanya nePritzker ngo-2003. Wangena emlandweni njengomakhi wesibili, okwakhiwa kwakhe kwamukelwa njengeNdawo Yamagugu Omhlaba ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe. Indida yesimo ibingagcini nje ngokwala kukaJorn ukusebenza kulo msebenzi eminyakeni engu-7 ngaphambi kokuthweswa iziqu nokuvakashela iSydney Opera House ngokomthetho. Iziphathimandla zendawo, ngasizathu simbe, azange zisho igama lakhe ngesikhathi kuvulwa futhi azimbhalanga etafuleni lababhali emnyango (obekuhluke ngokweqile kunendondo yegolide ayinikezwe evela kuMkhandlu Wabakhi Bezakhiwo baseSydney nezinye izinhlobo zokubonga ezivela emphakathini wezamasiko).
Ngenxa yezinguquko eziningi nokuntuleka kwepulani yokwakha yangempela, kunzima impela ukuhlola umnikelo wangempela ka-Utzon. Kodwa kwaba nguye owathuthukisa lo mqondo, wasusa ubuningi besakhiwo, waxazulula izingqinamba zendawo, okunamathiselwe ophahleni okuphephile kanye nezinkinga ezinkulu ngama-acoustics. Abakhi nabaqambi base-Australia babenomsebenzi ophelele wokuqedela iphrojekthi nokuhlobisa ingaphakathi. Ngokusho kochwepheshe abaningi, abakwazanga ukubhekana nalo msebenzi. Eminye imisebenzi ekwenzeni ngcono kanye nokwenziwa kwemisindo isenziwa kuze kube namuhla.
Amanye amaqiniso athakazelisayo ahlobene nokutholwa nokuthuthukiswa kwenkimbinkimbi afaka:
- ukufunwa njalo nokugcwala. ISydney Opera House yamukela ababukeli abaphakathi kuka-1.25 no-2 million ngonyaka. Inani lezivakashi eziza nezithombe zangaphandle akunakwenzeka ukubalwa. Uhambo lwasekhaya lwenziwa ikakhulukazi emini, labo abafisa ukuya emidlalweni yantambama badinga ukubhuka amathikithi ngaphambi kwesikhathi;
- ukusebenza ngobuningi. Izindlu ze-opera, ngaphezu kwenhloso yazo enkulu, zisetshenziselwa ukuhlela imikhosi, amakhonsathi kanye nokwenziwa kwabantu abadumile: kusuka kuNelson Mandela kuya kuPapa;
- ukufinyelela okuvulekele ngokuphelele izivakashi futhi ayikho ikhodi yokugqoka. ISydney Opera House yamukela izivakashi izinsuku eziyisikhombisa ngesonto, ngaphandle kukaKhisimusi noGood Friday nje kuphela;
- ukuqashelwa komhlaba wonke kokuhlukile. Lesi sakhiwo sifakwe ngokufanelekile kubuciko obenziwe ngabantu bekhulu lama-20, lesi sakhiwo saziwa njengokwakha okuphumelele kakhulu futhi okuvelele kwezakhiwo zesimanje;
- ubukhona besitho esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni esinamapayipi ayi-10 000 ehholo lekhonsathi elikhulu.
I-repertoire nezinhlelo ezengeziwe
Abalandeli bomculo waseRussia banesizathu esizwakalayo sokuziqhenya: ucezu lokuqala olwalubekwe esiteji se-House of Muses kwakungu S. Prokofiev's opera War and Peace. Kodwa repertoire yaseshashalazini ayigcini kumculo we-opera nomculo we-symphonic. Kuwo wonke amahholo alo, kwenziwa izigcawu ezahlukahlukene nemidlalo: kusuka emidlalweni yaseshashalazini kuya emikhosini yamafilimu.
Izinhlangano zamasiko ezinamathele kule nkimbinkimbi - i- "Australian Opera" neSydney Theatre, zidume umhlaba wonke. Kusukela ngo-1974, ngosizo lwabo, ukwenziwa okuhle kakhulu nabadlali bethulwe kwizethameli, kufaka phakathi ama-opera kazwelonke nemidlalo yeshashalazi.
Inani elilinganisiwe lemicimbi ebanjelwe lifinyelela kuma-3000 ngonyaka. Ukujwayela i-repertoire noku-oda amathikithi, kufanele usebenzise izinsiza zewebhusayithi esemthethweni. Uhlelo lweSydney Opera House luqhubeka njalo. Isu lokuqoshwa kwedijithali kokudlala kwabo ngekhwalithi ephezulu, kulandelwe ukuboniswa ku-TV nakuma-cinema, yize besaba, kudonse ababukeli abaningi. Ukuqamba okuhle kakhulu kwamukelwa njengokwakhiwa kwendawo evulekile i-Forecourt ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane entsha yemidlalo, imibukiso namakhonsathi osebeni lwaseSydney Bay.
