Uhlala ehlane le-taiga, awunagesi futhi awunakho ukuxhumana nomhlaba wangaphandle. Lokhu okucatshangwayo kuze kube seqophelweni lokungenzeki yilo kuphela ithuba emhlabeni wamanje lokungasebenzisi amakhompyutha. Ngisho amawashi kufanele abe ngomshini - noma yiliphi iwashi elisebenza ngogesi lineprosesa yakudala.
Impucuko yanamuhla ayinakwenzeka ngaphandle kwamakhompyutha. Futhi akukhulunywa ngamakhompyutha wethu owathandayo, ama-laptops nama-smartphone. Umhlaba ungenza ngaphandle kwabo. Yebo, omunye umuntu kuzodingeka abhale ngosiba lokudweba bese edweba ngopende, kepha amakhono anjalo awalahleki ngokuphelele. Kepha ukuphathwa kwezinqubo zokukhiqiza eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu noma ukuthuthwa ngaphandle kwamakhompyutha kumane nje akunakwenzeka. Yize emashumini ambalwa edlule, konke bekuhlukile.
1. Ukukhiqizwa kwekhompyutha yokuqala ye-elektroniki i-ENIAC, eyadalwa e-USA ngo-1945, kwabiza u- $ 500,000. Isilo esikhulu samathani angu-20 sisebenzise ugesi ongu-174 kW futhi sinezibani ezingaphezu kuka-17,000. Imininingwane yokubala ifakwe kwikhompyutha yokuqala kusuka kumakhadi afakiwe. Ukuze kubalwe imingcele eyenziwe lula ngokweqile yokuqhuma kwebhomu le-hydrogen, kuthathe amakhadi wezibhakela angaphezu kwesigidi. Ngentwasahlobo ka-1950, i-ENIAC yazama ukudala isibikezelo sezulu sosuku olulandelayo. Kuthathe isikhathi esiningi ukuhlunga nokuphrinta amakhadi afakwe isibhakela, kanye nokufaka amalambu ahlulekile, ukuthi ukubalwa kwesibikezelo samahora angama-24 alandelayo kuthathe amahora angama-24 ncamashi, okusho ukuthi, esikhundleni sengxabano yasemini nxazonke yemoto, ososayensi bavele babuka ngewindi. Noma kunjalo, umsebenzi wesimo sezulu wabhekwa njengempumelelo.
2. Umdlalo wokuqala wekhompyutha wavela ngo-1952. Yadalwa nguProfesa Alexander Douglas njengomfanekiso wesifundo sakhe sobudokotela. Umdlalo wawubizwa nge-OXO futhi wawungukusebenzisa ikhompyutha komdlalo weTic-Tac-Toe. Inkundla yokudlala iboniswe esikrinini ngesinqumo samaphikseli angama-35 ngo-16. Umsebenzisi odlala ngokumelene nekhompyutha wenze ukuhamba esebenzisa idiski yocingo.
3. Ngo-1947, uMbutho Wezempi, uMbutho Wezomoya kanye ne-US Census Bureau bayalela ikhompyutha enamandla enkampanini kaJohn Eckert noJohn Mauchly. Ukuthuthukiswa kwenziwa kuphela ngezindleko zesabelomali sikahulumeni. Ngokubala kwabantu okulandelayo, babengenasikhathi sokwenza ikhompyutha, kepha nokho, ngo-1951, amakhasimende athola umshini wokuqala, obizwa nge-UNIVAC. Ngenkathi inkampani ka-Eckert noMauchly imemezela inhloso yayo yokukhipha amakhompyutha ayi-18 kulawa, ozakwabo engqungqutheleni banquma ukuthi inombolo enjalo izogcwalisa imakethe eminyakeni eminingi ezayo. Ngaphambi kokuthi amakhompyutha e-UNIVAC aphelelwe yisikhathi, u-Eckert noMauchly babesanda kukhipha imishini engu-18. Eyokugcina, eyayisebenza enkampanini enkulu yomshuwalense, yavalwa ngo-1970.
4. Kusukela ngehlobo lowe-2019, isihloko secomputer enamandla kunawo wonke emhlabeni siphethwe yi- "Summit" yaseMelika ngonyaka wesibili. Ukusebenza kwayo, okubalwa kusetshenziswa amabhentshi ajwayelekile weLinapack, kungama-Gigaflops ayizigidi eziyi-148.6 (ukusebenza kwama-desktops asekhaya kungamakhulu amaGigaflops). Ingqungquthela ithatha izakhiwo ezingama-520 m22... Ihlanganiswe kusuka cishe ku-1,000 22-core processor. Uhlelo lokupholisa lwekhompiyutha olukhulu luzungeza ama-cubic metres ayi-15 wamanzi futhi lusebenzisa amandla emindenini ejwayelekile engaba ngu-8,000. Ingqungquthela ibize izigidi ezingama- $ 325. I-China ingumholi wesibalo sabasebenzisi bekhompiyutha. Kunemishini engama-206 esebenza kuleli. E-United States kufakwe ama-supercomputer ayi-124, kuyilapho kune-4 kuphela eRussia.
5. I-hard drive yokuqala yadalwa yi-IBM ye-US Air Force. Ngokwenkontileka yenkampani, inkampani bekufanele yenze inkomba yekhadi lezinto ezingama-50,000 futhi inikeze ukufinyelela okusheshayo ngakunye kwazo. Umsebenzi waqedwa kungakapheli neminyaka emibili. Ngenxa yalokhu, ngoSepthemba 4, 1956, umphakathi wanikezwa ikhabethe eliyimitha elilodwa nengxenye ukuphakama ngamamitha ayi-1.7 futhi enesisindo esicishe sibe ithani, elibizwa nge-IBM 350 Disk Storage Unit. I-hard drive yokuqala emhlabeni ibiqukethe amadiski angama-50 anobubanzi obungamasentimitha angama-61 futhi iqukethe imininingwane engu-3.5 MB.
6.Iprosesa encane kunazo zonke emhlabeni yadalwa yi-IBM ngonyaka we-2018. I-chip enosayizi wamamilimitha ayi-1 × 1, equkethe ama-transistor ayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amaningana, iprosesa ephelele. Iyakwazi ukwamukela, ukugcina nokucubungula imininingwane ngejubane elifanayo nabaprosesa be-x86 abakhishwa ngawo-1990. Lokhu nakanjani akwanele kumakhompyutha wanamuhla. Kodwa-ke, la mandla anele ngokwanele ukuxazulula izinkinga ezisebenzisekayo ezingahlobene nobunjiniyela bekhompyutha “obuphezulu” noma izibalo zesayensi. I-microprocessor ingabala kalula inani lezimpahla ezinqolobaneni futhi ixazulule izinkinga zokuhamba. Kodwa-ke, le processor ayikangeni ekukhiqizweni kwe-serial - ngemisebenzi yanamuhla, noma ngabe inani lentengo lizungeze amasenti ayi-10, usayizi wayo omncane weqile ngokweqile.
7. Imakethe yomhlaba yamakhompyutha amile ibilokhu ikhombisa ukuguquguquka okungekuhle iminyaka eyi-7 - okokugcina ukukhula kokuthengisa kwaqoshwa ngo-2012. Ngisho iqhinga lezibalo alisizanga - ama-laptops, empeleni, asondele kumadivayisi eselula, nawo abhaliswa kumakhompyutha amile. Kepha lo mqondo wakwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukwenza ubuso obuhle kumdlalo omubi - ukuwa kwemakethe kubalwa ngamaphesenti ambalwa. Noma kunjalo, lo mkhuba ucacile - inani elikhulayo labantu lithanda amaphilisi nama-smartphone.
8. Ngesizathu esifanayo - ukwanda kwamathebulethi kanye nama-smartphone - imininingwane yenani lamakhompyutha akho emazweni ahlukene omhlaba ayaphelelwa yisikhathi. Ukubalwa kokugcina okunje kwenziwa yi-International Telecommunication Union emuva ngo-2004. Ngokusho kwale mininingwane, isimo esinekhompyutha kakhulu kwakuyiSan Marino encane - indawo encane ebanjelwe e-Italy. Kwakunama-desktops angama-727 kubantu abangu-1 000 eSan Marino. I-United States yayinamakhompyutha angama-554 kubantu abayinkulungwane, ilandelwa iSweden ngekhompyutha eyodwa kubantu ababili. I-Russia enamakhompyutha angama-465 ibekwe endaweni yesi-7 kulesi silinganiso. Kamuva, i-International Telecommunication Union ishintshele endleleni yokubala abasebenzisi be-Intanethi, yize ibukeka ingenampikiswano - ngabe umuntu usebenzisa ikhompyutha yedeskithophu, ilaptop, ithebhulethi kanye ne-smartphone exhunywe kwi-Intanethi, ngabe lo ngumsebenzisi oyedwa noma u-4? Noma kunjalo, ezinye iziphetho zingathathwa kulezi zibalo. Ngokusho kwakhe, ngo-2017, izakhamizi zaseNorway, eDenmark, eFalkland Islands nase-Iceland zazicishe zixhumeke ngokuphelele kwi-Intanethi - isilinganiso "sokusetshenziswa kwe-Intanethi" ezindaweni zabo seqa ama-95%. Kodwa-ke, ubukhulu bemiphumela abukho esikalini. ENew Zealand, ebekwe endaweni ye-15, izakhamuzi ezingama-88% zine-Intanethi. ERussia, izakhamizi ezingama-76.4% zixhunywe kwi-World Wide Web - ngama-41 emhlabeni.
9. Amasmili ekhompyutha, noma, ngamanye amazwi, izithonjana zingubufakazi obucacile bokuthi kwesinye isikhathi ukungafaneleki kochwepheshe kuguqula kanjani umhlaba. Ngo-1969, uVladimir Nabokov, umbhali wenoveli ethi "Lolita", waphakamisa ukwethula uphawu lomfanekiso oluchaza imizwa. Okungahle kuthakazelise - igama lomculi lisikisela ukufaka amagama esikhundleni sezimpawu, ukubuyela emuva kuma-runes noma ukubhala kwe-cuneiform! Noma kunjalo, umbono ozwakalisiwe, njengoba sibona, usetshenzisiwe ekusebenzeni. UScott Fallman, obelokhu evikela iziqu zakhe zobudokotela eMassachusetts Institute of Technology, waziwa emhlabeni hhayi ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe omuhle emkhakheni wamanethiwekhi we-neural ne-semantic, kodwa ngenxa yokusungulwa kwezimpawu 🙂 no :-(.
10. Ziningi izincwadi ezibhaliwe mayelana nokuvukela komshini omkhulu (noma, ngenye indlela, inethiwekhi yamakhompiyutha) kubantu. Futhi lokhu kudilika kwezinto ezesabekayo ezisezingeni eliphakeme hhayi eliphakeme kangako kwamunca umyalezo wokuqala wabalobi bomqondo "wokuvukelwa komshini". Kepha wayenengqondo enhle. Ngokombono womqondo wekhompyutha ongenalutho, ukuziphatha komuntu kubukeka kungalungile, futhi kwesinye isikhathi kungamampunge. Yimiphi nje imicikilisho ehlotshaniswa nemiqondo yokuthi "ukupheka" kanye "nokuzala"! Esikhundleni sokuthatha ukudla ngendlela yako yasekuqaleni noma ukwenza ukukhwelana okulula kowesilisa nowesifazane, abantu bazikhathaza ngezinqubo ezingenangqondo ngokweqile. Ngakho-ke, "ukuvukela imishini" okudala akuyona isifiso sokunqothula umphakathi wesintu. Lesi yisifiso samakhompyutha esizitholele ubuhlakani ngokuzumayo ukuze kube lula, kube nezizathu zokuphila kwabantu.
11. Ngama-1980s eSoviet Union, abalandeli bemidlalo yokuqala yekhompyutha babengathengi ama-disc nawo, kodwa omagazini. Abasebenzisi banamuhla kufanele bakwazise ukuzinikezela kwabadlali bokuqala. Kwakudingeka ukuthenga umagazini lapho ikhodi yomdlalo yaphrintwa khona, uyifaka ngesandla kusuka kukhibhodi, qala futhi ulondoloze umdlalo ku-analogue ye-flash drive ngaleso sikhathi - ikhasethi lekhasethi. Ngemuva komdlalo onjalo, ukufaka umdlalo usuka ekhasethini kubukeke kufana nokudlala kwengane, yize iteyipu yekhasethi ingaphuka. Bese kuthi-ke ama-TV ajwayelekile abe ngumqaphi.
12. Umphumela lapho isichazamazwi, iprosesa lamagama noma idivayisi yeselula iqala ukucabanga ngomuntu ngenkathi uthayipha, ukulungisa amagama athayishwe ngokungafanele, ngokusho kobuhlakani bomshini, kubizwa ngokuthi yi "Cupertino Effect". Kodwa-ke, idolobha laseCupertino, elisesifundazweni saseMelika iCalifornia, linobudlelwano obungaqondile ngqo naleli gama. Kwamagama okuqala ama-processor, igama lesiNgisi elithi "cooperative" lalichazwa - "ukusebenzisana". Uma umsebenzisi alithayiphe leli gama ndawonye, umprosesa walishintshela ngokuzenzakalela egameni ledolobha elingaziwa laseMelika. Iphutha lalisabalele kangangokuthi alingenanga emakhasini abezindaba kuphela, kodwa nakwimibhalo esemthethweni. Kepha, kunjalo, kuze kube ukusangana kwamanje ngomsebenzi we-T9, akuhlalanga lutho kunelukuluku elihlekisayo.
