IFrance yizwe elidume kakhulu emhlabeni. I-France izwe lokwehluka okumangalisayo. Inezintaba ezineqhwa laphakade, nezindawo ezishisayo, iParis kanye nemizana eyelusayo, izitimela zezinhlamvu zesimanjemanje nemifula eyisicaba ethwala amanzi ayo kancane.
Vele, ukuheha kweFrance akuyona imvelo kuphela. Kukhazinyuliswe ngababhali abakhulu kunabo bonke, umlando ocebile wezwe ushiye izikhumbuzo eziningi nokubuka eFrance. Kakade, kuyalingana kakhulu ukuhamba ngomgwaqo abahamba ngawo oMusketeers, ukubheka isigodlo lapho iCount of Monte Cristo yesikhathi esizayo yachitha khona iminyaka eminingi, noma ukuma esigcawini lapho kwabulawa khona amaTemplars. Kepha emlandweni waseFrance nobungcweti bawo, ungathola izinto eziningi ezithokozisayo, noma ngabe uhamba kude nezindlela ezishaywe izazi-mlando nemihlahlandlela.
1. INkosi yamaFranks, kwathi kamuva uMbusi waseNtshonalanga, uCharlemagne, owabusa ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-8 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-9, wayengeyena nje umbusi ofanele. Insimu ayibusayo yayiphindwe kabili kunaleyo yaseFrance yanamuhla, kepha uCharles wayengathandi imikhankaso yezempi nokwandiswa kwamazwe kuphela. Wayefundile kakhulu (ngesikhathi sakhe) futhi ethanda ukwazi. Empini nama-Avars, ayehlala cishe endaweni yase-Austria yanamuhla, kwathathwa uphondo olukhulu oluhlotshisiwe phakathi kwempango ecebile. Bachazela uKarl ukuthi lolu akulona uphondo, kodwa izinyo, futhi amazinyo anjalo akhula ezindlovu e-Asia ekude. Ngaleso sikhathi inxusa lalisiya eBaghdad liya kuHarun al-Rashid. Phakathi kwemisebenzi eyabelwa inxusa kubalwa ukulethwa kwendlovu. U-Al-Rashid wanikeza osebenza naye waseFrank indlovu enkulu emhlophe egama lingu-Abul-Abba. Eminyakeni engaphansi kwengu-5, indlovu yalethwa (kufaka phakathi nolwandle emkhunjini okhethekile) kuKarl. U-Emperor wajabula futhi wabeka indlovu eKing's Park, lapho agcina khona ezinye izilwane ezixakile. Engafuni ukuhlukaniswa nentandokazi yakhe, uKarl waqala ukumthatha emikhankasweni, eyabulala isilwane esihle. Komunye wemikhankaso, ngenkathi ewela iRhine, u-Abul-Abba washona ngaphandle kwesizathu. Indlovu kungenzeka ukuthi yabulawa ukutheleleka noma ukudla okunoshevu.
2. AmaFulentshi ngokuvamile ahle kakhulu ngomsebenzi wawo. NgoLwesihlanu ntambama, impilo iba yiqhwa ngisho nasezinkampanini ezizimele. Osonkontileka bakwamanye amazwe bahlekisa ngokuthi amaFrance azohambisana nanoma yiziphi izicelo zakho uma ungamthinti kusuka ngoMeyi 1 kuya ku-Agasti 31, ngemuva kuka-7 ekuseni ngoLwesihlanu, ngezimpelasonto naphakathi kuka-12 no-2 ntambama phakathi nezinsuku. Kodwa ngisho nangemuva kokujwayelekile, abasebenzi bezikhungo zesabelomali kanye namabhizinisi ombuso bagqama. Balinganiselwa ezigidini eziyisithupha, futhi yibo (kanye nabafundi abalungiselela ukuthatha izindawo zabo) abahlela izibhelu ezidumile zaseFrance. Abasebenzi bakahulumeni baneqoqo elikhulu lamalungelo okungenani kwemithwalo yemfanelo. Kukhona ihlaya lokuthi ukuze usebenze emkhakheni womphakathi udinga ukwenza imisebenzi yakho ngokungafanele ngangokunokwenzeka - ukuze ulahle isisebenzi esinjalo, abaphathi baphoqeleka ukuba bamthumele ukuze anyuselwe esikhundleni. Ngokuvamile, njengoba uZelensky Kolyush ongumFulentshi owehlulekile (usomahlaya owagijimela umongameli waseFrance ngo-1980) encokola: "Umama wayeyisisebenzi sikahulumeni, nobaba akazange asebenze."
3. Umthombo obaluleke kakhulu wemali engenayo kwisabelomali sombuso waseFrance ngekhulu le-16 - 17 kwaba ukuthengiswa kwezikhala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ayikho imizamo yokuvimbela lohwebo ukuthi isebenze - isilingo besisikhulu kakhulu ukuthi singangenisa imali esikhwameni somnotho ngokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, futhi size sithathe nokufumbathisa kumuntu olambele ukulamba. Uma ngo-1515, ngenani elaziwa kahle lezikhala zikahulumeni ezingama-5 000, ezingama-4041 zazo zathengiswa, khona-ke eminyakeni eyikhulu nohhafu kamuva kwakwaziwa kuphela ukuthi okuthunyelwe okungu-46 047 kwakuthengisiwe, futhi akekho noyedwa owayazi inani lazo eliphelele.
4. Ngokwethiyori, yinkosi noma inkosi enombuso eyayiwanike lelo lungelo eyayingakha inqaba eFrance yangenkathi ephakathi. Kunengqondo impela - abanikazi bezinqaba abazimela ezweni, kuba lula ukuzibamba noma ukuxoxisana nabo. Ngokwenzayo, ama-vassal akha izinqaba ngokuzikhethela, kwesinye isikhathi ngisho ne-suzerain yabo (isigodlo sasebukhosini sezinga eliphakeme) zaziswa kuphela. Abaphathi abaphezulu baphoqeleka ukuthi babekezelele lokhu: ukuzakhela isigodlo inqaba yakhe kuyisikhali esikhulu sokulwa. Futhi lapho inkosi ifunda ngokwakhiwa okungekho emthethweni, futhi amakhosi awahlali unomphela. Ngakho-ke, eFrance, okuthe ngezikhathi ezinhle kakhulu yafaka amakhulu ama-knights ekusebenzeni, manje kunezinqaba ezigciniwe eziyizi-5 000 kuphela. Cishe inani elifanayo selinikezwa abavubukuli noma kushiwo kumadokhumenti. Amakhosi kwesinye isikhathi ajezisa abantu bawo ...
5. Imfundo yesikole eFrance, ngokusho kwabo bobabili abazali babafundi kanye nothisha, isondela enhlekeleleni. Izikole zomphakathi zamahhala emadolobheni amakhulu ziya ziba inhlanganisela yamakamu abasebasha namakamu okufuduka. Amakilasi ajwayelekile lapho kuphela abafundi abambalwa abakhuluma isiFulentshi. Imfundo esikoleni sangasese ibiza okungenani ama-euro ayi-1 000 ngonyaka, futhi kubhekwa njengempumelelo enkulu ukufaka ingane esikoleni esinjalo. Izikole zamaKatolika zisabalele eFrance. Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule imindeni ekholwa kakhulu kuphela eyayithumela izingane zayo lapho. Manje, ngaphandle kwamasiko aqinile, izikole zamaKatolika zigcwele inqwaba yabafundi. EParis kuphela, izikole zamaKatolika zenqaba ukwamukelwa kwabafundi abangama-25,000 ngonyaka. Ngasikhathi sinye, izikole zamaKhatholika zenqatshelwe ukwanda, futhi umbuso ezikoleni zikahulumeni uhlala unqunywa.
6. U-Alexandre Dumas wabhala kwelinye lamanoveli akhe ukuthi abezimali abakaze bathandwe futhi bahlala bejabule ngokubulawa kwabo - baqoqa intela. Kukho konke, kunjalo, umbhali omkhulu wayeqinisile, izikhulu zentela azithandwa ngaso sonke isikhathi. Futhi ungazithanda kanjani, uma izinombolo zibonisa kahle ingcindezi ekhulayo yabezindaba yentela. Ngemuva kokwethulwa kwentela ejwayelekile ngo-1360 (ngaphambi kokuthi leyo ntela iqoqelwe impi kuphela), isabelomali sombuso waseFrance sas (ngokulingana) amathani esiliva angama-46.4, okuthe kuphela kuwo amathani ayi-18,6 aqoqwa kwizakhamizi - amanye ahlinzekwa ngemali evela emazweni asebukhosini. Ekuphakameni kweMpi Yeminyaka Eyikhulu, kwase kuqoqwe amathani esiliva angaphezu kwama-50 avela endaweni yaseFrance, eyayincipha kakhulu. Ngokubuyiselwa kobuqotho bendawo, imali yakhuphuka yaya kumathani ayi-72. Ngaphansi kukaHenry II ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16, amathani esiliva ayi-190 ngonyaka ayekhishwa eFrance. UKhadinali Mazarin, owayehlekwa usulu ngu-Alexander Dumas ofanayo, wayenemali elingana namathani ayizinkulungwane zesiliva. Izindleko zombuso zifinyelele phezulu ngaphambi kweGreat French Revolution - lapho-ke zaba ngamathani ayi-1,800 esiliva. Ngasikhathi sinye, inani labantu baseFrance ngo-1350 kwathi ngo-1715 lalingabantu abayizigidi ezingama-20. Izimali ezikhonjisiwe yizindleko zombuso kuphela, okusho ukuthi, umgcinimafa wasebukhosini. Amakhosi endawo angabanyakazisa abalimi abangaphansi kwabo ngaphansi kwesizathu esizwakalayo njengempi noma umshado. Ukubheka: isabelomali samanje saseFrance silingana nezindleko zamathani ayizi-2 500 esiliva enabantu abangu-67 million.
7. AmaFulentshi ayenezingxoxo zawo ze-Intanethi ezinde, njengokuxakile njengoba kungazwakala, ngaphambi kokuvela kwe-Intanethi. Imodemu yayixhunywe kulayini wocingo, inikela ngejubane lama-bps ayi-1200 okutholwa kanye nama-bps angama-25 okudlulisa. AmaFulentshi ahlaselayo, ikakhulukazi inkampani yokubusa yedwa iFrance Telecom, kanye nemodemu engabizi kakhulu, nayo yaqashisa ukuqapha kubathengi, noma kunjalo, ukuthi kungenzeka ukusebenzisa i-TV kulesi sikhundla kwaziwa. Uhlelo lwabizwa ngeMinitel. Wayithola ngo-1980. Umsunguli we-Intanethi, uTim Burners-Lee, ubesabhala isoftware yamaphrinta ngalesi sikhathi. Cishe izinsizakalo ze-2,000 bezitholakala ngeMinitel, kepha iningi labasebenzisi liyisebenzise njengengxoxo yezocansi.
8. Inkosi yaseFrance uPhilip the Handsome yangena emlandweni, okokuqala, njengombhali wamathuna weKnights Templar, owabulawa yisiqalekiso senhloko ye-oda, uJacques de Molay. Kepha unokwehlulwa okukodwa ngenxa yakhe. Wayengenagazi ngakho-ke wayengaziwa kakhulu njengokubulawa kwama-Templars. Imayelana nohlelo olufanele lweChampagne. Izibalo zeChampagne ngekhulu le-XII zenza imibukiso eyayibanjelwe emazweni abo iqhubeke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, baqala ukukhipha amaphepha akhethekile ngokungavikeleki kubathengisi abaya emikhosini yabo. Kwakhiwe izindawo ezinkulu zokuhweba, izinqolobane namahhotela. Abathengisi bakhokha inani kuphela imali. Zonke ezinye izindleko bezihlotshaniswa nezinsizakalo zangempela kuphela. Ukuvikelwa kwenziwa ngabantu besibalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-Counts of Champagne ahlala ephoqa bonke omakhelwane, ngisho neNkosi yaseFrance, ukuthi bavikele abathengisi abaya eChampagne emigwaqweni. Ukuqulwa kwecala emibukisweni kwenziwa ngabathengisi abakhethiwe ngokwabo. Lezi zimo zenza iChampagne yaba isikhungo sokuhweba emhlabeni. Kepha ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIII, u-Count wokugcina weChampagne wafa engashiyanga nzalo. UPhilip the Handsome, owake washada nendodakazi ka-Count, washeshe wabamba izandla. Ekuqaleni, emcimbini obhekiswe kude, wabopha yonke impahla yabathengisi baseFlemish, wabe eseqala ukwethula intela, imisebenzi, ukuvinjelwa kwempahla ethile futhi wasebenzisa nezinye izinzuzo zokuhweba. Ngenxa yalokhu, eminyakeni eyi-15 - 20, imali engenayo evela embukisweni yehle iphindwe kahlanu, futhi ezohwebo zadlulela kwezinye izikhungo.
9. AmaFulentshi aqamba into enhle njengokuthi “Camping municipal”. Leli gama lihunyushwe ngokwezwi nezwi ngokuthi "ikhempu kamasipala", kepha ukuhumusha akuniki mqondo ocacile wobumqoka bale nto. Izikhungo ezinjalo, ngemali encane, noma ngisho mahhala, zinikeza izivakashi indawo yetende, ishawa, indishi yokugezela, indlu yangasese, indawo yokuwasha izitsha nogesi. Izinsizakalo, yiqiniso, zincane, kepha izindleko zilungile - ukuhlala ubusuku bonke kubiza ama-euro ambalwa. Okubaluleke kakhulu, bonke “omasipala bamatende” baxhaswa yizakhamizi zendawo, ngakho-ke kuhlale kunolwazi oluningi mayelana nokuthi iziphi izehlakalo ezenzeka endaweni, lapho umalume ongathenga khona ushizi ngokungabizi, nokuthi yimuphi umalumekazi ongadla isidlo sasemini. Izindawo zokukhempa zalolu hlobo sezitholakala kulo lonke elaseYurophu, kepha izwe lakubo yiFrance.
10. Umuntu angafunda nge-telegraph ebonakalayo manje kuphela encwadini ka-Alexander Dumas esivele ishiwo "I-Count of Monte Cristo", kodwa ngesikhathi sayo lokhu kusungulwa kwabafowethu baseFrance uChappe kwaba inguquko yangempela. Futhi inguquko, yiGreat French Revolution kuphela, eyasiza abazalwane ukwethula le nto. E-monarchist France, isicelo sabo ngabe sibekiwe, futhi iSivumelwano Sokuguqula Izinguquko sanquma ngokushesha ukwakha i-telegraph. Akekho owaphikisana nezinqumo zeSivumelwano ngawo-1790s, kepha zenziwa ngokushesha okukhulu. Kakade ngo-1794, ulayini waseParis-Lille waqala ukusebenza, futhi ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, imibhoshongo yokwakhiwa kweFrance yayimboze uhhafu weYurophu. Ngokuqondene noDumas kanye nesiqephu esinokuhlanekezelwa kolwazi oludlulisiwe kwinoveli yakhe, impilo, njengoba kwenzeka kaningi, yaba yinto ethakazelisa kakhulu kunencwadi. Ngawo-1830s, iqembu lezigelekeqe labathengisi lathumela imiyalezo kulayini waseBordeaux-Paris iminyaka emibili! Abasebenzi be-telegraph, njengoba kuchazwe nguDumas, abayiqondanga incazelo yamasignali athunyelwe. Kepha bekuneziteshi lapho kuhlangana khona imiyalezo. Phakathi nendawo, noma yini ibingadluliselwa, inqobo nje uma umyalezo ofanele ufika kulehabhu. Umkhonyovu uvulwe ngengozi. Umsunguli we-optical telegraph, uClaude Chappe, wazibulala, wahluleka ukumelana nezinsolo zokukopela, kepha umfowabo u-Ignatius, owayephethe umnyango wezobuchwepheshe, wasebenza waze wafa njengomqondisi we-telegraph.
11. Kusukela ngo-2000, abaseFrance basebenze ngokusemthethweni hhayi amahora angaphezu kwama-35 ngesonto. Ngokomqondo, "umthetho ka-Aubrey" wamukelwa ngenhloso yokwakha imisebenzi eyengeziwe. Ngokwenzayo, ingasetshenziswa kunani elilinganiselwe kakhulu lamabhizinisi, lapho inani elikhulu labasebenzi lenza uhlobo olufanayo lomsebenzi. Kuwo wonke amanye amabhizinisi, abanikazi kwakudingeka bakhuphule amaholo, bakhokhele ihora ngalinye elengeziwe elaba yisikhathi esengeziwe, noma ngandlela thile banxephezele abasebenzi isikhathi esengeziwe: ukwandisa amaholide, ukunikeza ukudla, njll. manje mancane amathuba okuthi bakwazi - izinyunyana ngeke zivume.
12. Sekuyisikhathi eside isiFulentshi siwukuphela kolimi lokuxhumana kwamazwe omhlaba. Kwakukhulunywa ngabantu abavela emazweni ahlukene, izingxoxo zokubonisana zaqhutshwa, emazweni amaningi, njengeNgilandi noma iRussia, isiFulentshi kwakuwukuphela kolimi olwaziwa yizigaba eziphezulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, eFrance uqobo, cishe i-1% labantu, egxile eParis nasendaweni ezungezile, bayiqonda futhi bayikhuluma. Abanye abantu bakhulume kahle kakhulu ku- "patois" - ulimi olufana nesiFulentshi, ngaphandle kweminye imisindo. Kunoma ikuphi, isikhulumi se-patois asizange siyiqonde iParis, futhi ngokufanayo. Amaphethelo ngokuvamile ayekhuluma izilimi zawo zezwe. UJean-Baptiste Moliere omkhulu neqembu lakhe bake banquma ukugibela emaphandleni aseFrance - eParis, eyathola imidlalo kaMoliere ngomusa omkhulu, ukudlala kwabalingisi kwaba yisicefe. Umqondo uphele ngo-fiasco ophelele - izifundazwe bezimane zingakuqondi okushiwo yizihlabani zenhlokodolobha. Izilimi ezimbi zithi kusukela lapho amaFulentshi akhonze amadokodo noma imidwebo eyisiphukuphuku efana ne- “The Benny Hill Show” - konke kucacile lapho ngaphandle kwamagama. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezilimi zaseFrance kwaqala ngesikhathi seGreat French Revolution, lapho uhulumeni eqala ukuxuba amasosha emibuthanweni, eshiya isimiso sendawo yokwakheka. Ngenxa yalokho, ngemuva kweminyaka eyishumi nambili, uNapoleon Bonaparte wathola ibutho elalikhuluma ulimi olufanayo.
13. Ngokwesiko lesimanje laseFrance, izilinganiso zidlala indima ebalulekile - uhlobo lokuvikelwa, ukukhuthazwa kwesiko laseFrance. Kuthatha izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene, kepha ngokujwayelekile kuvumela abaphathi bezamasiko baseFrance, abangazenzi ngisho nobuciko obuphambili, ukuthi babe nocezu oluqinile lwesinkwa nebhotela. Ama-Quotas athatha izinhlobo ezahlukene. Emculweni, kutholakala ukuthi izingoma ezingama-40% ezidlalwe esidlangalaleni kumele kube ezaseFrance. Iziteshi zomsakazo neziteshi ze-TV ziphoqeleka ukuba zisakaze umculo waseFrance futhi zikhokhele abaculi baseFrance ngokufanele. Ku-cinematography, i-ejensi kahulumeni ekhethekile, i-CNC, ithola iphesenti lokuthengiswa kwanoma iyiphi ithikithi le-movie. Imali eqoqwe yi-CNC ikhokhela abenzi bamafilimu baseFrance ngokukhiqizwa kwe-cinema yaseFrance. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abenzi bamafilimu bakhokhelwa isibonelelo esikhethekile uma behlela umnqamulajuqu obekiwe walowo nyaka. Imvamisa lokhu cishe kungamahora angama-500, okungukuthi, cishe izinyanga ezimbili nohhafu, uma sithatha izinsuku ezingamahora ayisishiyagalombili zokusebenza ngezimpelasonto. Kuzophela unyaka, umbuso uzokhokha imali efanayo naleyo umuntu ayithola ngesikhathi sokuqopha.
14. Ngo-1484, kwehliswa intela eFrance, engalingani neze emlandweni wesintu. Umbuso jikelele - ngaleso sikhathi iphalamende - bakwazile ukusizakala ngokuphikisana emibuthanweni ephakeme kakhulu okuvele ngemuva kokushona kukaLouis XI, owalandelwa uCharles VIII osemncane. Belwela ukusondelana nenkosi esencane, izicukuthwane zavumela inani eliphelele lentela elikhokhiswe embusweni ukuthi lehliswe lisuke kuma-livres ayizigidi ezine liye ezigidini eziyi-1.5. Futhi iFrance ayizange iwe, ayizange iwele ngaphansi kokushaywa yizitha zangaphandle, futhi ayizange ihlakazeke ngenxa yenkinga kuhulumeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphandle kwezimpi ezingapheli nezimpi zangaphakathi ezihlomile, umbuso wakuzwa lokho okuthiwa. "Ikhulu elihle" - inani labantu bezwe lenyuka kancane kancane, umkhiqizo wezolimo nezimboni wakhula, wonke amaFulentshi kancane kancane acebile.
15. IFrance yanamuhla inohlelo lokunakekelwa kwezempilo olusebenza kahle. Zonke izakhamizi zikhokha u-16% wemali engenayo ekunakekelweni kwezempilo. Lokhu ngokuvamile kwanele ukuthola ukwelashwa kwamahhala ezimweni ezilula.Umbuso ukhokhela kokubili ukukhokhelwa kwezinsizakalo zodokotela nabasebenzi bezokwelapha, nezindleko zemithi. Uma kwenzeka kuba nokugula okunzima, uhulumeni ukhokha u-75% wezindleko zokwelashwa, bese isiguli sikhokha okusele. Kodwa-ke, kulapho uhlelo lomshwalense wokuzithandela luqala khona ukusebenza. Umshuwalense awubizi, futhi bonke abantu baseFrance banawo. Ikhokhela ikota esele yezindleko zemisebenzi yezokwelapha nemithi. Vele, ayenzi ngaphandle kwezithiyo zayo. Okubaluleke kakhulu kubo ngumbuso inani elikhulu lemithi ebizayo enikezwe odokotela ngaphandle kwesidingo. Ezigulini, kubalulekile ukulinda emgqeni wokubonana nodokotela omncane - kungahlala izinyanga. Kepha sekukonke, uhlelo lokunakekelwa kwezempilo lusebenza kahle.
