Izincazelo zamaphupho ezincwadini kungenzeka ukuthi zavela kanye nezincwadi uqobo ngisho nangaphambi kokuvela kwaleli gama. Amaphupho achazwa ezinganekwaneni zasendulo naseBhayibhelini, kuma-epics nasezinganekwaneni zabantu. UMprofethi uMuhammad watshela ngamaphupho akhe amaningi, nokwenyukela kwakhe ezulwini, ngokwezazi eziningi zenkolo yamaSulumane, kwenzeka ephusheni. Kukhona izinkomba zamaphupho kuma-epics aseRussia nezinganekwane zama-Aztec.
UMorpheus - unkulunkulu wokulala namaphupho ezinganekwaneni zasendulo zamaGrikhi
Kukhona ukuhlukaniswa okuningana futhi okubabazekayo kwamaphupho emibhalo. Iphupho lingaba yingxenye yendaba, umhlobiso womsebenzi, ukuthuthukiswa kwesakhiwo, noma inqubo yezengqondo esiza ukuchaza imicabango nesimo seqhawe. Vele, amaphupho angaba izinhlobo ezixubekile. Ukuchazwa kwephupho kunikeza umbhali inkululeko engavamile kakhulu, ikakhulukazi emibhalweni yamaqiniso. Umbhali ukhululekile ukuqala iphupho kunoma yini, ukuthuthukisa icebo lalo nganoma iyiphi indlela nokuqeda iphupho noma yikuphi, ngaphandle kokwesaba ukusolwa ngokugxekwa ngokungacabangi, ukungabi nogqozi, ukufinyela kude, njll.
Esinye isici esichazayo sencazelo yemibhalo yephupho yikhono lokuphendukela kwizifaniso emsebenzini lapho isingathekiso esilula singabukeka singenangqondo. U-FM Dostoevsky ngobuciko wasebenzisa le ndawo. Emisebenzini yakhe, izincazelo zamaphupho zivame ukushintshwa ngomfanekiso ongokwengqondo, ongathatha amakhasi amaningi ukuwachaza.
Njengoba sekushiwo, izincazelo zamaphupho zitholakale ezincwadini kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Ezincwadini zeNew Age, amaphupho aqala ukuvela ngenkuthalo kusukela eNkathini Ephakathi. Emibhalweni yaseRussia, njengoba abacwaningi besho, ukuqhakaza kwamaphupho kuqala ngomsebenzi ka-A.S.Pushkin. Ababhali besimanje nabo basebenzisa ngenkuthalo amaphupho, kungakhathalekile uhlobo lomsebenzi. Ngisho nakuhlobo olungejwayelekile njengomseshi, ukhomishani odumile uMaigret Georges Simenon, umi ngokuqinile emhlabathini oqinile ngezinyawo zombili, kodwa futhi ubona amaphupho, kwesinye isikhathi ngisho, njengoba uSimeleon ewachaza ngokuthi "ayihlazo".
1. Inkulumo ethi "iphupho likaVera Pavlovna" yaziwa, mhlawumbe, ibanzi kakhulu kunenoveli kaNikolai Chernyshevsky "Yini okufanele yenziwe?" Sekukonke, umlingiswa oyinhloko wale noveli, uVera Pavlovna Rozalskaya, wayenamaphupho amane. Zonke zichazwe ngendlela engokomfanekiso, kodwa esobala. Esokuqala sidlulisa imizwa yentombazane eyeqe emndenini onenzondo ngomshado. Kowesibili, ngokubonisana nabangane ababili bakaVera Pavlovna, isakhiwo somphakathi waseRussia, njengoba kubonwe nguChernyshevsky, siyakhonjiswa. Iphupho lesithathu linikezelwe empilweni yomndeni, ngokunembile, ukuthi ngabe owesifazane oshadile angakwazi yini ukuzwela umuzwa omusha. Ekugcineni, ephusheni lesine, uVera Pavlovna ubona umhlaba ochumayo wabantu abamsulwa, abathembekile nabakhululekile. Okuqukethwe okujwayelekile kwamaphupho kunikeza isithombe sokuthi uChernyshevsky uwafake ekulandiseni kuphela ngenxa yezizathu zokuvimbela. Ngenkathi ebhala inoveli (1862 - 1863), umbhali wayephenywa ePeter and Paul Fortress ngokubhala isimemezelo esifushane. Ukubhala ngomphakathi wesikhathi esizayo ongenazinambuzane endaweni enjalo bekufana nokuzibulala. Ngakho-ke, cishe, uChernyshevsky uchaze umbono wakhe wamanje kanye nekusasa laseRussia ngesimo samaphupho entombazane, phakathi nezikhathi zokuvuka komhlangano wokuhola wokuhola futhi oqonda imizwa yabantu abahlukene.
Izincazelo zamaphupho ku "Yini okufanele uyenze?" kusize uNG Chernyshevsky ukuzungeza izithiyo zokucwaninga
2. UViktor Pelevin naye unephupho lakhe ngoVera Pavlovna. Indaba yakhe ethi "Iphupho Lesishiyagalolunye likaVera Pavlovna" yanyatheliswa ngo-1991. Isakhiwo sendaba silula. Umhlanzi wezindlu zangasese zomphakathi uVera wenza umsebenzi wakhe negumbi asebenza kulo. Okokuqala, indlu yangasese yenziwe yangasese, bese iba isitolo, futhi umholo kaVera ukhula nalezi zinguquko. Ukwahlulela ngendlela yokucabanga kwe-heroine, yena, njengabaningi bokuhlanza baseMoscow ngaleso sikhathi, wathola imfundo yezobuciko evulekile. Ifilosofi, iqala ukubona ukuthi eminye imikhiqizo esitolo, namanye amakhasimende nezingubo ezikuyo, zenziwe nge-shit. Ekupheleni kwendaba, imifudlana yalolu hlobo iminza eMoscow nakuwo wonke umhlaba, kanti uVera Pavlovna uvuka ekububuleni okuyindida komyeni wakhe ukuthi yena nendodakazi yakhe bazoya eRyazan izinsuku ezimbalwa.
3. URyunosuke Akutagawa ngonyaka we-1927 washicilela indaba enesihloko esithi "Iphupho". Iqhawe lakhe, umculi waseJapan, upenda isithombe esivela kumodeli. Unentshisekelo kuphela emalini azoyithola ngeseshini. Akanantshisekelo ekugijimeni kokudala komculi. Izimfuno zomculi ziyamcasula - wacela inqwaba yabadwebi, futhi akekho noyedwa kubo owazama ukungena emphefumulweni wakhe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isimo esibi semodeli sicasula umculi. Ngelinye ilanga uxosha imodeli estudiyo, bese ebona iphupho lapho eklinya khona intombazane. Imodeli iyanyamalala, futhi umdwebi uqala ukuhlupha unembeza wakhe. Akaqondi ukuthi waklinya le ntombazane ephusheni noma empeleni. Umbuzo uxazululwe impela emoyeni wezincwadi zaseNtshonalanga zekhulu lamashumi amabili - umdwebi ubhala phansi izenzo zakhe ezimbi kusengaphambili ngokunamathela emaphusheni nasekuchazekeni kwawo - akaqiniseki ukuthi ukwenzile lokhu noma leso senzo empeleni, noma ephusheni.
URyunosuke Akutagawa ukhombisile ukuthi ungaxuba iphupho neqiniso ngezinjongo zobugovu
4. Iphupho likasihlalo wekomiti lezindlu uNikanor Ivanovich Bosoy kungenzeka ukuthi lafakwa encwadini kaMikhail Bulgakov ethi The Master and Margarita ukuze kujatshuliswe umfundi. Kunoma ikuphi, lapho ukuvinjelwa kweSoviet kususa kuMaster noMargarita indawo ehlekisayo yokuphenywa kobuciko kwabathengisi bemali, ukungabikho kwayo akuzange kuthinte umsebenzi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lesi sigcawu esinombhalo ongafi wokuthi akekho ozophonsa ama- $ 400, ngoba azikho izilima ezinjalo emvelweni, yisibonelo esihle kakhulu somdwebo ohlekisayo. Okubaluleke kakhulu kule noveli iphupho likaPontiyu Pilatu ngobusuku obulandela ukubulawa kuka-Yeshua. Ummeli waphupha ukuthi kwakungekho ukubulawa, yena noHa-Notsri bahamba ngomgwaqo oya enyangeni baphikisana. UPilatu waphikisa ngokuthi wayengelona igwala, kodwa ukuthi wayengeke amoshe umsebenzi wakhe ngenxa kaJeshua, owenza icala. Iphupho liphela ngesiphrofetho sika-Yeshua sokuthi manje bazohlala bendawonye ekukhumbuleni abantu. UMargarita naye uyalibona iphupho lakhe. Ngemuva kokuthi uMaster eyiswe endaweni yokukhosela okungasile, ubona indawo efiphele, engenampilo kanye nesakhiwo sezigodo lapho uMaster evela khona. UMargarita uyaqaphela ukuthi maduze uzohlangana nesithandwa sakhe kulokhu noma emhlabeni olandelayo. UNikanor Ivanovich
5. Amaqhawe emisebenzi kaFyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky aphupha kakhulu futhi ngokunambitheka. Omunye wabagxeki waze waphawula ukuthi akekho umlobi kuzo zonke izincwadi zaseYurophu owayevame ukusebenzisa ukulala njengendlela yokuzwakalisa. Uhlu lwemisebenzi olwenziwe ngezincwadi zakudala zaseRussia lubandakanya ukuthi "Kuyingozi Kangakanani Ukuzitika Emaphusheni Okufuna Ukuvelela", "Iphupho Likamalume" nethi "Iphupho Lomuntu Ohlekisayo." Isihloko senoveli ethi "Crime and Punishment" asilifaki igama elithi "ukulala", kepha umlingiswa waso omkhulu, uRodion Raskolnikov, unamaphupho amahlanu lapho kwenziwa lesi senzo. Izingqikithi zabo ziyahlukahluka, kepha yonke imibono yombulali wesalukazi obolekayo izungeze ubugebengu bakhe. Ekuqaleni kwale noveli, uRaskolnikov uyanqikaza ephusheni, khona-ke, ngemuva kokubulala, wesaba ukuvezwa, futhi ngemuva kokuthunyelwa emsebenzini onzima, uphenduka ngobuqotho.
Iphupho lokuqala likaRasklnikov. Uma nje kukhona ukuzwelana emphefumulweni wakhe
6. Encwadini ngayinye ethi "Potterian" uJK Rowling unephupho elilodwa okungenani, okungamangalisi ngezincwadi zalolu hlobo. Ngokuyinhloko baphupha uHarry, futhi akukho okuhle noma okungathathi hlangothi okwenzeka kubo - kuphela ubuhlungu nokuhlupheka. Iphupho elivela encwadini ethi "Harry Potter kanye neChamber of Secrets" liyamangalisa. Kuyo, uHarry ugcina e-zoo njengesibonelo somthakathi osemncane - njengoba kubhaliwe epuletini elenga ekhejini lakhe. UHarry ulambile, ulele ochungechungeni oluncane lotshani, kepha abangane bakhe abamsizi. Futhi lapho uDudley eqala ukushaya imigoqo yekheji ngenduku yokuzijabulisa, uHarry umemeza ukuthi ufuna ukulala ngempela.
7. Mayelana nephupho likaTatiana kuPushkin "u-Eugene Onegin" mhlawumbe kubhalwe izigidi zamagama, yize umbhali uqobo anikezele cishe ngemigqa eyikhulu kuso. Kumele sihloniphe uTatyana: ephusheni wabona inoveli. Ngokuqondile, isigamu seveli. Ngemuva kwakho konke, iphupho liyisibikezelo salokho okuzokwenzeka kubalingiswa ku-Eugene Onegin ngokuqhubekayo (iphupho licishe libe maphakathi noveli). Ephusheni, uLensky wabulawa, futhi u-Onegin waxhumana nemimoya emibi (noma waze wamyala) futhi, ekugcineni, waphela kabi. UTatiana, ngakolunye uhlangothi, uhlala esizwa unobtrusively ibhere elithile - ukusikisela komyeni wakhe jikelele-wesikhathi esizayo. Kodwa ukuqonda ukuthi iphupho likaTatyana laliyisiprofetho, umuntu angaqeda kuphela ukufunda inoveli. Isikhathi esithandekayo - lapho ibhere liletha uTatyana eqhugwaneni, lapho u-Onegin ayedla khona nemimoya emibi: inja enezimpondo, indoda enekhanda leqhude, umthakathi onentshebe yembuzi, njll., UTatyana wezwa ukukhala nomsindo wengilazi "njengasemngcwabeni omkhulu". Emingcwabeni nasezikhumbuzweni ezalandela, njengoba wazi, izibuko azinciphisi - akuyona inkambiso ukushaya izingilazi kuzo. Noma kunjalo, uPushkin wasebenzisa ukuqhathanisa okunjalo.
8. Endabeni ethi "Indodakazi Yokaputeni" isiqephu ngephupho likaPetrusha Grinev singesinye seziqine kakhulu kuwo wonke umsebenzi. Iphupho elingahlakaniphile - lo mfana wafika ekhaya, uholelwa embhedeni wokufa kukayise, kepha akuyena ubaba wakhe, kodwa indoda enesibindi efuna ukuthi uGrinev amukele isibusiso sakhe. UGrinev uyenqaba. Lapho-ke indoda (kushiwo ukuthi lo ngu-Emelyan Pugachev) iqala ngakwesokudla nangakwesobunxele igenge wonke umuntu osemgumbini ngembazo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, indoda esabekayo iyaqhubeka ikhuluma noPetrusha ngezwi lothando. Umfundi wanamuhla, obone okungenani ibhayisikobho eyodwa eyethusayo, ubonakala engesabi lutho. Kodwa u-Pushkin wakwazi ukuyichaza ngendlela yokuthi amaqhuqhuva ehla esikhunjeni.
9. Umbhali waseJalimane uKerstin Geer wakhe i-trilogy ephelele ethi "Dream Diaries" emaphusheni entombazane esencane egama linguLiv Zilber. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaphupho kaLiv amnandi, uyaqonda ukuthi iphupho ngalinye lisho ukuthini futhi uxhumana emaphusheni namanye amaqhawe.
10. Encwadini yenoveli kaLeo Tolstoy u-Anna Karenina, umbhali ngobuciko wasebenzisa inqubo yokwethula incazelo yamaphupho ekulandiseni. U-Anna noVronsky cishe baphupha ngasikhathi sinye ngendoda encane ehlazekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Anna umbona esegumbini lakhe lokulala, kanti uVronsky ngokuvamile akaqondakali ukuthi ukuphi. Amaqhawe abona ukuthi akukho okuhle okulindelwe ngemuva kwalo mhlangano nale ndoda. Amaphupho achazwa ngokulingana, ngemivimbo embalwa nje. Kule mininingwane, igumbi lokulala lika-Anna kuphela, isikhwama lapho umuntu eshwabanisa okuthile okusansimbi, nokugquma kwakhe (ngesiFulentshi!), Okuhunyushwa njengesibikezelo sokufa kuka-Anna ngesikhathi sokubeletha. Incazelo enjalo engacacile ishiya ububanzi obubanzi bokuchazwa. Futhi izinkumbulo zomhlangano wokuqala ka-Anna noVronsky, lapho kushona indoda esiteshini. Futhi isibikezelo sokufa kuka-Anna ngaphansi kwesitimela, yize engazi ngakho noma ngabe ukulala noma umoya. Futhi ukuthi le ndoda yayingasho ukuzalwa kuka-Anna uqobo (ukhulelwe nje), kepha wayesho umphefumulo wakhe omusha ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe. Futhi ukufa kothando luka-Anna kakhulu kuVronsky ... Ngendlela, le ndoda efanayo ivela kaningi, njengoba besho, "empilweni yangempela". U-Anna umbona ngosuku ahlangana ngalo noVronsky, kabili ohambweni oluya eSt. Petersburg kathathu ngosuku lokuzibulala kwakhe. UVladimir Nabokov wayecabanga ukuthi lo mlimi uyisimo somzimba sesono sika-Anna: ukungcola, ukubi, i-nondescript, futhi umphakathi "ohlanzekile" awuzange umbone. Kukhona elinye iphupho kule noveli, elibhekelwa kaningi, yize lingabukeki liyindalo kakhulu, likhanga. U-Anna uphupha ukuthi bobabili umyeni wakhe noVronsky bayamphulula ngasikhathi sinye. Incazelo yokulala icacile njengamanzi entwasahlobo. Kepha ngesikhathi uKarenina ebona leli phupho, akasafukameli imicabango yakhe, noma imizwa yamadoda akhe, noma nekusasa lakhe.
11. Enkondlweni emfushane (imigqa engama-20) kaMikhail Lermontov "Dream", ngisho namaphupho amabili alingana. Kowokuqala, iqhawe lomculo, lifa ngokulimala, libona "uhlangothi lwasekhaya" lapho abesifazane abasha bezitika khona. Omunye wabo ulele futhi ubona ephusheni iqhawe lomculo elifayo.
12. Iqhawekazi lenoveli kaMargaret Mitchell "Gone with the Wind" uScarlett waba nephupho elilodwa, kodwa elaliphindaphindwa. Kuwo, uzungezwe inkungu ewugqinsi. UScarlett uyazi ukuthi endaweni ethile esondele kakhulu enkungwini kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu kuye, kepha akazi ukuthi iyini nokuthi ikuphi. Ngakho-ke, ugijimela ezindaweni ezihlukile, kepha yonke indawo uthola inkungu kuphela. Iphupho elibi, kungenzeka kakhulu, lidalwe ukuphelelwa yithemba kukaScarlett - wanakekela izingane eziyishumi nambili, ezilimele nezigulayo ngaphandle kokudla, imithi noma imali. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, le nkinga yaxazululwa, kepha amaphupho amabi awazange ashiye umlingiswa oyinhloko wale noveli.
13. I-protagonist yenoveli ka-Ivan Goncharov u-Oblomov ubona impilo yakhe engenazinkinga esengumntwana. Kuyisiko ukwelapha iphupho lapho u-Oblomov abona khona impilo ezolile yasemaphandleni futhi yena uqobo, umfana, onakekelwa yilowo nalowo futhi emnikela ngazo zonke izindlela. Njengama-Oblomovites alala ngemuva kwesidlo sakusihlwa, kungenzeka kanjani lokhu. Noma umama ka-Ilya akamvumeli ukuthi aphume aye elangeni, bese ethi kungenzeka kungabi kuhle emthunzini. Futhi bafuna zonke izinsuku ukuthi zifane nezolo - kungabi nasifiso soshintsho! UGoncharov, echaza u-Oblomovka, kunjalo, wenza ihaba ngamabomu. Kepha, njengabo bonke ababhali abakhulu, akalilawuli ngokuphelele izwi lakhe. Ezincwadini zaseRussia, lokhu kwaqala ngoPushkin - wakhononda encwadini ethi uTatyana ku-Eugene Onegin "waphunyuka ngehlaya elinonya" - washada. Ngakho-ke uGoncharov, echaza impilo yasemakhaya, uvame ukuwela kwabayishumi abahamba phambili. Iphupho elifanayo ntambama labalimi lisikisela ukuthi baphila ngokucebile impela. Ngemuva kwakho konke, impilo yanoma imuphi umlimi waseRussia yayiphuthumayo engapheli. Ukuhlwanyela, ukuvuna, ukulungisa utshani, izinkuni zokubasa, izicathulo ezifanayo, amabhangqwana ambalwa ngakunye, bese ulungisa - empeleni asikho isikhathi sokulala, ngaphandle komhlaba olandelayo. I-Oblomov yashicilelwa ngo-1859, lapho izinguquko ngendlela "yokukhululwa" kwabalimi zazisemoyeni. Ukuzijwayeza kukhombisile ukuthi lolu shintsho belucishe lube lubi kuphela. Kwavela ukuthi "njengayizolo" akuyona inketho embi kunazo zonke.
14. Iqhawekazi lendaba kaNikolai Leskov "uLady Macbeth wesifunda saseMtsensk" uKaterina uthole isexwayiso esingaqondakali ephusheni lakhe - kuzofanele aziphendulele ngobugebengu abenzile. UKatherine, owafaka ubuthi ekhweni lakhe ukuze afihle ukuphinga, kwavela ikati ephusheni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhanda lekati lalivela kuBoris Timofeevich, onobuthi nguKaterina. Ikati lalihambisa umbhede lapho uKaterina nesithandwa sakhe babelele khona basola lona wesifazane ngecala. UKaterina akazange asilalele lesi sexwayiso. Ngenxa yesithandwa sakhe nefa lakhe, wafaka ubuthi kumyeni wakhe futhi waklinya umfana kamshana womyeni wakhe - wayeyindlalifa kuphela. La macala axazululwa, uKaterina nesithandwa sakhe uStepan bathola isigwebo sikadilikajele. Endleleni eya eSiberia, isithandwa sakhe samshiya. UKaterina waminza, waziphonsa emanzini ohlangothini lwesitimu nembangi yakhe.
Uthando lukaKaterina ngoStepan lwaholela ekubulaweni kathathu. Umfanekiso kaB. Kustodiev
15. Endabeni ka-Ivan Turgenev "Ingoma Yothando Olunqobayo", amaqhawe ephusheni akwazi ukukhulelwa ingane. "Ingoma Yothando Olunqobayo" ngumculo owalethwa uMuzio evela eMpumalanga. Waya lapho ngemuva kokulahlekelwa yimpi eya kuFabius ngenhliziyo yeValeria enhle. UFabio noValeria babejabule, kodwa babengenazo izingane. UMuzio ebuyela emuva wethule uValeria umgexo wadlala ne "The Song of Triumphant Love". UValeria waphupha ukuthi ephusheni wangena egumbini elihle, noMuzio wayeqonde kuye. Izindebe zakhe zashisa uValeria, njll. Ngakusasa ekuseni kwavela ukuthi uMuzia waphupha into efanayo ncamashi. Wathakatha lo wesifazane, kodwa uFabius wasusa lesi sihlava ngokubulala uMucius. Futhi lapho, ngemuva kwesikhashana, uValeria adlala "Ingoma ..." esithombeni, wazizwa impilo entsha kuye.
