UPublius Virgil Maron (Iminyaka engama-70-19. Njengombhali wezinkondlo ezinkulu ezi-3, wasithela amaGrikhi Theocritus ("amaBucolics"), uHesiod ("amaGeorgia") noHomer ("Aeneid").
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-Virgil biography, esizokhuluma ngayo kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane kaPublius Virgil.
Umlando we-Virgil
UVirgil wazalwa ngo-Okthoba 15, 70 BC. eCisalpine Galia (IRiphabhulikhi yaseRoma). Wakhulela emndenini olula kodwa ocebile kaVirgil Sr. nomkakhe, uMagic Polla.
Ngaphezu kwakhe, abazali bakhe babenezingane ezintathu, lapho eyodwa kuphela ikwazile ukusinda - uValery Prokul.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Cishe akukho lutho olwaziwa ngobuntwana bembongi. Lapho eneminyaka engu-12 ubudala, wafunda esikoleni sohlelo lolimi. Ngemuva kwalokho wafunda eMilan, eRome naseNaples. Ababhali bama-biographer basikisela ukuthi ngubaba owayegqugquzela uVirgil ukuthi enze imisebenzi yezepolitiki, efuna indodana yakhe ibe phakathi kwezikhulu.
Ezikhungweni zemfundo, uVirgil wafunda ukukhuluma, ukubhala nefilosofi. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi, ngokombono wakhe, isiqondisi sefilosofi esiseduze kakhulu kuye kwakuyi-Epicureanism.
Naphezu kokuthi uPublius wayethuthuka ezifundweni zakhe, wayengekho nhlobo i-oratory, edingwa noma yimuphi usopolitiki. Kwaba kanye kuphela lapho lo mfana avele khona enkantolo, lapho ahlupheka khona. Inkulumo yakhe ibihamba kancane, ibinqikaza, futhi ididekile.
UVirgil wafunda nolimi lwesiGreki nezincwadi. Impilo yedolobha yamkhathala, ngenxa yalokho wayefuna njalo ukubuyela esifundazweni sakubo futhi aphile ngokuvumelana nemvelo.
Ngenxa yalokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uPublius Virgil usabuyela ezweni lakubo elincane, lapho aqala khona ukubhala izinkondlo zakhe zokuqala - "Bucolics" ("Eclogi"). Kodwa-ke, impilo ethulile nenokuthula yaphazanyiswa izinguquko zombuso.
Izincwadi nefilosofi
Ngemuva kwempi eyayisePhilippines, uKesare wathembisa ukwabela bonke omakadebona indawo. Ngalesi sizathu, ingxenye yezindawo zabo yathathwa izakhamizi eziningi. UPublius waba ngomunye walabo abaxoshwa ezintweni zabo.
Ngesikhathi se-biography yakhe, uVirgil wayesevele enedumela elithile, ngenxa yemisebenzi yakhe - "uPolemon", "Daphnis" no "Alexis". Lapho imbongi isala ingenalo uphahla phezu kwekhanda layo, abangane bayo baphendukela ku-Octavian Augustus ukuthola usizo.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi u-Augustus uqobo wazijwayeza futhi wavuma imisebenzi yale mbongi esencane, wayala ukumnikeza indlu eRoma, kanye nefa eliseCampania. Njengophawu lokubonga, uVirgil ukhazimulise u-Octavian ku-eclogue entsha "Tythir".
Ngemuva kweMpi yasePerussian, kwaqubuka igagasi elisha lokushaqwa kwempahla kuhulumeni. Futhi u-Augustus wancengela uPublius. Imbongi ibhale i-eclogue yesikhombisa yokuhlonipha indodana esanda kuzalwa yomphathi, imbiza ngokuthi "yisakhamuzi seminyaka yegolide."
Lapho kubuyiselwa ukuthula okulinganiselwe eRiphabhuliki YaseRoma, uVirgil wakwazi ngokuphelele ukunikela ngesikhathi sakhe samahhala kwezokusungula. Wayevame ukuya eNaples ngenxa yesimo sezulu esipholile. Ngalesi sikhathi, washicilela ama-biographies "amaGeorgia" adumile, enxusa abantu bakubo ukuthi babuyise umnotho owabhujiswa ngemuva kwezimpi.
UPublius Virgil wayenemisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile, ngakho-ke wakwazi ukutadisha hhayi kuphela izinkondlo zabalobi abahlukahlukene, kodwa futhi nomlando wamadolobha asendulo nemizana. Kamuva, le misebenzi izomgqugquzela ukuthi adale umhlaba odumile "i-Aeneid".
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi uVirgil, kanye no-Ovid noHorace, babhekwa njengembongi enkulu yasendulo. Umsebenzi wokuqala omkhulu kaPublius kwakungu "Bucolics" (39 BC), okwakungumjikelezo wezinkondlo zabelusi. Lezi zinhlelo zathola ukuthandwa okukhulu, okwenza umbhali wazo abe yimbongi edume kakhulu yesikhathi sakhe.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi yilo msebenzi oholele ekwakhiweni kohlobo olusha lwe-bucolic. Ngokuqondene nobumsulwa nokuphelela kwevesi, kulokhu, inani eliphakeme lobuciko bukaVirgil lithathwa njengeGeorgiki (29 BC), indumezulu yezolimo.
Le nkondlo yayiqukethe amavesi angu-2 188 nezincwadi ezi-4, ezazithinta izingqikithi zezolimo, ukutshala izithelo, ukufuya izinkomo, ukufuywa kwezinyosi, ukuphika ukuthi uNkulunkulu akekho nezinye izindawo.
Ngemuva kwalokho uVirgil waqala ukudala i-Aeneid, inkondlo emayelana nomsuka womlando wamaRoma, wakhulelwa "njengempendulo kuHomer." Akakwazanga ukuqeda lo msebenzi futhi wafuna nokushisa umsebenzi wakhe wobuciko ngobusuku obandulela ukufa kwakhe. Futhi, i-Aeneid yashicilelwa futhi yaba yindumasi yangempela kuzwelonke yeRiphabhulikhi yaseRoma.
Imishwana eminingi evela kulo msebenzi iphambukele ngokushesha kwizingcaphuno, kufaka phakathi:
- "Yahlulelani abanye ngamunye ngamunye."
- "Kuqalekisiwe ukoma kwegolide."
- "Ngokulibazisa waligcina icala."
- "Ngiyabesaba abakwaDan, nalabo abaletha izipho."
ENkathini Ephakathi naseNkathini Yokuqala Yamanje, i-Aeneid yayingenye yemisebenzi embalwa yasendulo engazange ilahlekelwe ukuhambisana kwayo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kwakunguVirgil lapho uDante avezwa khona kwiThe Divine Comedy njengomqondisi wakhe empilweni yangemva kokufa. Le nkondlo isafakwe kwikharikhulamu yezikole emazweni amaningi emhlabeni jikelele.
Ukufa
Ngo-29 A.D. UVirgil wanquma ukuya eGrisi ukuyophumula futhi asebenze kwi-Aeneid, kodwa u-Augustus, owahlangana nembongi e-Athene, wamqinisekisa ukuthi abuyele ezweni lakubo ngokushesha okukhulu. Ukuhamba kabi kuthinte impilo yendoda.
Lapho efika ekhaya, uPublius wagula kakhulu. Waba nomkhuhlane omkhulu, owaba imbangela yokufa kwakhe. Ngenkathi, ngaphambi nje kokuba ashone, wazama ukushisa i-Aeneid, abangane bakhe, u-Varius noTukka, bamncenga ukuba agcine lo mbhalo futhi bathembisa ukuwulungisa.
Imbongi yayala ukuthi ingezi lutho kuye, kodwa kuphela ukusula izindawo ezingezinhle. Lokhu kuchaza iqiniso lokuthi le nkondlo iqukethe izinkondlo eziningi ezingaphelele nezihlukanisiwe. UPublius Virgil ushone ngoSepthemba 21, 19 BC. eneminyaka engama-50.
Izithombe zeVirgil
