UMuammar Mohammed Abdel Salam Hamid Abu Menyar al-GaddafiWaziwa ngokuthi ngu-colonel UGadaffi (1942-2011) - Inguquko yaseLibya, isikhulu sikahulumeni, umholi wezempi kanye nezepolitiki, intatheli, inhloko ye-Libya esikhathini sika-1969-2011.
Ngenkathi uGaddafi esula esikhundleni kuzo zonke izikhundla, waqala ukubizwa ngokuthi ngumholi we-Brotherly kanye nomholi weSepthemba 1st Great Revolution ye-Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya noma umholi we-Brotherly nomholi wenguquko.
Ngemuva kokubulawa kwakhe ngo-2011, umzabalazo wezikhali wamandla waqala eLibya, okwaholela ekuhlakazekeni kwangempela kwezwe laba izifundazwe eziningi ezizimele.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaGaddafi, esizokhuluma ngayo kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane kaMuammar Gaddafi.
Umlando kaGaddafi
Usuku oluqondile lokuzalwa kukaMuammar Gaddafi alwaziwa. Ngokusho kweminye imithombo, wazalwa ngoJuni 7, 1942, ngokusho kwabanye - ngo-1940, emndenini wamaBedouin ngaseQasr Abu Hadi, amakhilomitha angama-20 ukusuka eLibyan Sirte. Wayenguye yedwa indodana yezingane ze-6 zabazali bakhe.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Njengoba uGaddafi akhulele emndenini wabantu abayimizulane abahlala befuna izindawo eziningi ezivundile, wayehlala ematendeni. UMuammar uqobo ubelokhu egcizelela imvelaphi yakhe yamaBedouin ngokuziqhenya ngokuthi amaBedouin ajabulele inkululeko nokuzwana nemvelo.
Ngiseyingane, usopolitiki wakusasa wasiza ubaba wakhe ekudleni izilwane ezifuywayo, kanti odadewabo babesiza umama wakhe ukwengamela ikhaya. UGaddafi ushintshe izikole amahlandla amaningi, njengoba umndeni wakhe bekufanele uphile impilo yokuhambahamba.
Ngemuva kwamakilasi, umfana wahamba wayolala e-mosque, ngakho abazali babengenayo imali yokuqashisela indodana yabo indawo yokuhlala. Ubaba kaMuammar ukhumbule ukuthi ngezimpelasonto, indodana yakhe ibibuyela ekhaya, ihamba ibanga elingamakhilomitha angama-30.
Umndeni wakwaGaddafi umise amatende cishe amakhilomitha angama-20 ukusuka ogwini lolwandle. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ebuntwaneni uMuammar akakaze alubone ulwandle, yize lwalusondele. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi waba ukuphela kwengane kayise nonina eyathola imfundo.
Inguquko
Ngesikhathi esemncane, uGaddafi wayenesithakazelo esikhulu kwezepolitiki, ngenxa yalokho wabamba iqhaza emihlanganweni ehlukahlukene. Kamuva wajoyina inhlangano engaphansi komhlaba eyayinesikhundla sokulwa nobukhosi.
Ekwindla ka-1961, le nhlangano yabamba umhlangano wokulwa nokuhoxiswa kweSyria e-United Arab Republic. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi uMuammar wenze inkulumo yokuvala kubabhikishi. Lokhu kwaholela ekutheni axoshwe esikoleni.
Yize kunjalo, uGaddafi osemncane, kanye nabanye abantu ababenomqondo ofanayo, baqhubeka nokubamba iqhaza ezenzweni ezehlukene zezepolitiki, kufaka phakathi imibhikisho emelene namakholoni eyayilwa ne-Italy kanye nokweseka inguquko ezweni elingumakhelwane i-Algeria.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uMuammar Gaddafi wayengumholi kanye nomhleli wesenzo sokweseka uguquko lwase-Algeria. Le nhlangano kuvele ukuthi ibibucayi kangangoba icishe yakhula yaba umbhikisho omkhulu omelene nobukhosi. Ngenxa yalokhu, le nsizwa yaboshwa, ngemuva kwalokho yaxoshwa ngaphandle kwedolobha.
Ngenxa yalokhu, uMuammar waphoqeleka ukuyofunda eMisurata Lyceum, aphumelela kuyo ngo-1963. Ngemuva kwalokho, wafunda ekolishi lezempi, waphothula isikhundla sokuba ngu-lieutenant. Eminyakeni eyalandela, umfana wakhonza emasosheni, wafika ezingeni lokuba ukaputeni.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi uGaddafi uqeqeshwe eGreat Britain, lapho abambelela khona kuyo yonke imikhuba namasiko amaSulumane - akazange aphuze utshwala futhi akazange avakashele nezikhungo zokuzijabulisa.
Amalungiselelo okugumbuqelwa kukahulumeni ngo-1969 eLibya kwase kuqalile eminyakeni emihlanu eyedlule. UMuammar wasungula inhlangano elwa nohulumeni i-OSOYUS (Free Officers Unionist Socialists). Ubuholi bale nhlangano buhlakulele ngokucophelela uhlelo lokugumbuqelwa kombuso okuzayo.
Ekugcineni, ngoSepthemba 1, 1969, uGaddafi, kanye nebutho elikhulu labantu ababenomqondo ofanayo, baqala ukuketula ubukhosi ezweni. Izihlubuki zasheshe zalawula zonke izakhiwo ezibalulekile zamasu. Ngasikhathi sinye, abashisekeli bezinguquko baqinisekisa ukuthi yonke imigwaqo eya ezisekelweni zase-US ivaliwe.
Yonke imicimbi eyenzeka esifundazweni yasakazwa emoyeni. Ngenxa yalokhu, uguquko lwaphumelela, okwaholela ekubhujisweni kobukhosi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, umbuso wathola igama elisha - iLibya Arab Republic.
Cishe esikhathini esingangesonto ngemuva kokugumbuqelwa kombuso, uMuammar Gaddafi oneminyaka engu-27 ubudala wanikezwa isikhundla sokuba ukoloneli futhi waqokwa waba yinhloko yamasosha ezweni. Kulesi sikhundla, wahlala waze waphela izinsuku zakhe.
Indikimba ebusayo
Njengoba esengumholi we-de facto waseLibya, uGaddafi wethule izinqumo eziyisi-5 zenqubomgomo yakhe:
- Ukuxoshwa kwazo zonke izisekelo zangaphandle ezivela endaweni yaseLibya.
- Ubunye bama-Arabhu.
- Ubumbano lwesizwe.
- Ukungathathi hlangothi okuhle.
- Vimbela imisebenzi yamaqembu ezepolitiki.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uColonel Gaddafi wenze izinguquko eziningi ezibalulekile, okubandakanya nokushintsha ikhalenda. Manje, ukubalwa phansi kwaqala kusukela ngosuku lokushona komprofethi uMuhammad. Amagama ezinyanga nawo ashintshiwe.
Yonke imithetho yaqala ukususelwa ezimisweni ze-Sharia. Ngakho-ke, umbuso wafaka umthetho ovimbela ukuthengiswa kotshwala nokugembula.
Ngo-1971, wonke amabhange angaphandle nezinkampani zikawoyela zafakwa ngaphansi kukahulumeni eLibya. Ngasikhathi sinye, kwenziwa ukukhutshwa okukhulu kwabaphikisi ababephikisana nenguquko kanye nohulumeni okhona. Noma yimiphi imibono eyayiphikisana nezimfundiso zobuSulumane yayicindezelwa kuhulumeni.
Kusukela angena embusweni, uGaddafi uhlanganise imibono yakhe yezepolitiki yaba ngumqondo oningiliziwe emsebenzini wakhe obalulekile - "IGreen Book". Yethula izisekelo zeTheory World Third. Engxenyeni yokuqala, kwabekwa iJamahiriya - uhlobo lwesakhiwo senhlalo, esihlukile ebukhosini nasezweni.
Ngo-1977, iJamahiriya yamenyezelwa ukuthi iyindlela entsha kahulumeni. Ngemuva kwazo zonke izinguquko, kwasungulwa izinhlaka ezintsha zikahulumeni: iKomidi Eliphakeme Labantu, onobhala kanye namahhovisi. UMuammar waqokwa njengoNobhala Oyinhloko.
Futhi nakuba eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, uGaddafi wanikela isikhundla sakhe kochwepheshe abangochwepheshe, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi wabizwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi nguMholi Wenguquko YaseLibya.
Le ndoda iphuphe ngokuhlanganisa iLibya nezinye izifundazwe zama-Arabhu, yaze yahlukumeza namazwe amaSulumane ukuthi alwe neGreat Britain neMelika. Uhlinzeke ngosizo lwezempi e-Uganda waphinde wasekela ne-Iran empini eyayilwa ne-Iraq.
Inqubomgomo yezasekhaya eLibya ibe nezinguquko ezinkulu. Esaba uguquko, uGaddafi ukuvimbile ukwakhiwa kwamapulatifomu aphikisayo kanye nanoma yiziphi iziteleka. Ngasikhathi sinye, abezindaba babegadwa kakhulu nguhulumeni.
Khonamanjalo, uMuammar ukhombise ukuzithoba okukhulu kulabo abangavumelani naye. Kunecala elaziwayo lapho efika ngemuva kwesondo logandaganda futhi ecekela phansi amasango ejele ngesandla sakhe, ededela iziboshwa ezingaba ngu-400. Eminyakeni yomlando wakhe wezepolitiki, uGaddafi wafinyelela ezingeni eliphakeme kokuthunyelwe kwakhe:
- Ukulwa nokungafundi - kwakhiwa imitapo yolwazi engama-220 kanye nezikhungo ezingaba amashumi amahlanu zemfundo nezamasiko, ezenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuphinda kabili inani lezakhamizi ezifundile.
- Ukwakhiwa kwezikhungo zemidlalo.
- Ukwakhiwa nokuhlinzekwa kwezindawo zokuhlala ezakhamuzini ezijwayelekile, ngenxa yokuthi abantu abangu-80% bakwazi ukuthola amafulethi anamuhla.
- Iphrojekthi enkulu "Umfula Omkhulu Owenziwe Umuntu", owaziwa nangokuthi "Isimangaliso Sesishiyagalombili Somhlaba". Kwabekwa ipayipi elikhulu lokunikeza amanzi ezindaweni eziwugwadule eLibya.
Yize kunjalo izinqubomgomo zikaMuammar zigxekwe ngabaningi. Ngaphansi kokubusa kwakhe, izwe kwakudingeka libekezelele ukungqubuzana neChad, ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhanoyi emoyeni yi-US Air Force, lapho kwafa khona indodakazi kaGaddafi yokutholwa, unswinyo lwe-UN, ngenxa yokuqhuma kwamabhanoyi, nezinye izinkinga eziningi. Kodwa-ke, usizi olukhulu kwabaningi baseLibya kwaba ukubulawa komholi wabo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Unkosikazi wokuqala kaGaddafi wayenguthisha wesikole futhi eyindodakazi yesikhulu, esamzalela indodana, uMuhammad. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lo mbhangqwana wanquma ukuhlukanisa. Ngemuva kwalokho, le ndoda yashada nomuthi uSafiya Farkash.
Kule nyunyana, abashadikazi babenamadodana ayisithupha nendodakazi eyodwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bakhulisa indodana nendodakazi yokutholwa. Eminyakeni edlule yomlando wakhe, uMuammar wabhala izindaba eziningana, kufaka phakathi i- "City", "Flight to Hell", "Earth" nezinye.
Ukufa
Ngaphambi kokufa okubuhlungu kukaGaddafi, impilo yakhe esikhathini esivela ku-1975-1998 yazama okungenani ama-7. Ngasekupheleni kuka-2010, kwaqubuka impi yombango eLibya. Abantu bafuna ukwesulwa kukakoloneli, bangena emigwaqweni benemibhikisho.
Ekuseni ngo-Okthoba 20, 2011, amaqembu ahleliwe ahlasela idolobha laseSirte, lapho athumba khona uMuammar. Abantu bazungeze le ndoda elimele, baqala ukudubula esibhakabhakeni futhi baqondisa umbhobho wezibhamu zemishini kulesi siboshwa. UGaddafi unxuse amavukelambuso ukuba abuyele ezingqondweni zawo, kodwa akekho owanake amazwi akhe.
UMuammar Gaddafi ushone ngo-Okthoba 20, 2011 ngenxa yokubulawa kwabantu bakubo. Ngesikhathi sokushona kwakhe, wayeneminyaka engama-69 ubudala. Ngaphandle kwalowo owayeyinhloko yombuso, enye yamadodana akhe yathathwa njengesiboshwa, yabulawa ngaphansi kwezimo ezazingachazeki.
Izidumbu zombili zafakwa emafrijini asezimbonini zafakwa obala emphakathini enxanxatheleni yezitolo iMisurata. Ngakusasa, la madoda angcwatshwa ngasese ogwadule lwaseLibya. Waphela kanjalo-ke umbuso weminyaka engama-42 kaGaddafi.
Izithombe zikaGaddafi
