Ingqungquthela yasePotsdam (futhi Ingqungquthela yaseBerlin.
Le ngqungquthela yabanjwa kusukela ngoJulayi 17 kuya ku-Agasti 2, 1945 ngaseBerlin edolobheni lasePotsdam esigodlweni saseCecilienhof. Ihlolisise izingqinamba eziningi ezihlobene nomyalo wangemva kwempi wokuthula nokuphepha.
Inqubekela phambili yezingxoxo
Ngaphambi kwengqungquthela yasePotsdam, "abakhulu abathathu" bahlangana ezingqungqutheleni zaseTehran naseYalta, eyokuqala eyenzeka ekupheleni kuka-1943, futhi eyesibili ekuqaleni kuka-1945. Abamele amazwe anqobile kwakufanele baxoxe ngokuqhubeka kwezindaba ngemuva kokuzinikela kweJalimane.
Ngokungafani nengqungquthela yangaphambilini eyayiseYalta, kulokhu abaholi base-USSR, e-USA nase-Great Britain baziphatha kabi. Ngamunye ubefuna ukuzuza imihlomulo yakhe ngalo mhlangano, ephikelela ngokwemibandela yakhe. Ngokusho kukaGeorgy Zhukov, udlame olukhulu lwaqhamuka kuNdunankulu waseBrithani, kepha uStalin, ngendlela ezolile, wakwazi ukukholisa ngokushesha uzakwabo.
Ngokusho kwabanye ochwepheshe baseNtshonalanga, uTruman uziphathe ngendlela edelelayo. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi waqokwa njengosihlalo wengqungquthela ngesincomo somholi waseSoviet.
Ngesikhathi kunengqungquthela yasePotsdam, kwabanjwa imihlangano eyi-13 ngekhefu elifushane elihlobene nokhetho lwephalamende eBrithani. Ngakho-ke, uChurchill waya emihlanganweni eyi-9, ngemuva kwalokho wafakwa esikhundleni nguNdunankulu owayesanda kukhethwa uClement Attlee.
Ukudalwa koMkhandlu Wongqongqoshe Bangaphandle
Kulo mhlangano, iBig Three yavumelana ngokwakhiwa koMkhandlu Wongqongqoshe Bamazwe Angaphandle (i-CFM). Kwakudingeka ukuxoxa ngesakhiwo sangemva kwempi saseYurophu.
UMkhandlu owawusanda kwakhiwa wawuzokwakha izivumelwano zokuthula nabasebenzisana neJalimane. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lo mzimba wawuhlanganisa abamele i-USSR, iBrithani, iMelika, iFrance neChina.
Izixazululo zenkinga yaseJalimane
Ukunakwa okukhulu engqungqutheleni yasePotsdam kwanikezwa izindaba zokupheliswa kwezikhali zaseJalimane, ukubusa ngentando yeningi nokuqedwa kwanoma yikuphi ukubonakaliswa kobuNazi. EJalimane, kwakudingeka ukuthi kubhujiswe yonke imboni yezempi ngisho nalawo mabhizinisi okwakuthiwa akhiqiza imishini yezempi noma izinhlamvu.
Ngasikhathi sinye, izinhloko ze-USSR, i-USA neGreat Britain zaxoxa ngodaba lokuqhubeka kwempilo yezepolitiki yaseJalimane. Ngemuva kokuqedwa kwamandla ezempi, izwe bekufanele ligxile ekuthuthukiseni umkhakha wezolimo kanye nemboni enokuthula yokusetshenziswa kwasekhaya.
Abezombusazwe bavumelana ngazwi linye ukuthi kuvinjwe ukubuya kobuNazi, nokuthi iGermany ingaphazamisa ukuhleleka komhlaba.
Indlela yokulawula eJalimane
Engqungqutheleni yasePotsdam, kwaqinisekiswa ukuthi wonke amandla aphakeme eJalimane azosetshenziswa ngaphansi kokulawulwa okuqinile kweSoviet Union, iMelika, iBrithani neFrance. Izwe ngalinye linikezwe indawo ehlukile, obekufanele ithuthukiswe ngokwemithetho okuvunyelwene ngayo.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ababambiqhaza bengqungquthela babheka iGerman njengezwe lonke lomnotho, belwela ukudala indlela ezovumela ukulawula izimboni ezahlukahlukene: imboni, imisebenzi yezolimo, amahlathi, ezokuthutha izimoto, ezokuxhumana, njll.
Ukulungiswa
Ngesikhathi kuqhubeka izingxoxo ezinde phakathi kwabaholi bamazwe omfelandawonye olwa noHitler, kwathathwa isinqumo sokuthola imbuyiselo ngesisekelo sokuthi ngalinye lamazwe amane ahlala eJalimane abuyisele izimangalo zawo zokuziphindisela endaweni yawo kuphela.
Njengoba i-USSR yathola umonakalo omkhulu, yathola izindawo ezisentshonalanga yeJalimane, lapho kwakukhona khona amabhizinisi ezimboni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uStalin waqinisekisa ukuthi iMoscow ithola imbuyiselo kuzimali ezihambisanayo zaseJalimane phesheya - eBulgaria, eHungary, eRomania, eFinland naseMpumalanga ye-Austria.
Ukusuka ezifundeni ezisentshonalanga zomsebenzi, iRussia ithole u-15% wemishini yezimboni ethathiwe kuyo, yanika amaJalimane ukubuyisela ukudla obekudingeka, okulethwa kusuka e-USSR. Futhi, idolobha laseKonigsberg (manje eyiKaliningrad) laya eSoviet Union, eyayixoxwa yi "Big Three" emuva eTehran.
Umbuzo wasePoland
Engqungqutheleni yasePotsdam, kwavunywa ukuthi kusungulwe uhulumeni wesikhashana wobunye bezwe ePoland. Ngalesi sizathu, uStalin wagcizelela ukuthi i-United States neBrithani babususe noma yibuphi ubudlelwane nohulumeni wasePoland ekudingisweni eLondon.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, iMelika neBrithani bathembisa ukuxhasa uhulumeni wesikhashana futhi benze lula ukudluliswa kwazo zonke izinto eziyigugu nempahla eyayingaphansi kukahulumeni ekudingisweni.
Lokhu kuholele ekutheni ingqungquthela ithathe isinqumo sokuhlakaza uhulumeni wasePoland ekudingisweni nokuvikela izintshisekelo zikahulumeni wesikhashana wasePoland. Imingcele emisha yasePoland nayo yasungulwa, okwadala impikiswano ende phakathi kweBig Three.
Isiphetho sezivumelwano zokuthula nokwamukelwa ku-UN
Engqungqutheleni yasePotsdam, kwagxilwa kakhulu ezindabeni zezepolitiki maqondana nalawo mazwe ayengamadlelandawonye eJalimane lamaNazi phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili (1939-1945), kodwa-ke ahlukana nawo futhi anikela ekulweni noMbuso Wesithathu.
Ikakhulu, i-Italy yamukelwa njengezwe okwathi, ngesikhathi impi ishubile, kwaba nomthelela ekubhujisweni kobuNazi. Mayelana nalokhu, wonke amaqembu avumile ukumngenisa enhlanganweni yeZizwe Ezihlangene esungulwe ukusekela ukuthula nokuphepha emhlabeni wonke.
Ngokwesiphakamiso sosomaqhinga baseBrithani, kwathathwa isinqumo sokwanelisa izicelo zokwamukelwa kwi-UN yamazwe ahlala engathathi hlangothi phakathi nempi.
E-Austria, eyayihlala amazwe amane anqobayo, kwethulwa indlela yokulawula ehlangene, ngenxa yalokho kwasungulwa izindawo zokuhlala ezine.
ISyria neLebanon bacele i-UN ukuthi ihoxise amabutho ahlasele iFrance neGreat Britain ezindaweni zawo. Ngenxa yalokho, izicelo zabo zamukelwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izithunywa zengqungquthela yasePotsdam zaxoxa ngezinkinga eziphathelene neYugoslavia, Greece, Trieste nezinye izifunda.
Kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi iMelika neBrithani babenentshisekelo enkulu lapho i-USSR imemezela impi ngeJapan. Ngenxa yalokho, uStalin wathembisa ukujoyina impi, futhi lokho kwenziwa. Ngendlela, amasosha aseSoviet akwazi ukunqoba amaJapan emavikini amathathu nje kuphela, ebaphoqa ukuthi bazinikele.
Imiphumela nokubaluleka kwengqungquthela yasePotsdam
Ingqungquthela yasePotsdam ikwazile ukuphothula izivumelwano ezimbalwa ezibalulekile, ezazisekelwa ngamanye amazwe omhlaba. Ikakhulu, kwasungulwa inkambiso yokuthula nokuvikeleka eYurophu, kwaqala uhlelo lokuqedwa kwezikhali kanye ne-denazification yaseJalimane.
Abaholi bamazwe anqobile bavumile ukuthi ubudlelwano phakathi kwamazwe kumele busekelwe ezimisweni zokuzimela, ukulingana nokungaphazamiseki ezindabeni zangaphakathi. Le ngqungquthela iphinde yafakazela ukuthi kungenzeka ukubambisana phakathi kwamazwe nezinhlelo ezehlukene zepolitiki.
Isithombe seNgqungquthela yasePotsdam