Impilo yanoma yimuphi umculi onethalente igcwele ukuphikisana. Okwesibili, kunalokho, kungakhulelwa konke, kepha kungabi nocezu lwesinkwa. Umuntu othile angabonwa njengongqondongqondo uma bezalwa eminyakeni engama-50 ngaphambili noma kamuva, futhi baphoqeleka ukuba babe semthunzini wozakwabo onethalente elingaphezulu. Noma u-Ilya Repin - waphila impilo enhle enezithelo ezinhle, kepha ngasikhathi sinye wayenebhadi emindenini yakhe - omkakhe babedlala njalo, njengoba ababhali bezinto eziphilayo bebhala, "amanoveli amafushane" eceleni.
Ngakho-ke impilo yomculi ayisiyo nje ibhulashi esandleni sakhe sokunene, kodwa i-easel kwesobunxele (ngasendleleni, u-Auguste Renoir, ephuke ingalo yangakwesokudla, washintshela kwesobunxele, futhi nomsebenzi wakhe awuzange ube mubi kakhulu). Futhi ubuhlakani obumsulwa inkatho yabambalwa.
1. Imidwebo kawoyela "emikhulu" emikhulu kunayo yonke "iPharadesi" likaTintoretto. Ubukhulu bayo bungu-22.6 x 9.1 metres. Ukwahlulela ukwakheka, inkosi yayingakholelwa ngempela ukuthi injabulo ephakade ilindele labo abaseparadesi. Ngendawo yendwangu ephelele engaphezulu kwamamitha angama-2002 ITintoretto ibeke ngaphezulu kwezinhlamvu eziyi-130 kuyo - "IPharadesi" ibukeka njengemoto ehamba ngaphansi ngesikhathi sehora lokugijima. Umdwebo uqobo useVenice esigodlweni seDoge. ERussia, eSt. Petersburg, kukhona uhlobo lomdwebo, odwetshwe ngumfundi waseTintoretto. Ngezikhathi ezithile, kuvela imidwebo yesimanje, ubude bayo bubalwa ngamakhilomitha, kepha ubuciko obunjalo ngeke kubizwe ngemidwebo.
2. ULeonardo da Vinci angabhekwa "njengobaba" wokudweba ngendlela ejwayelekile. Nguye owasungula inqubo ye-sfumato. Imidwebo yezibalo, edwetshiwe kusetshenziswa le ndlela, ibukeka ifiphele kancane, izibalo ngokwazo zingokwemvelo futhi azilimazi amehlo, njengezindwangu zabanduleli bakaLeonardo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkosi enkulu isebenze ngopende omncane kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, abalingiswa bakhe babukeka bephila kakhulu.
Imigqa ethambile emdwebeni kaLeonardo da Vinci
3. Kubukeka kungakholeki, kepha eminyakeni engama-20 kusukela ngo-1500 kuya ku-1520, abathathu babadwebi abakhulu basebenza ngasikhathi sinye emadolobheni ase-Italy: uLeonardo da Vinci, uRaphael noMichelangelo. Omdala kunabo bonke kwakunguLeonardo, omncane uRaphael. Ngasikhathi sinye, uRafael wasinda kuLeonardo, owayemdala kuye ngeminyaka engama-31, engaphansi konyaka nje. URaphael
4. Ngisho nabaculi abanohlonze abahlukile ekufuneni izikhundla. Ngo-1504, eFlorence, kwaba nempi phakathi kukaMichelangelo noLeonardo da Vinci, njengoba bengasho manje. Izingcweti, ezazingakwazi ukumelana, kwakudingeka zidwebe izindonga ezimbili ezibhekene nehholo lomhlangano laseFlorentine. UDa Vinci wayefuna ukuwina kakhulu kangangokuba wayehlakaniphe kakhulu ngokwakhiwa kopende, futhi ifresco yakhe yaqala ukoma nokudilika maphakathi nomsebenzi. Ngasikhathi sinye, uMichelangelo wethule amakhadibhodi - ekudwebeni kuyinto efana nokusalungiswa okunzima noma imodeli encane yomsebenzi wesikhathi esizayo - ukubheka ukuthi kwakukhona kuphi ulayini. Ngokobuchwepheshe uLeonard ulahlekile - washiya umsebenzi wahamba. Nokho, uMichelangelo akazange aqedele indalo yakhe. Wabizwa ngokuphuthumayo nguPapa, futhi ngaleso sikhathi bambalwa ababenesibindi sokungayinaki inselelo enjalo. Futhi amakhadibhodi adumile kamuva abhujiswa ngumuntu oshisekela ngokweqile.
5. Umdwebi ovelele waseRussia uKarl Bryullov wakhulela emndenini wabadwebi abazalwa nefa - hhayi ubaba wakhe nomkhulu wakhe kuphela ababebandakanyeka kwezobuciko, kodwa nakomalume bakhe. Ngaphezu kwefa, ubaba wakhe wasebenza kanzima kuCharles. Phakathi kwemivuzo kwaba ukudla, uma uKarl eqeda lo msebenzi (“Dweba amahhashi ayishumi nambili, uthola isidlo sasemini”). Futhi phakathi kwezijeziso kukhona amazinyo. Ngesinye isikhathi ubaba wamshaya umfana waze waba yisithulu endlebeni eyodwa. Isayensi iye ngekusasa: UBryullov wakhula waba ngumculi omuhle kakhulu. Umdwebo wakhe "Usuku Lokugcina LasePompeii" waqhakaza kakhulu e-Italy kangangokuba izixuku zabantu zaphonsa izimbali ezinyaweni zakhe khona kanye eBryullov, kanti imbongi u-Yevgeny Baratynsky wabiza ukwethulwa komdwebo e-Italy usuku lokuqala lomdwebo waseRussia.
K. Bryullov. "Usuku lokugcina lwePompeii"
6. “Anginathalente. Ngisebenza kanzima, ”u-Ilya Repin wake waphendula ukuncoma komunye wabangane bakhe. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi umculi wayenobuqili - wasebenza impilo yakhe yonke, kodwa ithalente lakhe lisobala. Futhi wayejwayele ukusebenza kusukela ebuntwaneni - hhayi wonke umuntu ngaleso sikhathi owayengathola ama-ruble ayi-100 ngokudweba amaqanda e-Easter. Ngemuva kokuthola impumelelo ("iBarge Haulers" yaba yisasasa lomhlaba wonke), uRepin akazange alandele ukuhola komphakathi, kepha wasebenzisa imicabango yakhe ngomoya ophansi. Wagxekwa ngokusekela inguquko, bese ephendula, kepha u-Ilya Efimovich waqhubeka nokusebenza. Ubize ukukhala kwababuyekezi umquba oshibhile, ongeke ungene ngisho nokwakheka komhlaba, kodwa ozohlakazwa umoya.
Imidwebo kaRepin cishe igcwele njalo
7. UPeter Paul Rubens wayenethalente hhayi kuphela emdwebeni. Umbhali wemidwebo eyi-1,500 wayengusomaqhinga oncomekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imisebenzi yakhe yayiyinhlobo yokuthi manje angabizwa ngokufanelekile ngokuthi "usopolitiki ogqoke izingubo zomphakathi" - ozakwabo bahlala benokusola ukuthi uRubens usebenza nobani futhi usebenza ngamuphi umsebenzi. Umculi, ikakhulukazi, wafika eLa Rochelle eyayizungezwe ukuxoxisana noKhadinali Richelieu (ngalesi sikhathi isenzo senoveli esithi "The Three Musketeers" sasithuthuka). URubens naye wayelindele umhlangano nenxusa laseBrithani, kepha akazange eze ngenxa yokubulawa kukaDuke waseBuckingham.
Rubens. Ukuzimela
8. Uhlobo lweMozart kusuka kumdwebo lungabizwa ngomculi waseRussia u-Ivan Aivazovsky. Umsebenzi womdwebi wasolwandle ovelele ubulula kakhulu - ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe upende imidwebo engaphezu kuka-6,000. U-Aivazovsky wayethandwa kuyo yonke imibuthano yomphakathi waseRussia, wabongwa kakhulu ngababusi (u-Ivan Alexandrovich wayehlala kwabane). Kuphela nge-easel nebhulashi, u-Aivazovsky akagcinanga nje ngokwenza inotho ehloniphekile, kodwa futhi wakhuphukela esigabeni sokuba yikhansela langempela lombuso (imeya edolobheni elikhulu, umphathi omkhulu jikelele noma umphathi wangemuva). Ngaphezu kwalokho, leli zinga alizange linikezwe ngokobude benkonzo.
U-Aivazovsky wabhala kuphela ngolwandle. "IGulf of Naples"
9. I-oda lokuqala ngqa elitholwe nguLeonardo da Vinci - umdwebo wesinye sezindela eMilan - ukhombisile, ukusho ngomsindo ophansi, ukuphambana komculi. Ngemuva kokuvuma ukuqedela umsebenzi ngemali ethile ezinyangeni eziyi-8, uLeonard uthathe isinqumo sokuthi intengo iphansi kakhulu. Amakholi akhuphule inani lemali ekhokhwayo, kodwa hhayi njengoba umculi ayefuna. Umdwebo othi "Madonna of the Rocks" wawudwetshwe, kepha uDa Vinci wazigcinela wona. Amacala aqhubeka iminyaka engu-20, isigodlo sezindela sisalokhu sibamba ngendwangu.
10. Esethole udumo eSiena nasePerugia, uRaphael osemusha wanquma ukuya eFlorence. Lapho wathola izifiso ezimbili ezinamandla zokudala. Ekuqaleni washaywa ngu "David" kaMichelangelo, kwathi ngemuva kwesikhashana wabona uLeonardo eqeda iMona Lisa. URaphael wazama nokukopisha isithombe esidumile kusuka enkumbulweni, kepha akazange akwazi ukudlulisa ubuhle bokumamatheka kukaGioconda. Kodwa-ke, wathola isikhuthazo esikhulu sokusebenza - ngemuva kwesikhashana uMichelangelo wambiza ngokuthi "isimangaliso semvelo".
URaphael wayethandwa ngabesifazane kulo lonke elase-Italy
11. Umbhali wezindwangu eziningi ezivelele, uViktor Vasnetsov, wayenamahloni ngokwemvelo. Wakhulela emndenini ompofu, wafunda esikoleni sokufundela ubufundisi futhi, efika eSt. Petersburg, wahlatshwa umxhwele ubukhazikhazi bedolobha nokuqina kwamanumzane enza isivivinyo sakhe sokungena e-Academy of Arts. UVasnetsov wayenesiqiniseko sokuthi ngeke amukelwe kangangokuthi akazange aqale nokuthola imiphumela yokuhlolwa. Ngemuva kokufunda unyaka esikoleni sokudweba samahhala, uVasnetsov wakholwa kuye futhi waphinde waya esivivinyweni sokungena e-Academy. Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho athola khona ukuthi angafunda unyaka.
UViktor Vasnetsov emsebenzini
12. Umphathi werekhodi wenani lezithombe ozimele ezibhalwe phakathi kwabaculi abakhulu, mhlawumbe, uRembrandt. Le nsizwa enkulu yaseDutch yathatha ibhulashi layo izikhathi ezingaphezu kwekhulu ukuze izithathe. Akukho narcissism emifanekisweni eminingi yokuzimela. URembrandt waya ekubhaleni imidwebo ephelele ngokutadisha abalingiswa nezilungiselelo. Wazidweba ngezingubo zokugaya kanye ne-rake, i-sultan yaseMpumalanga kanye ne-burgher yaseDashi. Kwesinye isikhathi wayekhetha izithombe eziphikisana kakhulu.
Rembrandt. Izithombe ezizimele, kunjalo
13. Ngokuzimisela kakhulu, amasela antshontsha imidwebo yomculi waseSpain uPablo Picasso. Sekukonke, kukholakala ukuthi imisebenzi engaphezu kwengu-1 000 yomsunguli weCubism iyaqhubeka. Akukapheli unyaka umhlaba ungabathumbi noma ubuyele kubanikazi bemisebenzi yombhali we "Juba Lokuthula". Intshisekelo yamasela iyaqondakala - imidwebo eyishumi ebiza kakhulu kunazo zonke ezake zathengiswa emhlabeni ifaka phakathi imisebenzi emithathu kaPicasso. Kepha ngo-1904, lapho lo mculi osemncane esanda kufika eParis, wayesolwa ngokweba iMona Lisa. Ukugumbuqelwa kwesisekelo sokupenda ngomsindo omkhulu kwasho ukuthi yize iLouvre yashiswa, ngeke ize ilimaze kakhulu isiko. Lokhu kwakwanele ukuthi amaphoyisa aphenye lo mculi osemncane.
UPablo Picasso. EParis, ngo-1904. Futhi amaphoyisa afuna "Mona Lisa" ...
14. Umdwebi womhlaba ovelele u-Isaac Levitan wayengumngane nombhali ongahloniphi u-Anton Chekhov. Ngasikhathi sinye, uLevitan akazange ayeke ukwenza ubungane nabesifazane ababemzungezile, futhi ubungani kaningi babusondelene kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bonke ubudlelwano bukaLevitan babuhambisana nezenzo zomfanekiso: ukumemezela uthando lwakhe, umbhali we "Golden Autumn" nethi "Above Eternal Peace" wadubula wabeka ulwandle ezinyaweni zomuntu amkhethile. Umbhali akazange abuyeke ubungane, wanikela ngezigemegeme ezijabulisayo zomngani wakhe "House with a Mezzanine" ku- "Jumping" kanye nomdlalo othi "The Seagull" onendawo ehambisanayo, ngenxa yalokho ubudlelwano phakathi kukaLevitan neChekhov obuvame ukuwohloka khona.
"I-Seagull", ngokusobala, icabanga nje. I-Levitan neChekhov ndawonye
15. Umqondo wokushintsha izithombe kusuka phezulu kuye phansi, ekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, owasetshenziswa ezibayeni zomthombo ezidumile, wasungulwa nguFrancisco Goya. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, umculi odumile wapenda izithombe ezimbili zesifazane ezifanayo (kukholakala ukuthi lesi sibonelo kwakuyiDuchess yase-Alba), ehluke kuphela ezingeni lokugqoka. UGoya uxhume izithombe ngehenjisi elikhethekile, intokazi yakhumula ngokungathi kushelela.
F. Goya. "Maja unqunu"
16. UValentin Serov wayengomunye wamakhosi amahle kakhulu emidwebo yomdwebo waseRussia. Ukubusa kukaSerov nakho kwahlonishwa ngabantu besikhathi sakhe, umculi wayengenakuphela kwemiyalo. Kodwa-ke, wayengazi ukuthi angayithatha kanjani imali enhle kumakhasimende, abantu abancane kakhulu abanethalente ebhulashini bathola izikhathi eziphindwe ka-5-10 kunenkosi ehlala idinga imali.
17. UJean-Auguste Dominique Ingres kungenzeka ukuthi waba ngumculi ovelele kunokuba anikele ngemidwebo yakhe emihle emhlabeni. Kakade esemncane, wakhombisa ithalente elivelele futhi wadlala i-violin eToulouse Opera Orchestra. U-Ingres uxhumana noPaganini, uCherubini, uLiszt noBerlioz. Futhi uma umculo usize u-Ingres ukugwema umshado ongajabulisi. Ubempofu, futhi ebelungiselela ukubandakanyeka - ilobolo lalowo okhethwe ngenkani lizomsiza ukuthi athuthukise isimo sakhe sezezimali. Kodwa-ke, cishe ngosuku olwandulela ukubandakanyeka, abantu abasha babenengxabano ngomculo, ngemuva kwalokho u-Ingres walahla konke waya eRoma. Ngokuzayo, wayenemishado emibili ephumelelayo, isikhundla sokuba ngumqondisi weParis School of Fine Arts kanye nesiqu seSenator yaseFrance.
18. U-Ivan Kramskoy waqala umsebenzi wakhe wokuba ngumdwebi ngendlela yangempela. Omunye wabahleli be-Association of Traveling Exhibitions okokuqala ngqa wathatha ibhulashi ngenhloso yokuthwebula kabusha izithombe. Maphakathi nekhulu le-19, ubuchwepheshe bezithombe babungaphelele, futhi ukuthandwa kokuthwebula izithombe kwakukukhulu. I-retoucher enhle yayifanele isisindo sayo ngegolide, ngakho-ke ochwepheshe balo msebenzi bahehwa yi-studio yezithombe. UKramskoy, oseneminyaka engama-21 ubudala, wasebenza estudiyo esihlonishwa kakhulu eSt. Petersburg nenkosi uDenier. Futhi kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho umbhali "Ongaziwa" aphendukela ekudwebeni.
I. Kramskoy. "Akwaziwa"
19. Sebese Louvre benza isivivinyo esincane, belengise umdwebo owodwa ngu-Eugene Delacroix noPablo Picasso eduze komunye nomunye. Inhloso bekuwukuqhathanisa umbono womdwebo ngekhulu le-19 nele-20. Ukuhlolwa kufingqwe nguPicasso uqobo, owababaza ngendwangu kaDelacroix ethi "Yini umculi!"
20. USalvador Dali, naphezu kwakho konke ukubamba inhlamba nokuthanda izinto ezishaqisayo, wayengumuntu owayengenakwenza lutho futhi enovalo. Unkosikazi wakhe uGala wayemthanda kakhulu kunenkosikazi nemodeli. Wakwazi ukumhlukanisa ngokuphelele nohlangothi lwezinto ezibonakalayo. UDali wayekwazi ukubhekana nezikhiye zeminyango eyedwa. Akakaze ashayele moto. Ngandlela-thile, lapho engekho umkakhe, kwakudingeka athenge ithikithi lendiza eyedwa, futhi lokhu kwaholela ekubeni neqhawe lonke, naphezu kokuthi umphathi we-cashier wayemazi futhi enozwela kakhulu. Eduze nokufa kwakhe, uDali ukhokhe imali ethe xaxa kunogada, obebuye asebenze njengomshayeli wakhe, ngoba phambilini ubekade ekuzwile ukudla okulungiselelwe lo mculi.
USalvador Dali noGala esithangamini nabezindaba
