Kunzima ukusho ukuthi umuntu waqala nini ukucabanga ukuthi umhlaba wenyama uhlangana kanjani nesithombe esivela ekuzileni kwethu. Kuyaziwa ngokuthembekile ukuthi amaGreki asendulo ayecabanga ngalokhu, nangezinye izindaba eziningi ezihlobene nokucabanga, imibono, izithombe zemvelo eziphakama engqondweni yomuntu.
Lokhu kuyaziwa, okokuqala, kusukela emisebenzini kaPlato (428-427 BC - 347 BC). Abangaphambi kwakhe abazikhathazanga ngokubhala imicabango yabo, noma imisebenzi yabo yalahleka. Futhi imisebenzi kaPlato yehlele kithi ngenani elikhulu. Bakhombisa ukuthi umbhali wayengomunye wezazi zefilosofi zakudala kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imisebenzi kaPlato, ebhalwe ngendlela yezingxoxo, yenza kube nokwenzeka ukwahlulela izinga lokuthuthukiswa komcabango wesayensi eGrisi lasendulo. Ngenhlanhla, bekungekho ukwahlukaniswa kwesayensi ngaleso sikhathi, futhi ukucabanga nge-physics yomuntu ofanayo kungasheshe kuthathelwe indawo ukucabanga ngesakhiwo esihle kakhulu sombuso.
1. UPlato wazalwa ngo-428 noma ngo-427 BC. ngosuku olungaziwa endaweni engaziwa. Ababhali bezindaba zokuphila kwakhe ngemuva kokuphikisana baphikisana nomoya wezikhathi futhi bamemezela usuku lokuzalwa lwesazi sefilosofi ngoMeyi 21 - usuku u-Apollo azalwa ngalo. Abanye baze babize u-Apollo ngokuthi ubaba kaPlato. AmaGreki asendulo awamangazanga ngalolu lwazi olumangazayo, okubonakala ngathi yizihloko ezisematheni ezibhekiswe ekuchofozeni ukushayela. Bakhuluma ngokungathi sína ngokuthi uHeraclitus wayeyindodana yenkosi, uDemocritus waphila iminyaka eyi-109, uPythagoras wayekwazi ukwenza izimangaliso, kanti u-Empedocles waziphonsa emgodini ophefumula umlilo wase-Etna.
2. Eqinisweni, igama lomfana kwakungu-Aristocles. UPlato waqala ukumbiza vele ebusheni ngenxa yobubanzi obuthile ("ithafa" ngesiGreki "ububanzi"). Kukholakala ukuthi i-epithet ingabhekisa esifubeni noma ebunzini.
3. Ababhali bama-biographer abaqaphe kakhudlwana balanda imvelaphi yomndeni wakwaPythagoras kuSolon, owasungula ijaji nephalamende elikhethiwe. Igama likababa uPlatnus kwakungu-Ariston, futhi, ngokumangazayo, kwakungekho lwazi ngaye. UDiogenes Laertius maqondana nalokhu uphakamise ukuthi uPlato wazalwa ngemuva kokukhulelwa okungenacala. Kodwa-ke, umama wesazi sefilosofi, ngokusobala, wayengeyena ongekho enjabulweni yezwe. Wayeshade kabili, ebelethe amadodana amathathu nendodakazi eyodwa. Bobabili abafowethu bakaPlato nabo babethambekele ekwenzeni ikhono, ifilosofi kanye nokuxhumana neminye imiphefumulo elicwengiweyo. Kodwa-ke, babengadingi ukunakekela ucezu lwesinkwa - usingababa wabo wayengomunye wabantu abacebe kakhulu e-Athene.
4. Imfundo kaPlato yayihlose ukufeza i-kalokagatia - inhlanganisela efanelekayo yobuhle bangaphandle nobuhle bangaphakathi. Ngale njongo, wafundiswa imikhakha ehlukahlukene yesayensi nemidlalo.
5. Kuze kube yiminyaka engama-20 ubudala, uPlato wayehola indlela yokuphila ejwayelekile yentsha yase-Athene yegolide: wabamba iqhaza emincintiswaneni yezemidlalo, wabhala ama-hexameters, wona lawo mazwe acebile awabiza ngokushesha ngokuthi “ngawaphezulu” (wona ngokwawo abhala okufanayo). Konke kwashintsha ngo-408 lapho uPlato ehlangana noSocrates.
USocrates
6. UPlato wayengumlwi onamandla kakhulu. Uthole ukunqoba okuningana emidlalweni yasendaweni, kepha akazange akwazi ukunqoba ama-Olimpiki. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kokuhlangana noSocrates, umsebenzi wakhe wezemidlalo wawusuphelile.
7. UPlato nabangane bakhe bazama ukusindisa uSocrates ekufeni. Ngokwemithetho yase-Athene, ngemuva kokuvotela ukulahlwa yicala, isigebengu singazikhethela esaso isijeziso. USocrates enkulumweni ende wacela ukukhokha inhlawulo ngomzuzu owodwa (cishe amagremu angama-440 esiliva). Sonke isimo sikaSocrates sahlolwa ngemizuzu engu-5, ngakho amajaji ayethukuthele, ecabanga ukuthi inhlawulo iyinhlekisa. UPlato uhlongoze ukunyusa inhlawulo ibe yimizuzu engama-30, kodwa bese kwephuzile - amajaji asidlulisa isigwebo sentambo. UPlato uzame ukukhuza amajaji kodwa waxoshwa endaweni yokukhuluma. Ngemuva kwecala, wagula kakhulu.
8. Ngemva kokushona kukaSocrates, uPlato wahamba kakhulu. Wavakashela iGibhithe, iFenikeya, iJudiya futhi ngemuva kweminyaka eyishumi yokuzulazula wazinza eSicily. Njengoba ayejwayelene nesakhiwo sombuso samazwe ahlukene, isazi sefilosofi safika esiphethweni: zonke izifundazwe, noma ngabe yiziphi izinhlelo zazo zezombusazwe, azilawulwa kahle. Ukuze uthuthukise ukuphatha, udinga ukuthonya ababusi ngefilosofi. "Ukuhlola" kwakhe kokuqala kwakungumashiqela waseSicilian uDionysius. Ngesikhathi sokuxoxa naye, uPlato wagcizelela ukuthi inhloso yombusi kufanele kube ukuthuthukisa izifundo zakhe. UDionysius, owayephila impilo yakhe kumaqhinga, uzungu nokuhilizisana, watshela uPlato ukuthi uma efuna umuntu ophelele, ngenkathi ukufuna kwakhe kungathweswa umqhele ngempumelelo, futhi wayala ukuthi athengise isazi sefilosofi ebugqilini noma ambulale. Ngenhlanhla, uPlato wahlengwa ngokushesha futhi wabuyela e-Athene.
9. Phakathi nohambo lwakhe, uPlato wahambela imiphakathi yamaPythagoras, efunda umbono wabo womhlaba. UPythagoras, manje owaziwa kangcono njengombhali wethiyori edumile, wayeyisazi sefilosofi esivelele futhi enabalandeli abaningi. Babehlala emiphakathini yomphakathi okwakunzima kakhulu ukungena kuyo. Izici eziningi zezimfundiso zikaPlato, ikakhulukazi, imfundiso yokuvumelana kwendawo yonke noma umbono ngomphefumulo, zihambisana nemibono yabantu basePythagoras. Ukuqondana okunjalo kwaholela nasekumangalelweni ngokukopela. Kwakunamahemuhemu okuthi wathenga incwadi yakhe komunye wamaPythagoras, wakhokha imizuzu engaba yikhulu ukuzichaza njengombhali wayo.
10. UPlato wayeyindoda ehlakaniphile, kepha ukuhlakanipha kwakhe kwakungathinti izindaba zansuku zonke. Lapho ewele ebugqilini ngemiyalo kaDionysius the Elder, weza kabili (!) Wafika eSicily ezovakashela indodana yakhe. Kuhle ukuthi i-titan encane yayingeyona eyokuchitha igazi njengobaba, futhi yayilinganiselwe ukuxoshwa kukaPlato kuphela.
11. Imibono kaPlato yezepolitiki yayilula futhi ifana kakhulu ne-fascism. Kodwa-ke, akunjalo ngoba isazi sefilosofi sasingumuntu okhohlakeleyo wegazi - lelo bekuyileveli yokuthuthuka kwesayensi yezenhlalo kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabase-Athene. Babemelene nabashiqela, kodwa benqabela uSocrates kuphela ukuphazamisa abantu ngezingxoxo. Omashiqela bagumbuqelwa, umbuso wabantu wafika - futhi uSocrates, ngaphandle kokulibala, wathunyelwa ezweni elilandelayo. UPlato wayefuna uhlobo lwesimo esikahle futhi wasungula izwe elilawulwa izazi zefilosofi namaqhawe, bonke abanye ngokuzithoba bazithoba ezingeni lokuthi banikela ngokushesha izingane ezisanda kuzalwa emfundweni kahulumeni. Kancane kancane kuzovela ukuthi zonke izakhamizi zizokhuliswa ngendlela efanele, bese kuba nenjabulo yendawo yonke.
12. Ekuqaleni, i-Academy kwakuyigama lendawo emaphethelweni e-Athene, lapho uPlato azithengela khona indlu nesiqephu somhlaba lapho ebuya ekuzuleni nasekugqilazweni okude. Izwe lalingaphansi kokuphathwa kweqhawe lasendulo u-Akadem futhi lathola igama elihambisanayo. Lesi sikole besilokhu sikhona kusukela ngama-380s BC. kuze kube ngu-529 AD e.
13. UPlato wasungula iwashi lokuqala le-alamu le-Academy. Uxhume iwashi lamanzi echibini lomoya lapho kufakwa khona ipayipi. Ngaphansi kwengcindezi yamanzi, umoya waphephela epayipini, elanikeza umsindo onamandla.
14. Phakathi kwabafundi bakaPlato e-Academy kwakukhona u-Aristotle, Theophrastus, Heraclides, Lycurgus noDemosthenes.
UPlato ukhuluma no-Aristotle
15. Yize imibono kaPlato ngezibalo yayiyiphupho kakhulu, ukuze kwamukelwe e-Academy kwakudingeka ukuthi aphumelele ukuhlolwa ku-geometry. Izazi zezibalo ezinkulu zazisebenza ku-Academy, ngakho-ke ezinye izazi-mlando zale sayensi zonke izibalo zasendulo zamaGrikhi ngaphambi kuka-Euclid "ngeminyaka kaPlato".
Ingxoxo kaPlato "Umkhosi" yavinjelwa iSonto LamaKatolika kwaze kwaba ngo-1966. Lokhu, kepha, akukhawulanga ukusakazwa komsebenzi ngokweqile. Enye yezindikimba zale ngxoxo kwakungukuthanda kuka-Alcibiades uSocrates. Lolu thando lwalunganqunyelwe ekuncomeleni ubuhlakani noma ubuhle bukaSocrates.
17. Emlonyeni kaSocrates engxoxweni ethi "Idili" kwafakwa engxoxweni yezinhlobo ezimbili zothando: inkanuko kanye nobunkulunkulu. KumaGreki, lokhu kwehlukana kwakuvamile. Intshisekelo kwifilosofi yasendulo, eyavela eNkathini Ephakathi, yabuyisa ukuhlukaniswa kothando ngokutholakala kokukhanga okuvusa inkanuko. Kepha ngaleso sikhathi, ngomzamo wokubiza ubudlelwano phakathi kowesilisa nowesifazane "uthando lwaphezulu" kungenzeka ukuya emlilweni, ngakho-ke baqala ukusebenzisa incazelo "yothando lweplato". Akukho lwazi mayelana nokuthi uPlato wayemthanda yini umuntu.
18. Ngokwemibhalo kaPlato, ulwazi lwehlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezimbili - ezansi, izinkanuko, neziphezulu, ubuhlakani. Lesi sakamuva sinezinhlobo ezincane ezimbili: isizathu nombono ophakeme, ukucabanga, lapho umsebenzi wengqondo uhlose ukucabanga ngezinto zengqondo.
19. UPlato waba ngowokuqala ukuveza umbono wesidingo samakheshi ezenhlalo. Wayekholelwa ukuthi ababusi bazalwa benomphefumulo wegolide, izicukuthwane ezinesiliva, nawo wonke umuntu onethusi. Kodwa-ke, isazi sefilosofi sikholelwa, kwenzeka ukuthi imiphefumulo emibili yethusi izoba nengane ngegolide. Kulokhu, ingane kufanele ithole usizo futhi ithathe indawo efanele.
20. Imibono ephakeme kaPlato yahlekisa uDiogenes waseSinop, owayedume ngokuhlala emgqonyeni omkhulu futhi ephula inkomishi yakhe lapho ebona umfana omncane ephuza ngesandla. Lapho omunye wabafundi be-Academy ecela uPlato ukuthi achaze umuntu, wathi yisidalwa esinemilenze emibili futhi asinazimpaphe. UDiogenes, ngokufunda ngalokhu, wazungeza i-Athene ngeqhude elihluthuliwe futhi wachazela abanelukuluku lokuthi lona “ngumuntu kaPlato”.
UDiogenes
21. KwakunguPlato owaqala ukukhuluma nge-Atlantis. Ngokwezingxoxo zakhe, i-Atlantis yayisisiqhingi esikhulu (540 × 360 km) esisentshonalanga neGibraltar. Abantu base-Atlantis bavela ekuxhumaneni kukaPoseidon nentombazane yasemhlabeni. Izakhamizi zase-Atlantis zazicebile kakhulu futhi zijabule uma nje zazigcina ucezu lwaphezulu olwadluliselwa nguPoseidon. Lapho begcwele ukuziqhenya nokuhaha, uZeus wabajezisa kanzima. Abantu basendulo badala izinganekwane eziningi ezinjalo, kodwa ngeNkathi Ephakathi base bephatha uPlato njengososayensi, futhi bathatha izingcezu zezingxoxo zakhe ngokungathi sína, bethandisa inganekwane.
I-Atlantis enhle
22. Isazi sefilosofi lesi sasiyisikhulu sasebukhosini. Wayethanda izingubo ezinhle nokudla okumnandi. Kwakungenakwenzeka ukumbona njengoSocrates ekhuluma nombazi noma umthengisi. Uzivale ngamabomu ngaphakathi kwezindonga ze-Academy ukuze ahlukane nama-plebs futhi akhulume ngohlobo lwakhe kuphela. E-Athene, umuzwa wokuzwela komphakathi wavele wavele waqonda entandweni yeningi, ngakho-ke uPlato wayengathandwa futhi nezenzo ezahlukahlukene ezingathandeki zenziwa kuye.
23. Isimo sengqondo somphakathi wase-Athene sigcizelela igunya likaPlato. Akazange abambe izikhundla zikahulumeni, akazange abambe iqhaza ezimpini - wayengumfilosofi nje. Kodwa kwathi ngo-360 uPlato osevele esekhulile weza eMidlalweni Yama-Olimpiki, isixuku sahlukana phambi kwakhe njengaphambi kwenkosi noma iqhawe.
24. UPlato ushone eneminyaka engama-82, edilini lomshado. Bamngcwaba e-Academy. Kuze kube ukuvalwa kwe-Academy ngosuku lokufa kukaPlato, abafundi benza imihlatshelo konkulunkulu futhi bahlela imikhosi ehloniphekile yokumhlonipha.
Izingxoxo ezingama-25. 35 nezincwadi eziningana zikaPlato zisasinda kuze kube namuhla. Ngemuva kocwaningo olunzulu, zonke izincwadi kwatholakala ukuthi zenziwe ngomgunyathi. Ososayensi nabo babexwaye kakhulu ngezingxoxo. Okwangempela akukho, kunezinhlu ezimbalwa kuphela zakamuva. Izinkhulumomphendvulwano azinadethi. Ukuwahlukanisa ngemijikelezo noma ngokulandelana kwezikhathi kwanikeza abacwaningi umsebenzi iminyaka.
