URichard I the Lionheart

URichard I the Lionheart (1157-1199) - Inkosi yamaNgisi kanye nojenene ovela kubukhosi basePlantagenet. Wayephinde abe nesidlaliso esaziwa kancane - uRichard Yebo-no-Cha, okusho ukuthi wayeyilaconic noma ukuthi kwakulula ukumgoba aye kolunye uhlangothi.

Ubhekwa njengomunye wabaholi benkolo abaziwa kakhulu. Uchithe isikhathi esiningi sokubusa kwakhe ngaphandle kweNgilandi ezimpini zempi nakweminye imikhankaso yezempi.

Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaRichard I the Lionheart, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.

Ngakho-ke, nayi i-biography emfushane kaRichard 1.

Umlando kaRichard I the Lionheart

URichard wazalwa ngoSepthemba 8, 1157 edolobheni lesiNgisi i-Oxford. Wayeyindodana yesithathu yenkosi yamaNgisi uHenry II no-Alienora wase-Aquitaine. Ngaphezu kwakhe, abazali bakaRichard bazalelwa abanye abafana abane - uWilliam (owashona esemncane), uHenry, uJeffrey noJohn, kanye namantombazane amathathu - uMatilda, u-Alienora noJoanna.

Ubuntwana nentsha

Njengendodana yombhangqwana wasebukhosini, uRichard wathola imfundo enhle kakhulu. Esemncane, waqala ukukhombisa amakhono empi, yingakho wayekuthanda ukudlala imidlalo ehlobene nezindaba zempi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umfana wayethambekele kwezombusazwe, okwamsiza ku-biography yakhe yesikhathi esizayo. Minyaka yonke wayethanda ukulwa ngokwengeziwe. Abantu besikhathi sakubo bakhuluma ngaye njengeqhawe elinesibindi nelinamandla.

URichard osemncane wayehlonishwa emphakathini, ekwazile ukuthola ukulalela okungangabazeki okuvela kubanumzane ababengaphansi kwakhe. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi, njengoba ayengumKatolika ozinikele, wayenaka kakhulu imikhosi yesonto.

Le nsizwa ihlanganyele emasikweni enkolo ngenjabulo, yahlabelela izingoma zesonto futhi "yaqhuba" ikhwaya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayezithanda izinkondlo, ngenxa yalokho wazama ukubhala izinkondlo.

URichard the Lionheart, njengabafowabo ababili, wayemthanda kakhulu umama wakhe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abafowethu babephatha kabi uyise ngokunganaki unina. Ngo-1169 uHenry II wahlukanisa umbuso waba yizimbali, wabahlukanisa phakathi kwamadodana akhe.

Ngonyaka olandelayo, umfowabo kaRichard, owathweswa umqhele ngaphansi kwegama likaHenry III, wavukela uyise ngoba ephucwe amandla amaningi ombusi. Kamuva, amanye amadodana enkosi, kuhlanganise noRichard, ajoyina lolu dlame.

UHenry II wathatha izingane ezihlubukayo futhi wabamba nomkakhe. Lapho uRichard ezwa ngalokhu, waba ngowokuqala ukuzinikela kuyise futhi wamcela intethelelo. Inkosi ayigcinanga ngokuxolela indodana yayo kuphela, kepha yamshiyela nelungelo lokuba nezigodi. Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-1179 Richard waklonyeliswa isihloko Duke of Aquitaine.

Ukuqala kokubusa

Ehlobo lika-1183, uHenry III washona, ngakho isihlalo sobukhosi saseNgilandi sadlulela kuRichard the Lionheart. Uyise wamnxusa ukuthi adlulisele amandla e-Aquitaine kumfowabo omncane uJohn, kepha uRichard akazange avume kulokhu, okwaholela ekuxabaneni noJohn.

Ngaleso sikhathi, uPhilip II Augustus waba yinkosi entsha yaseFrance, ebanga amazwe ezwekazi likaHenry II. Efuna ukuthola impahla, wathakazelisa futhi waphendukela uRichard ngokumelene nomzali wakhe.

Ngo-1188 uRichard the Lionheart waba ngumlingani kaPhilip, ahamba naye wayokulwa nenkosi yamaNgisi. Futhi nakuba uHeinrich ngesibindi alwa nezitha zakhe, wayengeke akwazi ukunqoba zona.

Lapho uHenry 2 ogula kakhulu ezwa ngokukhashelwa kwendodana yakhe uJohn, wezwa ukushaqeka okukhulu waquleka ngokushesha. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, ehlobo lika-1189, washona. Ngemva kokungcwaba uyise, uRichard waya eRouen, lapho athola khona isihloko sikaDuke waseNormandy.

Inqubomgomo yasekhaya

Ngemuva kokuba ngumbusi omusha waseNgilandi, uRichard I the Lionheart wakhulula umama wakhe kuqala. Kuyaxaka ukuthi waxolela bonke ozakwabo bakayise, ngaphandle kuka-Etienne de Marsay.

Okungathandeki kangako ukuthi uRichard akazange ahlanze izindondo ngemiklomelo, owashintshela ohlangothini lwakhe ngesikhathi sokuxabana noyise. Ngokuphambene nalokho, wabalahla ngenxa yobubi nokukhaphela umbusi wamanje.

Khonamanjalo, umama wenkosi entsha wayesebenza ekukhululweni kweziboshwa ezazithunyelwe emajele ngokuyalelwa ngumyeni ongasekho. Ngokushesha, uRichard 1 the Lionheart wabuyisa amalungelo ezikhulu eziphezulu ezazilahlekile ngaphansi kukaHenry 2, futhi wabuyela ezweni ababhishobhi ababebalekele ngaphesheya kwemingcele yalo ngenxa yokushushiswa.

Ekwindla ka-1189, uRichard I wabekwa esihlalweni sobukhosi ngokusemthethweni. Umcimbi wokubekwa kobukhosi wawumbozwe ukubulawa kwabantu ngamaJuda. Ngakho-ke, ukubusa kwakhe kwaqala ngokucwaninga kwesabelomali kanye nokubikwa kwezikhulu ezisendaweni yobukhosi.

Ngokokuqala ngqa emlandweni waseNgilandi, umgcinimafa waqala ukugcwaliswa ngokuhweba kwamahhovisi kahulumeni. Izikhulu eziphezulu kanye namalungu abefundisi abangafuni ukukhokhela izihlalo kuhulumeni baboshwa ngokushesha bagqunywa ejele.

Ngesikhathi sokubusa kwezwe iminyaka engu-10, uRichard the Lionheart wayeseNgilandi isikhathi esingangonyaka kuphela. Ngalesi sikhathi se-biography yakhe, wagxila ekwakhiweni kwebutho lomhlaba kanye nasolwandle. Ngalesi sizathu, kwasetshenziswa imali eningi ekuthuthukiseni izindaba zempi.

Iminyaka engaphandle kwezwe, iNgilandi, lapho uRichard engekho, empeleni wayebuswa nguGuillaume Longchamp, uHubert Walter nonina. Inkosi yafika ekhaya okwesibili entwasahlobo ka-1194.

Kodwa-ke, inkosi yabuyela ezweni layo hhayi ukubusa kangako njengeqoqo elilandelayo lentela. Wayedinga imali yokulwa noPhilip, eyaphela ngo-1199 ngokunqoba kweBrithani. Ngenxa yalokho, amaFrance kwadingeka abuyise izindawo ezazithathwe eNgilandi ngaphambili.

Inqubomgomo yezangaphandle

Ngokushesha nje lapho uRichard the Lionheart eba yinkosi wazimisela ukuhlela impi yokulwela impi eya eZweni Elingcwele. Ngemuva kokuphothula wonke amalungiselelo afanele nokuqoqa izimali, wahamba waya enyuka.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uPhilip II naye wajoyina umkhankaso wezempi, owaholela ekuhlanganisweni kwamabutho empi yamaNgisi nawaseFrance. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi amabutho womabili amakhosi ayenamasosha ayi-100 000 lilinye!

Uhambo olude lwaluphelezelwa ubunzima obuhlukahlukene, kubandakanya nesimo sezulu esingesihle. AmaFrance, ayefike ePalestine ngaphambi kwamaNgisi, aqala ukuvimbezela i-Acre.

Khonamanjalo, uRichard the Lionheart walwa nebutho laseCypriot, eliholwa yinkosi engumkhohlisi u-Isaac Comnenus. Ngemuva kwempi esindayo yenyanga, amaNgisi akwazi ukunqoba isitha. Baphanga abaseCyprus futhi banquma kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ukubiza umbuso ngokuthi yiCyprus.

Ngemuva kokulinda ababambisene nabo, amaFrance aqala ukuhlasela nge-Acre, okwazinikela kubo cishe inyanga eyodwa kamuva. Kamuva, uPhilip, ecaphuna ukugula, wabuyela ekhaya, wahamba namasosha akhe amaningi.

Ngakho-ke, ambalwa ama-knights asele ezandleni zikaRichard the Lionheart. Noma kunjalo, ngisho nakwezinye izinombolo ezinjalo, wakwazi ukunqoba abaphikisi.

Ngokushesha ibutho lomlawuli laliseduze neJerusalema - enqabeni yase-Ascalon. Amasosha enkolo angena empini engalingani nebutho lesitha elinamandla elingu-300 000 futhi aphumelela kulo. URichard wabamba iqhaza ngempumelelo ezimpini, ezaphakamisa isimilo samasosha akhe.

Lapho esondele eduze noMuzi Ongcwele, umphathi wamasosha wahlola isimo samasosha. Isimo sezindaba sabangela ukukhathazeka okukhulu: amasosha ayekhathele yimashi ende, futhi kwaba nokushoda okukhulu kokudla, izinsiza zabantu nezempi.

Ngemuva kokucabangisisa, uRichard the Lionheart wayala ukuthi abuyele ku-Acre eyanqotshwa. Njengoba ayengakaze alwe neSaracens, inkosi yamaNgisi yasayina isivumelwano seminyaka emithathu noSultan Saladin. Ngokwesivumelwano, amaKrestu ayenelungelo lokuvakashela iJerusalema ngendlela ephephile.

Impi eyayiholwa nguRichard 1 yandise isikhundla sobuKristu eZweni Elingcwele ikhulu leminyaka. Ekwindla ka-1192, umkhuzi waya ekhaya nama-knights.

Ngesikhathi sohambo lwasolwandle, wangena esivunguvungwini esikhulu, ngenxa yalokho waphonswa ogwini. Ngaphansi kokuzulazula, uRichard the Lionheart wenza umzamo ongaphumelelanga wokudlula endaweni yesitha saseNgilandi - uLeopold wase-Austria.

Lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi inkosi yamukelwa futhi yaboshwa ngokushesha. Izifundo zamhlenga uRichard ngomvuzo omkhulu. Ebuyela ezweni lakubo, inkosi yamukelwa kahle ngabasizi bayo.

Impilo yomuntu siqu

Maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, ababhali bezincwadi zokuphila kwabantu baseBrithani baphakamisa umbuzo wobungqingili bukaRichard the Lionheart, osadala izingxoxo eziningi.

Ngentwasahlobo ka-1191, uRichard washada nendodakazi yenkosi yaseNavarre, egama linguBerengaria waseNavarre. Izingane ezikule nyunyana azange zizalwe. Kuyaziwa ukuthi inkosi yayinobudlelwano bokuzijabulisa no-Amelia de Cognac. Ngenxa yalokho, waba nendodana engekho emthethweni, uPhilippe de Cognac.

Ukufa

Inkosi, eyayithanda izindaba zempi, yafa enkundleni yempi. Ngesikhathi kuvinjezelwa isigodlo saseChaliu-Chabrol ngoMashi 26, 1199, walimala kanzima entanyeni kusuka ku-crossbow, okwaba yingozi kuye.

URichard the Lionheart ushone ngo-Ephreli 6, 1199 ngenxa yobuthi begazi ezandleni zikamama osekhulile. Ngesikhathi sokushona kwakhe, wayeneminyaka engama-41 ubudala.