Isikhathi ngumqondo olula kakhulu futhi oyinkimbinkimbi ngokwedlulele. Leli gama liqukethe impendulo yombuzo othi: "Isikhathi sini lesi?" Futhi kwalasha wefilosofi. Izingqondo ezinhle zesintu zibonise ngesikhathi, zibhale inqwaba yemisebenzi. Isikhathi besilokhu sondla izazi zefilosofi kusukela ezinsukwini zikaSocrates noPlato.
Abantu abavamile bakubona ukubaluleka kwesikhathi ngaphandle kwamafilosofi. Izaga nezisho eziningi mayelana nesikhathi kufakazela lokhu. Abanye babo bashaya, njengoba besho, hhayi esweni, kepha esweni. Ukwehluka kwawo kuyahlaba umxhwele - kusuka ku- "Yonke imifino inesikhathi sayo" kuya kumazwi acishe aphindaphindwa kaSolomoni "Konke okwamanje. Khumbula ukuthi indandatho kaSolomoni yayiqoshwe ngamazwi athi “Konke kuzodlula” nokuthi “Lokhu kuzodlula futhi,” okubhekwa njengenqolobane yokuhlakanipha.
Ngasikhathi sinye, “isikhathi” ngumqondo osebenzayo kakhulu. Abantu bafunde ukunquma ukuthi imikhumbi ikuphi ngqo kuphela ngokufunda indlela yokunquma ngokunembile isikhathi. Amakhalenda aqhamuka ngoba kwakudingeka ukubalwa kwezinsuku zomsebenzi wasensimini. Isikhathi saqala ukuvumelaniswa nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, ikakhulukazi ezokuthutha. Kancane kancane, kwavela izilinganiso zesikhathi, amawashi anembile, amakhalenda angenembile kangako, kwavela nabantu abenza ibhizinisi ngesikhathi.
1. Unyaka (ukuguqulwa okukodwa koMhlaba okuzungeze iLanga) kanye nosuku (ushintsho olulodwa loMhlaba oluzungeze i-eksisi yawo) (ngokubhuka okukhulu) kuyizikhathi zenhloso yesikhathi. Izinyanga, amasonto, amahora, imizuzu namasekhondi ngamayunithi angaphansi (njengoba kuvunyelwene). Usuku lungaba nenani lamahora, kanye nehora lemizuzu, nemizuzu yemizuzwana. Uhlelo lwesimanje, olungahambi kahle kakhulu lokubala isikhathi ifa leBabiloni Lasendulo, elalisebenzisa uhlelo lwezinombolo ezingama-60, kanye neGibhithe Lasendulo, nohlelo lwalo lwama-12-ary.
Usuku luyigugu eliguqukayo. NgoJanuwari, uFebhuwari, uJulayi no-Agasti zimfushane kunezilinganiso, ngoMeyi, Okthoba nangoNovemba zinde. Lo mehluko uyizinkulungwane zemizuzwana futhi uthakazelisa izazi zezinkanyezi kuphela. Ngokuvamile, usuku luba lude. Ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-200, ubude babo bukhuphuke ngemizuzwana engu-0.0028. Kuzothatha iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-250 ukuthi usuku lube ngamahora angama-25.
3. Ikhalenda lokuqala lokuthwasa kwenyanga kubukeka sengathi lavela eBabiloni. Kwakuse-II yeminyaka eyi-BC. Ngokombono wokunemba, wayedelela kakhulu - unyaka wahlukaniswa waba yizinyanga eziyi-12 zezinsuku ezingama-29 - 30. Ngakho-ke, izinsuku eziyi-12 zahlala “zingabelwe” unyaka nonyaka. Abapristi, ngokokubona kwabo, bangeze inyanga njalo eminyakeni emithathu kwengu-8. Kunzima, kwakucacile - kepha kwasebenza. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ikhalenda belidingeka ukuze kufundwe ngezinyanga ezintsha, izikhukhula zemifula, ukuqala kwenkathi entsha, njll., Kanye nekhalenda laseBabiloni lamelana kahle nale misebenzi. Ngohlelo olunjalo, ingxenye yesithathu kuphela yosuku ngonyaka "yalahleka".
4. Ezikhathini zasendulo, usuku lwaluhlukaniswa, njengoba selunathi manje, amahora angama-24. Ngasikhathi sinye, kwabelwa amahora ayi-12 osuku, nama-12 ebusuku. Ngokufanelekile, ngokushintsha kwezinkathi, ubude besikhathi "bobusuku" kanye "namahora emini" bashintsha. Ebusika, amahora "obusuku" ahlala isikhathi eside, ehlobo kwakuwukujika kwamahora “osuku”.
5. "Ukudalwa komhlaba", okwakubikwa kuwo amakhalenda asendulo, kwakuyicala, ngokusho kwabahlanganisi, okwakamuva - umhlaba wadalwa phakathi kuka-3483 no-6984. Ngezindinganiso zeplanethi, lokhu kuyiqiniso, okwamanje. Kulokhu, amaNdiya adlule wonke umuntu. Esikhathini sabo kunomqondo onjengokuthi “eon” - isikhathi esiyiminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezine ezingama-320, lapho kuphila khona uMhlaba futhi kufa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungaba khona inani elingapheli lama-eons.
6. Ikhalenda lamanje esilisebenzisayo libizwa nge- "Gregorian" ukuhlonipha uPapa Gregory XIII, owavuma ngo-1582 ikhalenda elalilungiswa elakhiwa nguLuigi Lilio. Ikhalenda likaGregory linembile impela. Ukungafani kwayo nama-equinox kuzoba usuku kuphela eminyakeni engama-3,280.
7. Ukuqala kokubalwa kweminyaka kuwo wonke amakhalenda akhona bekulokhu kuluhlobo oluthile lomcimbi obalulekile. Ama-Arabhu asendulo (ngisho nangaphambi kokutholwa kobuSulumane) abheka "unyaka wendlovu" njengomcimbi onjalo - ngalowo nyaka amaYemen ahlasela iMecca, futhi amabutho abo ahlanganisa nezindlovu zempi. Ukuboshwa kwekhalenda ekuzalweni kukaKristu kwenziwa ngo-524 AD yindela uDionysius the Small eRoma. KumaSulumane, iminyaka ibalwa kusukela ngesikhathi uMuhammad abalekela eMedina. UCaliph Omar ngo-634 wanquma ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka ngo-622.
8. Umhambi owenza uhambo lokuya emhlabeni wonke, ehambela empumalanga, “phambili” kwekhalenda lapho izosuka khona futhi ifike ngosuku olulodwa. Lokhu kwaziwa kabanzi kusuka emlandweni wangempela wohambo lukaFernand Magellan kanye nenganekwane, kodwa hhayi indaba ethokozisayo kaJules Verne "Emhlabeni Wonke ngezinsuku ezingama-80". Okungabonakali kahle iqiniso lokuthi ukonga (noma ukulahlekelwa uma uthuthela empumalanga) kosuku akuxhomekile esivinini sokuhamba. Ithimba likaMagellan lahamba olwandle iminyaka emithathu, kanti uPhileas Fogg wachitha izinyanga ezingaphansi kwezintathu esemgwaqeni, kepha basindisa usuku olulodwa.
9. OLwandlekazi iPacific, i-Date Line idlula cishe ngaku-180 meridian. Lapho bewela beya ngasentshonalanga, abaphathi bemikhumbi nemikhumbi baqopha izinsuku ezimbili ezifanayo zilandelana ku-logbook. Lapho weqa umugqa ngasempumalanga, usuku olulodwa lweqiwe ku-logbook.
10. I-sundial ikude nokuba uhlobo olulula lwewashi njengoba kubonakala. Kakade, kwakhiwa izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezazikhombisa isikhathi ngokunembile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingcweti zenza amawashi ashaya iwashi, zaze zaqala nokuqhuma kwesibhamu ngehora elithile. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kwadalwa wonke amasistimu wokukhulisa izibuko nezibuko. I-Ulugbek edumile, elwela ukunemba kwewashi, yayakha ngamamitha angama-50 ukuphakama. Isundial yakhiwa ngekhulu le-17 njengewashi, hhayi njengomhlobiso wamapaki.
11. Iwashi lamanzi eChina lalisetshenziswa ekuqaleni konyaka wesithathu we-III BC. e. Baphinde bathola ukwakheka okuhle komkhumbi ngewashi lamanzi ngaleso sikhathi - isigaxa esinqunyiwe esinesilinganiso sokuphakama nobubanzi besisekelo esingu-3: 1. Izibalo zesimanje zibonisa ukuthi isilinganiso kufanele sibe ngu-9: 2.
12. Impucuko yaseNdiya futhi endabeni yewashi lamanzi yahamba ngendlela yayo. Uma kwamanye amazwe isikhathi sasikalwa noma ukwehla kwamanzi emkhunjini, noma ngokufakwa kwawo emkhunjini, lapho-ke eNdiya iwashi lamanzi elalinjengesikebhe esinembobo ngezansi lalithandwa, elacwila kancane kancane. Ukuze "kuvulwe" iwashi elinjalo, kwakwanele ukuphakamisa isikebhe nokukhipha amanzi kuso.
13. Yize iqiniso lokuthi i-hourglass yavela kamuva kunaleli elisebenza ngelanga (ingilazi iyinto eyinkimbinkimbi), maqondana nokunemba kwesikhathi sokulinganisa, abakwazanga ukuhlangana nozakwabo abadala - kakhulu kuncike ekufaneni kwesihlabathi nasekuhlanzekeni kwengilazi engaphezulu kwebhasikidi. Noma kunjalo, izingcweti ze-hourglass zinezimpumelelo zazo. Isibonelo, kwakukhona amasistimu ama-hourglass amaningana angabala isikhathi eside.
14. Amawashi emishini, ngokusho kweminye imibiko, asungulwa ngekhulu lesi-8 AD. eChina, kepha ukwahlulela ngencazelo, babengenayo ingxenye esemqoka yewashi lokukhanda - i-pendulum. Umshini wawuphehlwa ngamanzi. Ngokumangazayo, isikhathi, indawo kanye negama lomqambi wamawashi wokuqala wokukhanda eYurophu akwaziwa. Kusukela ngekhulu le-13, amawashi afakwe kakhulu emadolobheni amakhulu. Ekuqaleni, imibhoshongo yamawashi aphezulu ibingadingeki nhlobo ukuze kutholakale isikhathi kude. Izindlela zazinkulu kangangokuba zazilingana kuphela emibhoshongweni enezitezi eziningi. Isibonelo, e-Kremlin's Spasskaya Tower, iwashi lithatha isikhala esilingana nezinsimbi ezingama-35 ezishaya ama-chimes - isitezi sonke. Elinye iphansi ligcinelwe imiphongolo ezungeza okudayayo.
15. Isandla somzuzu savela ewashini maphakathi nekhulu le-16, okwesibili eminyakeni engaba ngu-200 kamuva. Le lag ayixhunyiwe nakancane nokwehluleka kwabenzi bamawashi. Kwakungenasidingo sokubala izikhathi ezingezansi kwezikhathi kunehora, ngisho nangaphezulu ngomzuzu. Kepha ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18, amawashi ayenziwa, iphutha lawo lalingaphansi kwekhulu lesibili ngomzuzu ngosuku.
16. Manje sekunzima kakhulu ukukholelwa kuyo, kepha cishe kwaze kwaqala ikhulu lamashumi amabili, wonke amadolobha amakhulu emhlabeni abenesikhathi sawo esihlukile. Kwakunqunywa yiLanga, iwashi lomuzi lalisethwe yilo, ngempi abantu bendawo ababezihlola ngayo amawashi abo. Lokhu akubanga nakancane ukuphazamiseka, ngoba ukuhamba kuthathe isikhathi eside kakhulu, futhi ukulungisa iwashi lapho ufika bekungeyona inkinga enkulu.
17. Ukuhlanganiswa kwesikhathi kwaqalwa ngabasebenzi bakaloliwe baseBrithani. Izitimela bezihamba ngokushesha okwanele ukuze umehluko wesikhathi ube nencazelo ngisho nase-UK encane. NgoDisemba 1, 1847, isikhathi seBritish Railways sabekelwa isikhathi seGreenwich Observatory. Ngasikhathi sinye, izwe laqhubeka nokuphila ngokuya kwesikhathi sendawo. Ukuhlanganiswa okujwayelekile kwenzeka kuphela ngo-1880.
18. Ngo-1884, ingqungquthela eyingqophamlando ye-International Meridian Conference yabanjelwa eWashington. Kwakukuyo lapho izinqumo zamukelwa khona kokubili kwi-meridian eyinhloko eGreenwich nangosuku lomhlaba, okwakwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuhlukanisa umhlaba ube yizikhathi zesikhathi. Isikimu esinokushintsha kwesikhathi ngokuya ngobude bezindawo sethulwe ngobunzima obukhulu. ERussia, ikakhulukazi, yabhaliswa ngokusemthethweni ngo-1919, kepha empeleni yaqala ukusebenza ngo-1924.
Imeridian yeGreenwich
19. Njengoba wazi, iChina yizwe elinobuzwe obuhluke kakhulu. Lokhu kungafani kuye kwaba nomthelela ophindaphindiwe wokuthi enkingeni encane, izwe elikhulu belilokhu lilwela ukwehlukana libe yizidwedwe. Ngemuva kokuthi amakhomanisi ethathe amandla kulo lonke izwe laseChina, uMao Zedong uthathe isinqumo esiqinile - kuzoba nendawo eyodwa eChina (futhi bebebaningi abangafika ku-5). Ukubhikisha eChina bekulokhu kubiza kakhulu, ngakho-ke izinguquko zamukelwa ngaphandle kwesikhalazo. Kancane kancane izakhamizi zakwezinye izindawo zajwayela ukuthi ilanga lingaphuma emini bese lishona phakathi kwamabili.
20. Ukunamathela kwamaNgisi emasikweni kuyaziwa. Omunye umfanekiso wale mqondo ungabhekwa njengomlando wesikhathi sokuthengisa sebhizinisi lomndeni. UJohn Belleville, owayesebenza eGreenwich Observatory, wabeka iwashi lakhe ngqo ngokweGreenwich Mean Time, wabe esetshela amakhasimende akhe isikhathi esiqondile, eza kubo mathupha. Ibhizinisi elaqala ngo-1838 laqhubeka yizindlalifa. Icala lavalwa ngo-1940 hhayi ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe - kwaba nempi. Kuze kube ngo-1940, yize izimpawu eziqondile zesikhathi bezisakazwa emsakazweni iminyaka eyishumi nesigamu, amakhasimende ayekujabulela ukusebenzisa izinsiza zaseBelleville.
