Ekhulwini lesi-4 BC. umbuso wezwe wokuqala emlandweni wavela - isimo sika-Alexander the Great (356 - 323 AD Ithalente lika-Alexander njengomphathi lalilikhulu kakhulu kangangokuba wayesaziwa ngabantu besikhathi sakhe. Wanqoba izitha ngaphansi kwezimo ezingaziwa, wazinikela kuzo ngobuningi, ezintabeni nasemathafeni. , umgomo olinganiselayo wavumela izimbangi zakhe ukuba zilondoloze isithunzi lapho zinikela. Kukabili kuphela noma kathathu u-Alexander eshintsha ukuzibamba kwakhe, futhi wabhubhisa imizi eyayinqotshiwe.
Inkosi yaseMakedoniya, ekugcineni, yazithola isithunjiwe ebuholini bayo kwezempi. Kokubili yena kanye nombuso wakhe babengahlala kuphela ezimweni zempi noma ukuyilungiselela. Ukuma ngokushesha kwasinda ekubiliseni nasekufunweni kwezitha zangaphakathi. Ngakho-ke, u-Alexander nangaphambi kokufa kwakhe wayelungiselela umkhankaso omusha. Ama-Arabhu kwakufanele abe yisisulu sakhe, kepha baba nenhlanhla. Ngokwamaqiniso angezansi, amathalente ka-Alexander awabashiyanga ithuba lokuphumelela empini nabaseMakedoniya.
1. Kakade eneminyaka engu-10, u-Alexander wamangaza amanxusa aphesheya evakashele uyise, uPhilip II, ngokufunda izindima ezinde emidlalweni yamaGrikhi.
2. Ngenkathi uMenechm, omunye wothisha baka-Alexander, ezidideka echaza isigaba se-metaphysics yezinombolo, umfundi wakhe omncane wakubona lokhu futhi wacela ukuthi achaze konke kafushane. UMenechm waphenduka, wathi ezimweni eziningi amakhosi anendlela emfushane kunabantu abafayo, kepha kwi-geometry kunendlela eyodwa yabo bonke.
3. Ngokushesha nje lapho u-Alexander ekhula, kwaba nombango omkhulu phakathi kukababa nendodana. Ekuqaleni, u-Alexander wathuka uyise ngokunqoba umhlaba wonke, futhi kwakungeke kusale lutho ngo-Alexander. Kwathi-ke, ngemuva kokuthi indodana ibizwe njengomphikisi omkhulu we-Battle of Chaeroneus, uPhilip walahlekelwa yindodana yakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubaba wakhe wanquma ukuhlukanisa u-Olympiada, umama ka-Alexander, washada nentombazanyana ...
IMakedoniya ngaphambi kuka-Alexander
4. Emkhankasweni wakhe wokuqala wokuzimela, u-Alexander ngobuqili wehlula abaphikisi ababemlindele ekwehleni kwepasi. Ngokuyalelwa kwakhe, amasosha, ehamba phambi kwezinqola ezisindayo, aziphonsa phansi, azimboze ngezihlangu ezivela phezulu. Kulo mgwaqo okhethekile, kwethulwa izinqola phansi komgwaqo, kwasakazeka ukwakheka kwezitha.
5. Ngenkathi u-Alexander eqala impi namaPheresiya, kwakukhona amathalente angama-70 kuphela emgcinweni wakhe. Le mali ibizokwanela ukukhokhela umholo wamasosha izinsuku eziyishumi. Impi yayivele iyadingeka enkosini.
6. Konke ukunqoba, okokuqala kukaPhilip, kwalandela kuka-Alexander, kwaqala “njengempi yempindiselo” - amaPheresiya ahlasela futhi athumba izifunda zamadolobha amaGrikhi eAsia Minor, abaseMakedoniya abahloniphekile bayahamba bayobakhulula. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kwenkululeko, inzuzo enkulu emadolobheni aseGrisi kwaba ukuthi abayinyusanga intela ababeyikhokhela uDariyu.
7. Umkhankaso ka-Alexander wawungaphela ngokushesha nje lapho uqala. Entwasahlobo ka-333 BC. wagula wenyumoniya. Ngisho nezinga eliphakeme lokukhula kwezokwelapha phakathi kwamaGrikhi, kwakunzima kakhulu ukubhekana nalesi sifo ngaphandle kwama-antibiotic. Kodwa u-Alexander wasinda futhi waqhubeka nempi.
8. Ngesikhathi somkhankaso wase-Asia lapho kuguqukela ePamphylia, kwakwenzeka ukuthi kuhanjwe ngomgwaqo omuhle ekujuleni kogu, noma ngendlela encane eweni elisogwini. Indlela, ngaphezu kwalokho, yayihlala igxishwa amagagasi. U-Alexander wathumela ingxenye enkulu yamasosha emgwaqweni omuhle, futhi yena, neqembu elincane, wahamba endleleni. Yena nabangane bakhe babeshayiwe impela, okuyingxenye yendlela ababejwayele ukwenza ngayo okhalweni emanzini. Kodwa ukuqedwa ngempumelelo komkhankaso omncane kamuva kwanikeza isizathu sokuthi ulwandle luhlehle phambi kuka-Alexander.
9. Impi esemqoka ekulweni namaPheresiya - iMpi kaIssus - yanqotshwa abaseMakedoniya ngenxa yobugwala benkosi yasePheresiya. UDariyu wavele wabaleka empini lapho ecabanga ukuthi amaPheresiya ayehlulwa. Eqinisweni, le mpi yayinhlangothi zombili. Ngokulawulwa okufanele, izinhlangothi zamabutho asePheresiya - ngesikhathi uDarius ebaleka babebambelela ngempumelelo - babengahlanganisa iningi lamabutho ka-Alexander. Kepha ukufaneleka kuka-Alexander namasosha akhe akufanele kubukelwe phansi. Lapho inkosi yaseMakedoniya, eyabamba iqhaza empini, yabona ukuthi ukushaywa kuphela enkabeni yohlelo lwesitha olucindezelwe ezintabeni kungaletha impumelelo, yafaka wonke amandla ayo kulokhu kunqoba futhi yanqoba umlando.
10. Ukukhiqizwa kwa-Issus bekumane nje kukhulu. Empini nje yodwa, kwabanjwa okuhle okuhle okungamathalente angu-3 000. Futhi, eDamaseko eseduze, ishiywe ingavikelekile, abaseMakedoniya bathatha okuningi. Umndeni wonke kaDariyu wawela ezandleni zawo. Injalo intengo yezikhathi ezimbalwa zobugwala benkosi yaseGibhithe kanye nokuthatha isinqumo kwenkosi yaseMakedoniya.
11. Ngokwesibili u-Alexander wehlula uDariyu empini yaseGaugamela. Ngalesi sikhathi abaseMacedonia base bevele bethembele ebugwalini bukaDarius futhi bafika ngokushesha enkabeni. Ubungozi babungakholeki - ngesikhathi sempi, amaPheresiya acishe avale izinhlangothi zawo afinyelela ezinqoleni zezitha. Lapha, u-Alexander wasizwa ukuqeqeshwa kwamabutho akhe - abaseMakedoniya abazange bathuke, baletha izinqolobane futhi baphonsa isitha emuva. Ngalesi sikhathi, uDariyu wayesevele ebaleka, lapho nje impi yabaqaphi bakhe, enezinkulungwane ezimbalwa zabantu, ingena empini. Okunye ukunqoba okusobala kuka-Alexander ngeziboshwa eziningi nezindebe.
Impi yaseGaugamela. Alexander phakathi nendawo
12. U-Alexander uzuze ukunqoba okuvelele eNdiya empini yaseGillasp. Amabutho aphikisanayo ayemi osebeni lomfula. AbaseMacdonia kaningana baveza imizamo yamanga yokuwela, kwathi ekugcineni kwabo bahlanganisa ingxenye yebutho lapho izitha zazingafinyeleli khona. Ukuphoqa umfula ebusuku, lolu phiko lucindezele phansi amabutho amakhulu amaNdiya, bese ngosizo lwamabutho amakhulu afike ngesikhathi, aqothula abaphikisi. AmaNdiya, ayenebutho elalingacishe lilingane, awazange asizwe izindlovu zempi noma isibindi senkosi yawo uPora.
13. Izindebe ezinkulu kakhulu zathathwa enhlokodolobha yombuso wasePheresiya iPersepolis. Kuphela ngokheshi, njengoba bengasho manje, kuye kwathathwa amathalente ayi-200,000 kuwo, ivolumu esele ayinzima ukucabanga. Idolobha alizange libhujiswe ngokomthetho, kepha yinkosi eyaphonsa isibani sokuqala ukushisa isigodlo esihle sikaXerxes.
14. U-Alexander wayengenabo ubugovu. Unikele ngokukhululekile ngezindebe kulabo abasondelene naye namasosha ajwayelekile. Bachaza icala lapho ebona isosha elalilayishiwe elalingakwazi nokunyakazisa imilenze yalo. U-Alexander wabuza ukuthi isosha liphetheni, wathi ekuphenduleni wezwa ukuthi lokhu bekuyingxenye yempango yasebukhosini. Inkosi yabe isinika isosha konke ebikuphethe. Ngokunikwa amandla nokuzithoba kwabaseMakedoniya bangaleso sikhathi, amasosha athola ama-30 kilograms esiliva (uma kwakungeyona igolide).
15. Ngaphandle kokuhlonipheka kwezempi kanye nobuqili buka-Alexander, okungenani emadolobheni amabili - iThebes neTire - wabhubhisa noma wathengisa ebugqilini bonke abavikeli nabakhileyo, waze washisa noThebes ngokuphelele. Kuzo zombili lezi zimo, kwakungamashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu.
16. U-Alexander the Great wenza okungaphezu kokuthola i-Alexandria, manje eseGibhithe. NjengoTsar Peter eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbili kamuva, yena ngokwakhe wamaka imigwaqo, wakhombisa izindawo zemakethe, idamu nezindawo ezingcwele. Leli bekuyicala elingajwayelekile ku-Alexander lokusebenzisa amandla akhe ngezinjongo zokuthula. Kwakunenqwaba yedlanzana lase-Alexandria isiyonke.
17. Ukunqoba okwengeziwe kunqotshwa amasosha ka-Alexander, kwaba yilapho engabekezelela kakhulu imibono yabanye. Inkosi yase-Asiya manje yaqala ukunikeza izizathu zezitatimende ezinobutha ngobuningi. Lokho bekuyimfuneko nje yokuqabula izinzwane zenkosi emhlanganweni. Abangenelisekanga bathuliswa ngokubulawa, futhi osondelene kakhulu nabo, uKlyt, owayesindise impilo yakhe kaningi, wabulawa ngu-Alexander uqobo ngomkhonto ngesikhathi sokuxabana bedakiwe.
18. Ezimpini, inkosi yathola inqwaba yamanxeba, amaningana awo ayebucayi kakhulu, kepha yaphola njalo. Mhlawumbe kwakungenxa yokuthi umzimba wawenziwe buthaka yilezi zilonda lapho u-Alexander engakwazanga ukumelana nalesi sifo esibulalayo.
19. Kubantu baseMakedoniya, ukuluthwa utshwala kwakuthathwa njengokubonakaliswa kobudoda nomoya wempi. Ekuqaleni u-Alexander wayengathandi kakhulu ukuphuza, kepha amadili angapheli namaphathi okuphuza aba umkhuba naye.
20. U-Alexander washona ehlobo lika-323 BC. kusuka kwesifo esingaziwa, kubonakala sengathi kuyathathelana. Yakhula kancane kancane. I-tsar, noma izizwa kabi, yayimatasa ngebhizinisi, ilungiselela umkhankaso omusha. Ngemuva kwalokho imilenze yakhe yathathwa, kwathi ngoJuni 13 washona. Umbuso wenkosi enkulu, owakhiwe phezu kwamabhentshi nokulawulwa okuqinile okuvela maphakathi nendawo, awuzange udlule isikhathi eside kumdali wawo.
Amandla ka-Alexander
