Cishe, iwayini lihamba nomuntu kusukela lapho omunye wokhokho bethu bangaphambi komlando edla izithelo ezibolile futhi wezwa injabulo yesikhashana ngemuva kwalokho. Ehlanganyele injabulo yakhe nabantu besizwe sakubo, leli qhawe elingaziwa laba ngukhokho wokwenza iwayini.
Abantu baqala ukudla ijusi lamagilebhisi elibilile (elibilile) kamuva kakhulu. Kepha akusenjalo kamuva kakhulu ukuthola ukuthi igama lesiphuzo livelaphi. Bobabili abase-Armenia, abaseGeorgia kanye nabaseRoma bafuna ubuqhawe. Olimini lwesiRussia, igama elithi "iwayini", okungenzeka ukuthi livela esiLatini. Ukuboleka okusobala ngesiRashiya kuthole ukuhumusha okubanzi ngangokunokwenzeka: iwayini laqala ukubizwa ngokuthi konke okunamandla kunotshwala. Iqhawe lendaba ethi "Ithole Legolide" labiza ibhodlela likagologo ngokuthi "ikota yesinkwa sewayini". Futhi-ke, asikhumbule amanoni ngewayini encazelweni yalo yakudala njengesiphuzo esenziwe ngamagilebhisi abilile.
1. Impilo yomvini ihlala inqoba. Isimo sezulu siyashisa, izimpande zayo ziyajula (kwesinye isikhathi amashumi wamamitha). Ukujula kwezimpande, ukukhula kwezinhlobo zazo, kuyahlukahluka kakhulu ngamaminerali ezithelo zesikhathi esizayo. Umehluko omkhulu wokushisa nobubha bomhlabathi nawo uthathwa njengonenzuzo. Lezi futhi ziyizithako zewayini elimnandi.
2. Ethuneni likaTutankhamun, bathola ama-amphoras avaliwe newayini anemibhalo emayelana nesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwesiphuzo, i-winemaker kanye nokuhlolwa kwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Futhi ngewayini elingumgunyathi eGibhithe lasendulo, abenzi bokubi bacwiliswa eNayile.
3. Ukuqoqwa kwenhlangano "Massandra" eCrimea kuqukethe amabhodlela ama-5 ewayini lesivuno se-1775. Leli wayini yiJerez de la Frontera futhi laziwa ngokusemthethweni njengeledala kunawo wonke emhlabeni.
4. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, ukwenziwa kwewayini kwaseYurophu kwathatha kanzima. Izithombo ezitheleleke ngamagilebhisi i-phylloxera, isinambuzane esidla izimpande zamagilebhisi, zilethwe zivela eMelika. I-Phyloxera yasabalala kulo lonke elaseYurophu kuze kufike eCrimea futhi yadala umonakalo omkhulu kubalimi bewayini, iningi labo elaze lathuthela e-Afrika. Kwakungenziwa ukubhekana ne-phylloxera kuphela ngokuwela izinhlobo zamagilebhisi zaseYurophu nezaseMelika, ezazingavikelekile kulesi sinambuzane. Kepha akukwazanga ukunqoba ukunqoba okuphelele - abatshali bewayini kusalokhu bekhula imbewu noma basebenzisa ukhula.
5. Iwayini elimhlophe linomphumela oqinile we-antibacterial, indlela okungekaziwa ngayo. Akunakwenzeka ukuchaza le ndawo ngokuqukethwe kotshwala ewayinini - ukuhlushwa kwayo kuphansi kakhulu. Cishe, le ndaba iphambi kwama-tannins noma odayi ewayinini elimhlophe.
6. Isidumbu esikhumulweni semikhumbi esivuna akulona uphawu lokuthi ufakelwe udoti. Esikhumulweni esihle, kufanele avele ngonyaka wesine wokuguga. Into esemqoka ukungalitheleli leli wayini ebhodleleni. Kumele ithelwe ku-decanter (inqubo ibizwa ngokuthi "ukukhishwa"), bese kuphela uthele ezingilazini. Kwamanye amawayini, inzika ivela kamuva futhi ikhombisa nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo.
7. Ambalwa kakhulu amawayini athuthukayo ngobudala. Ngokuvamile, iwayini elilungele ukuphuza alithuthuki ngokuguga.
8. Izizathu zokuthi kungani ivolumu yebhodlela lewayini elijwayelekile lingama-0.75 litha awasunguliwe kahle. Enye yezinguqulo ezithandwa kakhulu ithi lapho kuthunyelwa iwayini kusuka eNgilandi kuya eFrance, imiphongolo enamandla amalitha angama-900 yaqala ukusetshenziswa. Uma ushintshela emabhodleleni, kwavela ukuthi ngamabhokisi ayi-100 amabhodlela ayi-12 lilinye. Ngokwenguqulo yesibili, amaFrench "Bordeaux" kanye neSpain "Rioja" athelwa emigqonyeni yamalitha angama-225. Amabhodlela angama-300 lawa angu-0.75 lilinye.
9. Isizathu esihle sokuthi uzibonakalise ungungqondongqondo ukusebenzisa amagama athi “isixha” kanye “nephunga” ngendlela efanele. Ukukubeka nje, “iphunga” iphunga lamagilebhisi newayini elincane; emikhiqizweni ebucayi futhi evuthiwe, iphunga libizwa ngokuthi “isixha”.
10. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa njalo kwewayini elibomvu kunciphisa ubungozi besifo senhliziyo. Kakade ngekhulu lama-21, kwatholakala ukuthi amawayini abomvu aqukethe i-resveratol, into etshalwe yimfihlo ukuze kuliwe nesikhunta nezinye izimuncagazi. Ukuhlolwa kwezilwane kukhombisile ukuthi i-resveratol yehlisa amazinga kashukela egazi, iqinisa inhliziyo, futhi ivame ukwelula impilo. Imiphumela ye-resveratol ebantwini ayikakafundwa.
11. Abantu abahlala eCaucasus, eSpain, e-Italy naseFrance ngokwesiko badla ukudla okunamafutha amaningi ngokweqile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, cishe abahlushwa izifo zesistimu yenhliziyo ebangelwa yi-cholesterol. Isizathu ukuthi iwayini elibomvu liyisusa ngokuphelele i-cholesterol emzimbeni.
12. Ngenxa yesimo sezulu esingesihle, ukukhiqizwa kwewayini emhlabeni ngonyaka wezi-2017 kwehle ngo-8% kwafinyelela kuma-hectolitha ayizigidi ezingama-250 (amalitha ayi-100 ku-1 hectoliter). Lesi yisilinganiso esiphansi kunazo zonke kusukela ngo-1957. Siphuze amahektha angama-242 emhlabeni wonke unyaka. Abaholi ekukhiqizeni yi-Italy, France, Spain ne-United States.
13. ERussia, ukukhiqizwa kwewayini nakho kwehle kakhulu. Okokugcina abenzi bewayini baseRussia bakhiqiza ama-hectolitha angaphansi kuka-3.2 kwaba ngo-2007. Ukwehla komnotho kusolwa nangezimo zezulu ezingezinhle.
14. Ibhodlela elilodwa lewayini elijwayelekile (0.75 litre) lithatha ngokwesilinganiso cishe i-1.2 kg yamagilebhisi.
15. Iwayini ngalinye elinambithekiwe linekhala "(iphunga)," idiski "(indiza ephezulu yesiphuzo esisegilasini)," izinyembezi "noma" imilenze "(amaconsi ageleza phansi ezindongeni zengilazi kancane kakhulu kunesiphuzo esiningi) kanye ne" fringe "(ngaphandle emaphethelweni ediski). Bathi noma ngokuhlaziya lezi zingxenye, um-taster angasho okuningi ngewayini ngaphandle kokuzama.
16. Amasimu amagilebhisi e-Australia avele kuphela phakathi nekhulu le-19, kodwa ibhizinisi lahamba kahle kakhulu kangangokuthi manje abalimi abanamasimu angamahektha angama-40 noma ngaphansi bathathwa ngokomthetho njengosomabhizinisi abancane.
17. Iwayini le-Champagne liqanjwe ngesifundazwe saseFrance iChampagne, lapho lenziwa khona. Kepha itheku aliqanjwanga ngegama lezwe adabuka kulo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, iPortugal yaqhamuka ezungeze idolobha lasePortus Gale (iPorto yanamuhla), eyayinentaba enemihume emikhulu egcina iwayini. Le ntaba yayibizwa nge "Port Wine". Futhi iwayini langempela labhabhadiswa ngumthengisi waseNgilandi, owabona ukuthi iwayini elibiyelweyo lingalethwa ezweni elilula kunewayini elimnandi laseFrance.
18. Amatilosi kaChristopher Columbus, owayengalitholanga iwayini, abona uLwandle iSargasso futhi amemeza ngenjabulo: “Sarga! Sarga! ”. Ngakho-ke eSpain babiza isiphuzo sabampofu - ujusi wamagilebhisi obilile. Yayinombala ofanayo ohlaza okotshani, futhi yayivele ibenyezele njengobuso bamanzi obulele phambi kwamatilosi. Kamuva kwavela ukuthi lolu kwakungelona ulwandle nhlobo, futhi ulwelwe oluntanta kulo aluhlangene nhlobo namagilebhisi, kepha igama lahlala likhona.
19. Ngempela amatilosi amaNgisi anikwa iwayini lohambo, elalifakiwe ekudleni. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kudla kwakuncane kakhulu: ngomyalo we-Admiralty, itilosi lanikezwa iphenti elilodwa (cishe amalitha angu-0.6) lewayini, lahlanjululwa ngesilinganiso esingu-1: 7, isonto lonke. Okusho ukuthi, iwayini lalithululelwa ngokungavunyelwe emanzini ukuze livikelwe ekulimaleni. Lokhu kwakungebona ubudlova obukhethekile baseBrithani - mayelana newayini "elaphathwa" elifanayo kumatilosi kuyo yonke imikhumbi. Imikhumbi yayidinga izisebenzi ezinempilo. USir Francis Drake uqobo ubulawe yi-banal dysentery ebangelwe ngamanzi e-rancid.
20. Ukudla kwamatilosi angaphansi kweSoviet ngesikhathi seMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe kwafaka amagremu angama-250 ewayini elibomvu ngosuku ngaphandle kokwehluleka. Le ngxenye yayidingeka ngenxa yokuthi imikhumbi-ngwenya yalezi zikhathi yayiminyene kakhulu, futhi amatilosi ayengenandawo yokuhamba. Lokhu kwenze kwaba nzima ukuthi umgudu wamathumbu usebenze. Ukwenza lo msebenzi ujwayelekile, abathumbi basemanzini bathola iwayini. Iqiniso lokuba khona kwesiko elinjalo liqinisekiswa yizikhumbuzo lapho omakadebona bomunye umuntu bekhononda ngokuthi banikezwa utshwala esikhundleni sewayini, noma bathola "omuncu omile" esikhundleni sokubomvu.
